§ 1535. Cooperation with States

Legislative history

Reconstructed from this section’s Code source credit and amendment notes, resolved against the local Statutes at Large. Editorial notes are evidence, not the law that made the change.

1. 1973

   Endangered Species Art of 1973

   Pub. L. 93–205 § 6 · 87 Stat. 884

   Enacted · 16 U.S.C. § 1535

   Pub. L. 93–205, § 6, Dec. 28, 1973, 87 Stat. 889

   Source evidence

   Code source credit
   Pub. L. 93–205, § 6, Dec. 28, 1973, 87 Stat. 889

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   Sec. 6. cooperation with the states (a) General.— In carrying out the program authorized by this Act, the Secretary shall cooperate to the maximum extent practicable with the States. Such cooperation shall include consultation with the States concerned before acquiring any land or water, or interest therein, for the purpose of conserving any endangered species or threatened species. (b) Management Agreements.— The Secretary may enter into agreements with any State for the administration and management of any area established for the conservation of endangered species or threatened species. Any revenues derived from the administration of such areas under these agreements shall be subject to the provisions of section 401 of the Act of June 15, 1935 (49 Stat. 383; 16 U.S.C. 78 Stat. 701. 715s). (c) Cooperative Agreements.— In furtherance of the purposes of tins Act, the Secretary is authorized to enter into a cooperative agreement in accordance with this section with any State which establishes and maintains an adequate and active program for the conservation of endangered species and threatened species. Within one hundred and twenty days after the Secretary receives a certified copy of such a pro-posed State program, he shall make a determination whether such program is in accordance with this Act. Unless he determines, pursuant to this subsection, that the State program is not in accordance with this Act, he shall enter into a cooperative agreement with the State for the purpose of assisting in implementation of the State program. In order for a State program to be deemed an adequate and active program for the conservation of endangered species and threatened species, the Secretary must find, and annually thereafter reconfirm such finding, that under the State program— (1) authority resides in the State agency to conserve resident species of fish or wildlife determined by the State agency or the Secretary to be endangered or threatened; (2) the State agency has established acceptable conservation programs, consistent with the purposes and policies of this Act, for all resident species of fish or wildlife in the State which are deemed by the Secretary to be endangered or threatened, and has furnished a copy of such plan and program together with all pertinent details, information, and data requested to the Secretary; (3) the State agency is authorized to conduct investigations to determine the status and requirements for survival of resident species of fish and wildlife; (4) the State agency is authorized to establish programs, including the acquisition of land or aquatic habitat or interests therein, for the conservation of resident endangered species or threatened species; and (5) provision is made for public participation in designating resident species of fish or wildlife as endangered or threatened. (e) Allocation of Funds.— (1) The Secretary is authorized to provide financial assistance to any State, through its respective State agency, which has entered into a cooperative agreement pursuant to subsection (c) of this section to assist in development of programs for the conservation of endangered and threatened species. The Secretary shall make an allocation of appropriated funds to such States based on consideration of— (A) the international commitments of the United States to protect endangered species or threatened species; (B) the readiness of a State to proceed with a conservation program consistent with the objectives and purposes of this Act; (C) the number of endangered species and threatened species within a State; (D) the potential for restoring endangered species and threatened species within a State; and (E) the relative urgency to initiate a program to restore and protect an endangered species or threatened species in terms of survival of the species. So much of any appropriated funds allocated for obligation to any State for any fiscal year as remains unobligated at the close thereof is authorized to be made available to that State until the close of the succeeding fiscal year. Any amount allocated to any State which is unobligated at the end of the period during which it is available for expenditure is authorized to lie made available for expenditure by the Secretary in conducting programs under this section. (2) Such cooperative agreements shall provide for (A) the actions to be taken by the Secretary and the States; (B) the benefits that are expected to be derived in connection with the conservation of endangered or threatened species; (C) the estimated cost of these actions; and (T9) the share of such costs to be borne by the Federal Government and by the States: except that— (i) the Federal share of such program costs shall not exceed 66% per centum of the estimated program cost stated in the agreement; and (ii) the Federal share may be increased to 75 per centum when-ever two or more States having a common interest in one or more endangered or threatened species, the conservation of which may be enhanced by cooperation of such States, enter jointly into an agreement with the Secretary. The Secretary may, in his discretion, and under such rules and regulations as he may prescribe, advance funds to the State for financing the United States pro rata share agreed upon in the cooperative agreement. For the purposes of this section, the non-Federal share may, in the discretion of the Secretary, be in the form of money or real property, the value of which will be determined by the Secretary, whose decision shall be final. (e) Review of State Programs.— Any action taken by the Secretary under this section shall be subject to his periodic review at no greater than annual intervals. (f) Conflicts Between Federal and State Laws.— Any State law or regulation which applies with respect to the importation or exportation of, or interstate or foreign commerce in, endangered species or threatened species is void to the extent that it may effectively (1) permit what is prohibited by this Act or by any regulation which implements this Act, or (2) prohibit what is authorized pursuant to an exemption or permit provided for in this Act or in any regulation which implements this Act. This Act shall not otherwise be construed to void any State law or regulation which is intended to conserve migratory, resident, or introduced fish or wildlife, or to permit or prohibit sale of such fish or wildlife. Any State law or regulation respecting the taking of an endangered species or threatened species may be more restrictive than the exemptions or permits provided for in this Act or in any regulation which implements this Act but not less restrictive than the prohibitions so defined. (g) Transition.— (1) For purposes of this subsection, the term “Establishment period.” “establishment period” means, with respect to any State, the. period beginning on the date of enactment of this Act and ending on whichever of the following dates first occurs: (A) the date of the close of the 120-day period following the adjournment of the first regular session of the legislature of such State which commences after such date of enactment, or (B) the date of the close of the 15-month period following such date of enactment. (2) The prohibitions set forth in or authorized pursuant to sections 4(d) and 9(a) (1) (B) of this Act shall not apply with respect to the taking of any resident endangered species or threatened species (other than species listed in Appendix T to the Convention or otherwise specifically covered by any other treaty or Federal law) within any State— (A) which is then a party to a cooperative agreement with the Secretary pursuant to section 6(c) of this Act (except to the extent that the taking of any such species is contrary to the law of such State); or (B) except for any time within the establishment period when— (i) the Secretary applies such prohibition to such species at the request of the State, or (ii) the Secretary applies such prohibition after he finds, and publishes his finding, that an emergency exists posing a significant risk to the well-being of such species and that the prohibition must be applied to protect such species. The Secretary’s finding and publication may be made without regard to the public hearing or comment provisions of section 553 80 Stat. 383. of title 5, United States Code, or any other provision of this Act; but such prohibition shall expire 90 days after the date of its imposition unless the Secretary further extends such prohibition by publishing notice and a statement of justification of such extension. (h) Regulations.— The Secretary is authorized to promulgate such regulations as may be appropriate to carry out the provisions of this section relating to financial assistance to States. (i) Appropriations.— For the purposes of this section, there is authorized to be appropriated through the fiscal year ending June 30, 1977, not to exceed $10,000,000.

2. 1977

   Pub. L. 95–212 § 1(1) · 91 Stat. 1493

   Inserted · 16 U.S.C. § 1535(c)

   Pub. L. 95–212, § 1(1), inserted provisions that States in which the State fish and wildlife agencies do not possess the broad authority to conserve all resident species of fish and wildlife which the Secretary determines to be threatened or endangered may nevertheless qualify for cooperative agreement funds if they satisfy all other requirements and have plans to devote immediate attention to those species most urgently in need of conservation programs

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 95–212, § 1(1), inserted provisions that States in which the State fish and wildlife agencies do not possess the broad authority to conserve all resident species of fish and wildlife which the Secretary determines to be threatened or endangered may nevertheless qualify for cooperative agreement funds if they satisfy all other requirements and have plans to devote immediate attention to those species most urgently in need of conservation programs.

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (1) by striking out the period at the end of subsection (c) and inserting in lieu thereof “; or”, and by adding at the end of such subsection the following: “that under the State program— “(A) the requirements set forth in paragraphs (3), (4), and (5) of this subsection are complied with, and “(B) plans are included under which immediate attention will be given to those resident species of fish and wildlife which are determined by the Secretary or the State agency to be endangered or threatened and which the Secretary and the State agency agree are most urgently in need of conservation programs; except that a cooperative agreement entered into with a State whose program is deemed adequate and active pursuant to subparagraph (A) and this subparagraph shall not affect the applicability of prohibitions set forth in or authorized pursuant to section 4(d) or section 9 16 USC 1533. 16 USC 1538. (a) (1) with respect to the taking of any resident endangered or threatened species.”; and

3. 1977

   Pub. L. 95–212 § 1(2) · 91 Stat. 1493

   Substituted · 16 U.S.C. § 1535(i)

   Pub. L. 95–212, § 1(2), substituted provisions authorizing appropriations of $10,000,000 to cover the period ending Sept. 30, 1977, and $16,000,000 to cover the period beginning Oct. 1, 1977, and ending Sept. 30, 1981, for provisions authorizing appropriations of not to exceed $10,000,000 through the fiscal year ending June 30, 1977

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 95–212, § 1(2), substituted provisions authorizing appropriations of $10,000,000 to cover the period ending Sept. 30, 1977, and $16,000,000 to cover the period beginning Oct. 1, 1977, and ending Sept. 30, 1981, for provisions authorizing appropriations of not to exceed $10,000,000 through the fiscal year ending June 30, 1977.

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (1) by striking out the period at the end of subsection (c) and inserting in lieu thereof “; or”, and by adding at the end of such subsection the following: “that under the State program— “(A) the requirements set forth in paragraphs (3), (4), and (5) of this subsection are complied with, and “(B) plans are included under which immediate attention will be given to those resident species of fish and wildlife which are determined by the Secretary or the State agency to be endangered or threatened and which the Secretary and the State agency agree are most urgently in need of conservation programs; except that a cooperative agreement entered into with a State whose program is deemed adequate and active pursuant to subparagraph (A) and this subparagraph shall not affect the applicability of prohibitions set forth in or authorized pursuant to section 4(d) or section 9 16 USC 1533. 16 USC 1538. (a) (1) with respect to the taking of any resident endangered or threatened species.”; and

4. 1978

   Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1978

   Pub. L. 95–632 § 10 · 92 Stat. 3751

   1. Amended · 16 U.S.C. § 1535(c)

      Pub. L. 95–632 designated existing provision as par. (1), and in par. (1) as so designated

   2. Redesignated · 16 U.S.C. § 1535(c)

      Pub. L. 95–632 redesignated pars. (1) to (5) as subpars. (A) to (E), respectively, and subpars. (A) and (B) of subpar. (E), as so redesignated, as cls. (i) and (ii), respectively

   3. Redesignated · 16 U.S.C. § 1535(c)

      Pub. L. 95–632 substituted “paragraph” for “subsection” in provision preceding subpar. (A), as so redesignated, “endangered or threatened species of fish or wildlife” for “endangered species or threatened species” in subpar. (D), as so redesignated, “subparagraphs (C), (D), and (E) of this paragraph” for “paragraphs (3), (4), and (5) of this subsection” in cl. (i) of subpar. (E), as so redesignated, “clause (i) and this clause” for “subparagraph (A) and this subparagraph” in cl. (ii) of subpar. (E), as so redesignated

   4. Added · 16 U.S.C. § 1535(c)

      Pub. L. 95–632 added par. (2)

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 95–632 designated existing provision as par. (1), and in par. (1) as so designated, redesignated pars. (1) to (5) as subpars. (A) to (E), respectively, and subpars. (A) and (B) of subpar. (E), as so redesignated, as cls. (i) and (ii), respectively, substituted “paragraph” for “subsection” in provision preceding subpar. (A), as so redesignated, “endangered or threatened species of fish or wildlife” for “endangered species or threatened species” in subpar. (D), as so redesignated, “subparagraphs (C), (D), and (E) of this paragraph” for “paragraphs (3), (4), and (5) of this subsection” in cl. (i) of subpar. (E), as so redesignated, “clause (i) and this clause” for “subparagraph (A) and this subparagraph” in cl. (ii) of subpar. (E), as so redesignated, and added par. (2).

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   Sec. 10. Section 6(c) of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1535(c)) is amended— (1) by inserting “(1)” after “(c) Cooperative Agreements.—”; (2) by redesignating paragraphs (1) through (5) as subparagraphs (A) through (E),respectively; (3) by redesignating subparagraphs (A.) and (B) as clauses (i) and (ii),respectively; (4) by striking out “subsection” in the matter preceding subparagraph (A) (as so redesignated) and inserting in lieu thereof “paragraph”; (5) by striking out “endangered species or threatened species” in subparagraph (D) (as so redesignated) and inserting in lieu thereof “endangered or threatened species of fish or wildlife”; (6) by striking out “paragraphs (3), (4), and (5) of this subsection” in clause (i) (as so redesignated) and inserting in lieu thereof “subparagraphs (C), (D), and (E) of this paragraph”; (7) by striking out “subparagraph (A) and this subparagraph” in clause (ii) (as so redesignated) and inserting in lieu thereof “clause (i) and this clause”; and (8) by adding at the end thereof the following new paragraph: Cooperative agreement. 16 USC 1535. “(2) In furtherance of the purposes of this Act, the Secretary is authorized to enter into a cooperative agreement in accordance with this section with any State which establishes and maintains an adequate and active program for the conservation of endangered species and threatened species of plants. Within one hundred and twenty Determination. days after the Secretary receives a certified copy of such a proposed State program, he shall make a determination whether such program is in accordance with this Act. Unless he determines, pursuant to this paragraph, that the State program is not in accordance with this Act, he shall enter into a cooperative agreement with the State for the purpose of assisting in implementation of the State program. In order State program, annual reconfirmations. for a State program to be deemed an adequate and active program for the conservation of endangered species of plants and threatened species of plants, the Secretary must find, and annually thereafter reconfirm such finding, that under the State program— “(A) authority resides in the State agency to conserve resident species of plants determined by the State agency or the Secretary to be endangered or threatened; “(B) the State agency has established acceptable conservation programs, consistent with the purposes and policies of this Act, for all resident species of plants in the State which are deemed by the Secretary to be endangered or threatened, and has furnished a copy of such plan and program together with all pertinent details, information, and data requested to the Secretary; “(C) the State agency is authorized to conduct investigations Investigations. to determine the status and requirements for survival of resident species of plants; and “(D) provision is made for public participation in designating Public participation. resident species of plants as endangered or threatened; or that under the State program— “(i) the requirements set forth in subparagraphs (C) and (D) of this paragraph are complied with, and “(ii) plans are included under which immediate attention will be given to those resident species of plants which are determined by the Secretary or the State agency to be endangered or threatened and which the Secretary and the State agency agree are most urgently in need of conservation programs; except that a cooperative agreement entered into with a State whose program is deemed adequate and active pursuant to clause (i) and this clause shall not affect the applicability of prohibitions set forth in or authorized pursuant to section 4(d) or section 9(a)(1) with 16 USC 1533, 1538. respect to the taking of any resident endangered or threatened species.”.

5. 1980

   Pub. L. 96–246 · 94 Stat. 348

   1. Substituted · 16 U.S.C. § 1535(i)

      Pub. L. 96–246 in par. (2) substituted “$12,000,000” for “$16,000,000”

   2. Substituted · 16 U.S.C. § 1535(i)

      Pub. L. 96–246 in par. (2) substituted “1980” for “1981”

   3. Added · 16 U.S.C. § 1535(i)

      Pub. L. 96–246 in par. (2) added par. (3)

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 96–246 in par. (2) substituted “$12,000,000” for “$16,000,000” and “1980” for “1981”, and added par. (3).

6. 1982

   Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1982

   Pub. L. 97–304 § 3(1) · 96 Stat. 1411

   Substituted · 16 U.S.C. § 1535(d)(2)(i)

   Pub. L. 97–304, § 3(1), substituted “75 percent” for “66⅔ per centum”

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Subsec. (d)(2)(i). Pub. L. 97–304, § 3(1), substituted “75 percent” for “66⅔ per centum”.

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (1) by striking out “66⅔ per centum” in subsection (d)(2)(i) thereof and inserting in lieu thereof “75 percent”; and

7. 1982

   Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1982

   Pub. L. 97–304 § 3(2) · 96 Stat. 1411

   Substituted · 16 U.S.C. § 1535(d)(2)(ii)

   Pub. L. 97–304, § 3(2), substituted “90 percent” for “75 per centum”

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Subsec. (d)(2)(ii). Pub. L. 97–304, § 3(2), substituted “90 percent” for “75 per centum”.

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (2) by striking out “75 per centum” in subsection (d)(2)(ii) thereof and inserting in lieu thereof “90 percent”.

8. 1982

   Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1982

   Pub. L. 97–304 § 8(b) · 96 Stat. 1411

   Struck · 16 U.S.C. § 1535(i)

   Pub. L. 97–304, § 8(b), struck out subsec. (i) which authorized appropriations to carry out this section of $10,000,000 through the period ending Sept. 30, 1977, $12,000,000 for the period Oct. 1, 1977, through Sept. 30, 1980, and $12,000,000 for the period Oct. 1, 1980, through Sept. 30, 1982. See section 1542(b) of this title

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 97–304, § 8(b), struck out subsec. (i) which authorized appropriations to carry out this section of $10,000,000 through the period ending Sept. 30, 1977, $12,000,000 for the period Oct. 1, 1977, through Sept. 30, 1980, and $12,000,000 for the period Oct. 1, 1980, through Sept. 30, 1982. See section 1542(b) of this title.

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (b) Sections 6(i) and 7(q) of such Act of 1973 are repealed.

9. 1988

   Pub. L. 100–478 § 1005(a) · 102 Stat. 2306

   Amended · 16 U.S.C. § 1535(d)(1)

   Pub. L. 100–478, § 1005(a), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) read as follows: “The Secretary is authorized to provide financial assistance to any State, through its respective State agency, which has entered into a cooperative agreement pursuant to subsection (c) of this section to assist in development of programs for the conservation of endangered and threatened species. The Secretary shall make an allocation of appropriated funds to such States based on consideration of—

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 100–478, § 1005(a), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) read as follows: “The Secretary is authorized to provide financial assistance to any State, through its respective State agency, which has entered into a cooperative agreement pursuant to subsection (c) of this section to assist in development of programs for the conservation of endangered and threatened species. The Secretary shall make an allocation of appropriated funds to such States based on consideration of—

   “(A) the international commitments of the United States to protect endangered species or threatened species; “(B) the readiness of a State to proceed with a conservation program consistent with the objectives and purposes of this chapter; “(C) the number of endangered species and threatened species within a State; “(D) the potential for restoring endangered species and threatened species within a State; and “(E) the relative urgency to initiate a program to restore and protect an endangered species or threatened species in terms of survival of the species. So much of any appropriated funds allocated for obligation to any State for any fiscal year as remains unobligated at the close thereof is authorized to be made available to that State until the close of the succeeding fiscal year. Any amount allocated to any State which is unobligated at the end of the period during which it is available for expenditure is authorized to be made available for expenditure by the Secretary in conducting programs under this section.”

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (a) Monitoring of Recovered Species.— Paragraph (1) of section 6(d) of the Endangered Species Act (16 U.S.C. 1535(a)(1)) is amended to read as follows: “(d) Allocation of Funds.— (1) The Secretary is authorized to provide financial assistance to any State, through its respective State agency, which has entered into a cooperative agreement pursuant to subsection (c) of this section to assist in development of programs for the conservation of endangered and threatened species or to assist in monitoring the status of candidate species pursuant to subparagraph (C) of section 4(b)(3) and recovered species pursuant to section 4(g). The Secretary shall allocate each annual appropriation made in accordance with the provisions of subsection (i) of this section to such States based on consideration of— “(A) the international commitments of the United States to protect endangered species or threatened species; “(B) the readiness of a State to proceed with a conservation program consistent with the objectives and purposes of this Act; “(C) the number of endangered species and threatened species within a State; “(D) the potential for restoring endangered species and threatened species within a State; “(E) the relative urgency to initiate a program to restore and protect an endangered species or threatened species in terms of survival of the species; “(F) the importance of monitoring the status of candidate species within a State to prevent a significant risk to the well being of any such species; and “(G) the importance of monitoring the status of recovered species within a State to assure that such species do not return to the point at which the measures provided pursuant to this Act are again necessary. So much of the annual appropriation made in accordance with provisions of subsection (i) of this section allocated for obligation to any State for any fiscal year as remains unobligated at the close thereof is authorized to be made available to that State until the close of the succeeding fiscal year. Any amount allocated to any State which is unobligated at the end of the period during which it is available for expenditure is authorized to be made available for expenditure by the Secretary in conducting programs under this section.”.

10. 1988

    Pub. L. 100–478 § 1005(b) · 102 Stat. 2306

    Added · 16 U.S.C. § 1535(i)

    Pub. L. 100–478, § 1005(b), added subsec. (i)

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 100–478, § 1005(b), added subsec. (i).

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (b) Appropriations.— Section 6 of the Endangered Species Act (16 U.S.C. 1535) is amended by adding the following new subsection: “(i) Appropriations.— (1) To carry out the provisions of this section for fiscal years after September 30, 1988, there shall be deposited into a special fund known as the cooperative endangered species conservation fund, to be administered by the Secretary, an amount equal to 5 percent of the combined amounts covered each fiscal year into the Federal aid to wildlife restoration fund under section 3 of the Act of September 2, 1937, and paid, transferred, or otherwise credited each fiscal year to the Sport Fishing Restoration Account established under 1016 of the Act of July 18, 1984. “(2) Amounts deposited into the special fund are authorized to be appropriated annually and allocated in accordance with subsection (d) of this section.”.

12 of 15 references resolved to an enrolled provision · 3 partial