Public Law 94–282

the general welfare, the security, the economic health and stability of the Nation, the conservation and efficient utilization of its natural and human resources, and the effective functioning of government and society require vigorous, perceptive support and employment of science and technology in achieving national objectives;

the many large and complex scientific and technological factors which increasingly influence the course of national and international events require appropriate provision, involving long-range, inclusive planning as well as more immediate program development, to incorporate scientific and technological knowledge in the national decisionmaking process;

the scientific and technological capabilities of the United States, when properly fostered, applied, and directed, can effectively assist in improving the quality of life, in anticipating and resolving critical and emerging international, national, and local problems, in strengthening the Nation’s international economic position, and in furthering its foreign policy objectives;

Federal funding for science and technology represents an investment in the future which is indispensable to sustained national progress and human betterment, and there should be a continuing national investment in science, engineering, and technology which is commensurate with national needs and opportunities and the prevalent economic situation;

the manpower pool of scientists, engineers, and technicians, constitutes an invaluable national resource which should be utilized to the fullest extent possible; and

the Nation’s capabilities for technology assessment and for technological planning and policy formulation must be strengthened at both Federal and State levels.

fostering leadership in the quest for international peace and progress toward human freedom, dignity, and well-being by enlarging the contributions of American scientists and engineers to the knowledge of man and his universe, by making discoveries of basic science widely available at home and abroad, and by utilizing technology in support of United States national and foreign policy goals;

increasing the efficient use of essential materials and products, and generally contributing to economic opportunity, stability, and appropriate growth;

assuring an adequate supply of food, materials, and energy for the Nation’s needs;

contributing to the national security;

improving the quality of health care available to all residents of the United States;

preserving, fostering, and restoring a healthful and esthetic natural environment;

providing for the protection of the oceans and coastal zones, and the polar regions, and the efficient utilization of their resources;

strengthening the economy and promoting full employment through useful scientific and technological innovations;

increasing the quality of educational opportunities available to all residents of the United States;

promoting the conservation and efficient utilization of the Nation’s natural and human resources:

improving the Nation’s housing, transportation, and communication systems, and assuring the provision of effective public services throughout urban, suburban, and rural areas;

eliminating air and water pollution, and unnecessary, unhealthful, or ineffective drugs and food additives; and

advancing the exploration and peaceful uses of outer space.

The continuing development and implementation of strategies for determining and achieving the appropriate scope, level, direction, and extent of scientific and technological efforts based upon a continuous appraisal of the role of science and technology in achieving goals and formulating policies of the United States, and reflecting the views of State and local governments and representative public groups.

The enlistment of science and technology to foster a healthy economy in which the directions of growth and innovation are compatible with the prudent and frugal use of resources and with the preservation of a benign environment.

The conduct of science and technology operations so as to serve domestic needs while promoting foreign policy objectives.

The recruitment, education, training, retraining, and beneficial use of adequate numbers of scientists, engineers, and tech-nologists, and the promotion by the Federal Government of the effective and efficient utilization in the national interest of the Nation’s human resources in science, engineering, and technology.

The development and maintenance of a solid base for science and technology in the United States, including: (A) strong participation of and cooperative relationships with State and local governments and the private sector; (B) the maintenance and strengthening of diversified scientific and technological capabilities in government, industry, and the universities, and the encouragement of independent initiatives based on such capabilities, together with elimination of needless barriers to scientific and technological innovation; (C) effective management and dissemination of scientific and technological information; (D) establishment of essential scientific, technical and industrial standards and measurement and test methods; and (E) promotion of increased public understanding of science and technology.

The recognition that, as changing circumstances require periodic revision and adaptation of title I of this Act, the Federal Government is responsible for identifying and interpreting the changes in those circumstances as they occur, and for effecting subsequent changes in title I as appropriate.

The Federal Government should maintain central policy planning elements in the executive branch which assist Federal agencies in (A) identifying public problems and objectives, (B) mobilizing scientific and technological resources for essential national programs, (C) securing appropriate funding for programs so identified, (D) anticipating future concerns to which science and technology can contribute and devising strategies for the conduct of science and technology for such purposes, (E) reviewing systematically Federal science policy and programs and recommending legislative amendment thereof when needed. Such elements should include an advisory mechanism within the Executive Office of the President so that the Chief Executive may have available independent, expert judgment and assistance on policy matters which require accurate assessments of the complex scientific and technological features involved.

It is a responsibility of the Federal Government to promote prompt, effective, reliable, and systematic transfer of scientific and technological information by such appropriate methods as programs conducted by nongovernmental organizations, including industrial groups and technical societies. In particular, it is recognized as a responsibility of the Federal Government not only to coordinate and unify its own science and technology information systems, but to facilitate the close coupling of institutional scientific research with commercial application of the useful findings of science.

It is further an appropriate Federal function to support scientific and technological efforts which are expected to provide results beneficial to the public but which the private sector may be unwilling or unable to support.

Scientific and technological activities which may be properly supported exclusively by the Federal Government should be distinguished from those in which interests are shared with State and local governments and the private sector. Among these enti-ties, cooperative relationships should be established which encourage the appropriate sharing of science and technology decision-making, funding support, and program planning and execution.

The Federal Government should support and utilize engineering and its various disciplines and make maximum use of the engineering community, whenever appropriate, as an essential element in the Federal policymaking process.

Comprehensive legislative support for the national science and technology effort requires that the Congress be regularly informed of the condition, health and vitality, and funding requirements of science and technology, the relation of science and technology to changing national goals, and the need for legislative modification of the Federal endeavor and structure at all levels as it relates to science and technology.

Federal procurement policy should encourage the use of science and technology to foster frugal use of materials, energy, and appropriated funds; to assure quality environment; and to enhance product performance.

Explicit criteria, including cost-benefit principles where practicable, should be developed to identify the kinds of applied research and technology programs that are appropriate for Federal funding support and to determine the extent of such support. Particular attention should be given to scientific and technological problems and opportunities offering promise of social advantage that are so long range, geographically widespread or economically diffused that the Federal Government constitutes the appropriate source for undertaking their support.

Federal promotion of science and technology should emphasize quality of research, recognize the singular importance of stability in scientific and technological institutions, and for urgent tasks, seek to assure timeliness of results. With particular reference to Federal support for basic research, funds should be allocated to encourage education in needed disciplines, to provide a base of scientific knowledge, from which future essential technological development can be launched, and to add to the cultural heritage of the Nation.

Federal patent policies should be developed, based on uniform principles, which have as their objective the preservation of incentives for technological innovation and the application of procedures which will continue to assure the full use of beneficial technology to serve the public.

Closer relationships should be encouraged among practitioners of different scientific and technological disciplines, including the physical, social, and biomedical fields.

Federal departments, agencies, and instrumentalities should assure efficient management of laboratory facilities and equipment in their custody, including acquisition of effective equipment, disposal of inferior and obsolete properties, and cross-servicing to maximize the productivity of costly property of all kinds. Disposal policies should include attention to possibilities for further productive use.

The full use of the contributions of science and technology to support State and local government goals should be encouraged.

Formal recognition should be accorded those persons whose scientific and technological achievements have contributed significantly to the national welfare.

The Federal Government should support applied scientific research, when appropriate, in proportion to the probability of its usefulness, insofar as this probability can be determined; but while maximizing the beneficial consequences of technology, the Government should act to minimize, foreseeable injurious consequences.

Federal departments, agencies, and instrumentalities should establish procedures to insure among them the systematic interchange of scientific data and technological findings developed under their programs.

advise the President of scientific and technological considerations involved in areas of national concern including, but not limited to, the economy, national security, health, foreign relations, the environment, and the technological recovery and use of resources;

evaluate the scale, quality, and effectiveness of the Federal effort in science and technology and advise on appropriate actions;

advise the President on scientific and technological considerations with regard to Federal budgets, assist the Office of Management and Budget with an annual review and analysis of funding proposed for research and development, in budgets of all Federal agencies, and aid the Office of Management and Budget and the agencies throughout the budget development process; and

assist the President in providing general leadership and coordination of the research and development programs of the Federal Government.

seek to define coherent approaches for applying science and technology to critical and emerging national and international problems and for promoting coordination of the scientific and technological responsibilities and programs of the Federal departments and agencies in the resolution of such problems;

assist and advise the President in the preparation of the Science and Technology Report, in accordance with section 209 of this Act.;

gather timely and authoritative information concerning significant developments and trends in science, technology, and in national priorities, both current and prospective, to analyze and interpret such information for the purpose of determining whether such developments and trends are likely to affect achievement of the priority goals of the Nation as set forth in section 101(b) of this Act;

encourage the development and maintenance of an adequate data base for human resources in science, engineering, and technology, including the development of appropriate models to forecast future manpower requirements, and assess the impact of major governmental and public programs on human resources and their utilization;

initiate studies and analyses, including systems analyses and technology assessments, of alternatives available for the resolution of critical and emerging national and international problems amenable to the contributions of science and technology and, insofar as possible, determine and compare probable costs, benefits, and impacts of such alternatives;

advise the President on the extent to which the various scientific and technological programs, policies, and activities of the Federal Government are likely to affect the achievement of the priority goals of the Nation as set forth in section 101(b) of this Act;

provide the President with periodic reviews of Federal statutes and administrative regulations of the various departments and agencies which affect research and development activities, both internally and in relation to the private sector, or which may interfere with desirable technological innovation, together with recommendations for their elimination, reform, or updating as appropriate;

develop, review, revise, and recommend criteria for determining scientific and technological activities warranting Federal support, and recommend Federal policies designed to advance (A) the development and maintenance of broadly based scientific and technological capabilities, including human resources, at all levels of government, academia, and industry, and (B) the effective application of such capabilities to national needs;

assess and advise on policies for international cooperation in science and technology which will advance the national and international objectives of the United States;

identify and assess emerging and future areas in which science and technology can be used effectively in addressing national and international problems;

report at least once each year to the President on the overall

Report to President,

activities and accomplishments of the Office, pursuant to section 209 of this Act;

periodically survey the nature and needs of national science and technology policy and make recommendations to the President, for review and transmission to the Congress, for the timely and appropriate revision of such policy in accordance with section 102(a)(6) of this Act; and

perform such other duties and functions and make and furnish such studies and reports thereon, and recommendations with respect to matters of policy and legislation as the President may request.

The Director shall establish an Intergovernmental Science,

Intergovernmental Science, Engineering, and Technology Advisory Panel.

Establishment.

Engineering, and Technology Advisory Panel (hereinafter referred to us the “Panel”), whose purpose shall be to (A) identify and define civilian problems at State, regional, and local levels which science, engineering, and technology may assist in resolving or ameliorating; (B) recommend priorities for addressing such problems; and (C) advise and assist the Director in identifying and fostering policies to facilitate the transfer and utilization of research and development results so as to maximize their application to civilian needs.

The Panel shall be composed of (A) the Director of the Office,

Membership.

or his representative; (B) at least ten members representing the interests of the States, appointed by the Director of the Office after consultation with State officials; and (C) the Director of the National Science Foundation, or his representative.

Each member of the Panel shall, while serving on business

Compensation.

of the Panel, be entitled to receive compensation at a rate not to exceed the daily rate prescribed for GS—18 of the General Schedule under section 5332 of title 5, United States Code, including traveltime, and,

5 USC 5332 note.

while so serving away from his home or regular place of business, he may be allowed travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence in the same manner as the expenses authorized by section 5703 (b) of title 5, United States Code, for persons in government service employed intermittently.

current and emerging problems of national significance that are identified through scientific research, or in which scientific or technical considerations are of major significance; and

opportunities for, and constraints on, the use of new and existing scientific and technological capabilities which can make a significant contribution to the resolution of problems identified under paragraph (1) of this subsection or to the achievement of Federal program objectives or national goals, including those set forth in section 101(b) of this Act.

identify and evaluate alternative actions that might be taken by the Federal Government, State and local governments, or the private sector to deal with such problems, constraints, or opportunities; and

ensure that alternative actions identified under paragraph (1) of this subsection are fully considered by departments and agencies in formulating their budget, program, and legislative proposals.

serve as Chairman of the Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology established under title IV; and

serve as a member of the Domestic Council.

appoint such officers and employees as he may deem necessary to perform the functions now or hereafter vested in him and to prescribe their duties;

obtain services as authorized by section 3109 of title 5 of the United States Code, at rates not to exceed the rate, prescribed for grade GS–18 of the General Schedule by section 5332 of title 5 of the United States Code; and

5 USC 5332 note.

enter into contracts and other arrangements for studies, analyses, and other services with public agencies and with private persons, organizations, or institutions, and make such payments as he deems necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act without legal consideration, without performance bonds, and without regard to section 3709 of the Revised Statutes (41 U.S.C. 5).

work in close consultation and cooperation with the Domestic Council, the National Security Council, the Council on Environmental Quality, the Council of Economic Advisers, the Office of Management and Budget, the National Science Board, and the Federal departments and agencies;

utilize the services of consultants, establish such advisory panels, and, to the extent practicable, consult with State and local governmental agencies, with appropriate professional groups, and with such representatives of industry, the universities, agriculture, labor, consumers, conservation organizations, and such other public interest groups, organizations, and individuals as he deems advisable;

hold such hearings in various parts of the Nation as he

Hearings.

deems necessary, to determine the views of the agencies, groups, and organizations referred to in paragraph (2) of this subsection and of the general public, concerning national needs and trends in science and technology; and

utilize with their consent to the fullest extent possible the services, personnel, equipment, facilities, and information (including statistical information) of public and private agencies and organizations, and individuals, in order to avoid duplication of effort and expense, and may transfer funds made available pursuant to this Act to other Federal agencies as reimbursement for the utilization of such personnel, services, facilities, equipment, and information.

a review of developments of national significance in science and technology;

the significant effects of current and projected trends in science and technology on the social, economic, and other requirements of the Nation;

a review and appraisal of selected science- and technology-related programs, policies, and activities of the Federal Government;

an inventory and forecast of critical and emerging national problems the resolution of which might be substantially assisted by the application of science and technology;

the identification and assessment of scientific and technological measures that can contribute to the resolution of such problems, in light of the related social, economic, political, and institutional considerations;

the existing and projected scientific and technological resources, including specialized manpower, that could contribute to the resolution of such problems; and

recommendations for legislation on science- and technology-related programs and policies that will contribute to the resolution of such problems.

the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy established under title II of this Art; and

not less than eight nor more than fourteen other members appointed by the President not more than sixty days after the Director has assumed office (as provided in section 203 of this Act).

be qualified and distinguished in one or more of the following areas: science, engineering, technology, information dissemination, education, management, labor, or public affairs;

be capable of critically assessing the policies, priorities, programs, and activities of the Nation, with respect to the findings, policies, and purposes set forth in title I; and

shall collectively constitute a balanced composition with respect to (A) fields of science and engineering, (B) academic, industrial, and government experience, and (C) business, labor, consumer, and public interest, points of view.

organizational reform, including institutional realinement designed to place Federal agencies whose missions are primarily or solely devoted to scientific and technological research and development, and those agencies primarily or solely concerned with fuels, energy, and materials, within a single cabinet-level department;

improvements in existing systems for handling scientific and technical information on a Government-wide basis, including consideration of the appropriate role to be played by the private sector in the dissemination of such information;

improved technology assessment in the executive branch of the Federal Government;

improved methods for effecting technology innovation, transfer, and use;

stimulating more effective Federal-State and Federal-industry liaison and cooperation in science and technology, including the formation of Federal-State mechanisms for the mutual pursuit of this goal;

reduction and simplification of Federal regulations and administrative practices and procedures which may have the effect of retarding technological innovation or opportunities for its utilization;

a broader base for support of basic research;

ways of strengthening the Nation’s academic institutions’ capabilities for research and education in science and technology;

ways and means of effectively integrating scientific and technological factors into our national and international policies;

technology designed to meet community and individual needs;

maintenance of adequate scientific and technological manpower with regard to both quality and quantity:

improved systems for planning and analysis of the Federal science and technology programs; and

long-range study, analysis, and planning in regard to the application of science and technology to major national problems or concerns.

Within twelve months from the time the Committee is activated in accordance with section 302(e) of this Act, the Committee shall issue an interim report of its activities and operations to

Report to President.

date. Not more than twenty-four months from the tune the Committee is activated, the Committee shall submit a final report of its activities, findings, conclusions, and recommendations, including such supporting data and material as may be necessary, to the President.

The President, within sixty days of receipt thereof, shall transmit each such report to each House of Congress together with such comments, observations, and recommendations thereon as he deems appropriate.

to select, appoint, employ, and fix the compensation of such specialists and other experts as may be necessary for the carrying out of its duties and functions, and to select, appoint, and employ, subject to the civil service laws, such other officers and employees as may be necessary for carrying out its duties and functions; and

to provide for participation of such civilian and military personnel as may be detailed to the Committee pursuant to subsection (b) of this section for carrying out the functions of the Committee.

provide more effective planning and administration of Federal scientific, engineering, and technological programs,

identify research needs including areas requiring additional emphasis,

achieve more effective utilization of the scientific, engineering and technological resources and facilities of Federal agencies, including the elimination of unwarranted duplication, and

further international cooperation in science, engineering, and technology.

detailing employees to the Council to perform such functions, consistent with the purposes of this section, as the Chairman may assign to them, and

undertaking, upon request of the Chairman, such special studies for the Council as come within the functions herein assigned.

$750,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1976;

$500,000 for the period beginning July 1, 1976, and ending September 30, 1976;

$3,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1977; and

such sums as may be necessary for each of the succeeding fiscal years.

$750,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1976;

$500,000 for the period beginning July 1, 1976, and ending September 30, 1976;

$1,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1977; and

such sums as may be necessary for each of the succeeding fiscal years.