§ 3664. Procedure for issuance and enforcement of order of restitution

Legislative history

Reconstructed from this section’s Code source credit and amendment notes, resolved against the local Statutes at Large. Editorial notes are evidence, not the law that made the change.

1. 1982

   Victim and Witness Protection Act of 1982

   Pub. L. 97–291 § 5(a) · 96 Stat. 1248

   Enacted · 18 U.S.C. § 3664

   Added Pub. L. 97–291, § 5(a), Oct. 12, 1982, 96 Stat. 1255, § 3580

   Source evidence

   Code source credit
   Added Pub. L. 97–291, § 5(a), Oct. 12, 1982, 96 Stat. 1255, § 3580

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (a) Chapter 227 of title 18 of the United States Code is amended by adding at the end the following: “§ 3579. Order of restitution “(a) (1) The court, when sentencing a defendant convicted of an offense under this title or under subsection (h), (i), (j), or (n) of section 902 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (49 U.S.C. 1472), may order, in addition to or in lieu of any other penalty authorized by law, that the defendant make restitution to any victim of the offense. “(2) If the court does not order restitution, or orders only partial restitution, under this section, the court shall state on the record the reasons therefor. “(b) The order may require that such defendant— Property. “(1) in the case of an offense resulting in damage to or loss or destruction of property of a victim of the offense— “(A) return the property to the owner of the property or someone designated by the owner; or “(B) if return of the property under subparagraph (A) is impossible, impractical, or inadequate, pay an amount equal to the greater of— “(i) the value of the property on the date of the damage, loss, or destruction, or “(ii) the value of the property on the date of sentencing, less the value (as of the date the property is returned) of any part of the property that is returned; “(2) in the case of an offense resulting in bodily injury to a victim— “(A) pay an amount equal to the cost of necessary medical and related professional services and devices relating to physical, psychiatric, and psychological care, including non-medical care and treatment rendered in accordance with a method of healing recognized by the law of the place of treatment; “(B) pay an amount equal to the cost of necessary physical and occupational therapy and rehabilitation; and “(C) reimburse the victim for income lost by such victim as a result of such offense; “(3) in the case of an offense resulting in bodily injury also results in the death of a victim, pay an amount equal to the cost of necessary funeral and related services; and “(4) in any case, if the victim (or if the victim is deceased, the victim’s estate) consents, make restitution in services in lieu of money, or make restitution to a person or organization designated by the victim or the estate, “(c) If the Court decides to order restitution under this section, the court shall, if the victim is deceased, order that the restitution be made to the victim’s estate. “(d) The court shall impose an order of restitution to the extent that such order is as fair as possible to the victim and the imposition of such order will not unduly complicate or prolong the sentencing process. “(e) (1) The court shall not impose restitution with respect to a loss for which the victim has received or is to receive compensation, except that the court may, in the interest of justice, order restitution to any person who has compensated the victim for such loss to the extent that such person paid the compensation. An order of restitution shall require that all restitution to victims under such order be made before any restitution to any other person under such order is made. “(2) Any amount paid to a victim under an order of restitution shall be set off against any amount later recovered as compensatory damages by such victim in— “(A) any Federal civil proceeding; and “(B) any State civil proceeding, to the extent provided by the law of that State. “(f) (1) The court may require that such defendant make restitution under this section within a specified period or in specified installments. “(2) The end of such period or the last such installment shall not be later than— “(A) the end of the period of probation, if probation is ordered; “(B) five years after the end of the term of imprisonment imposed, if the court does not order probation; and “(C) five years after the date of sentencing in any other case. “(3) If not otherwise provided by the court under this subsection, restitution shall be made immediately. “(g) If such defendant is placed on probation or paroled under this Probation or parole. title, any restitution ordered under this section shall be a condition of such probation or parole. The court may revoke probation and the Parole Commission may revoke parole if the defendant fails to comply with such order. In determining whether to revoke probation or parole, the court or Parole Commission shall consider the defendant’s employment status, earning ability, financial resources, the willfulness of the defendant’s failure to pay, and any other special circumstances that may have a bearing on the defendant’s ability to pay. “(h) An order of restitution may be enforced by the United States Enforcement. or a victim named in the order to receive the restitution in the same manner as a judgment in a civil action. “§ 3580. Procedure for issuing order of restitution “(a) The court, in determining whether to order restitution under section 3579 of this title and the amount of such restitution, shall consider the amount of the loss sustained by any victim as a result of the offense, the financial resources of the defendant, the financial needs and earning ability of the defendant and the defendant’s dependents, and such other factors as the court deems appropriate. “(b) The court may order the probation service of the court to obtain information pertaining to the factors set forth in subsection (a) of this section. The probation service of the court shall include the information collected in the report of presentence investigation or in a separate report, as the court directs. “(c) The court shall disclose to both the defendant and the attorney Information disclosure. for the Government all portions of the presentence or other report pertaining to the matters described in subsection (a) of this section. “(d) Any dispute as to the proper amount or type of restitution shall be resolved by the court by the preponderance of the evidence. The burden of demonstrating the amount of the loss sustained by a victim as a result of the offense shall be on the attorney for the Government. The burden of demonstrating the financial resources of the defendant and the financial needs of the defendant and such defendant’s dependents shall be on the defendant. The burden of demonstrating such other matters as the court deems appropriate shall be upon the party designated by the court as justice requires. “(e) A conviction of a defendant for an offense involving the act giving rise to restitution under this section shall estop the defendant from denying the essential allegations of that offense in any subsequent Federal civil proceeding or State civil proceeding, to the extent consistent with State law, brought by the victim.”.

2. 1990

   Crime Control Act of 1990

   Pub. L. 101–647 title XXXV § 3596 · 104 Stat. 4789

   Substituted · 18 U.S.C. § 3664(a)

   Pub. L. 101–647 substituted “3663” for “3579”

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101–647 substituted “3663” for “3579”.

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   SEC. 3596. CROSS REFERENCE UPDATE FOR SECTION 3664. Section 3664(a) of title 18, United States Code, is amended by striking “3579” and inserting “3663”.

3. 1996

   Pub. L. 104–132 title II § 206(a) · 110 Stat. 1214

   1. Amended · 18 U.S.C. § 3664

      Pub. L. 104–132 amended section generally

   2. Substituted · 18 U.S.C. § 3664

      Pub. L. 104–132 substituting provisions relating to procedure for issuance and enforcement of orders of restitution for provisions relating to procedure for issuing orders of restitution

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Pub. L. 104–132 amended section generally, substituting provisions relating to procedure for issuance and enforcement of orders of restitution for provisions relating to procedure for issuing orders of restitution.

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (a) In General.— Section 3664 of title 18, United States Code, is amended to read as follows: “§3664. Procedure for issuance and enforcement of order of restitution “(a) Reports. For orders of restitution under this title, the court shall order the probation officer to obtain and include in its presentence report, or in a separate report, as the court may direct, information sufficient for the court to exercise its discretion in fashioning a restitution order. The report shall include, to the extent practicable, a complete accounting of the losses to each victim, any restitution owed pursuant to a plea agreement, and information relating to the economic circumstances of each defendant. If the number or identity of victims cannot be reasonably ascertained, or other circumstances exist that make this requirement clearly impracticable, the probation officer shall so inform the court. “(b) The court shall disclose to both the defendant and the attorney for the Government all portions of the presentence or other report pertaining to the matters described in subsection (a) of this section. “(c) The provisions of this chapter, chapter 227, and Rule 32(c) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure shall be the only rules applicable to proceedings under this section. “(d) (1) Upon the request of the probation officer, but not later than 60 days prior to the date initially set for sentencing, the attorney for the Government, after consulting, to the extent practicable, with all identified victims, shall promptly provide the probation officer with a listing of the amounts subject to restitution. “(2) The probation officer shall, prior to submitting the presentence report under subsection (a), to the extent practicable— “(A) provide notice to all identified victims of— “(i) the offense or offenses of which the defendant was convicted; “(ii) the amounts subject to restitution submitted to the probation officer; “(iii) the opportunity of the victim to submit information to the pronation officer concerning the amount of the victim’s losses; “(iv) the scheduled date, time, and place of the sentencing hearing; “(v) the availability of a lien in favor of the victim pursuant to subsection (m)(1)(B); and “(vi) the opportunity of the victim to file with the probation officer a separate affidavit relating to the amount of the victim’s losses subject to restitution; and “(B) provide the victim with an affidavit form to submit pursuant to subparagraph (A)(vi). “(3) Each defendant shall prepare and file with the probation officer an affidavit fully describing the financial resources of the defendant, including a complete listing of all assets owned or controlled by the defendant as of the date on which the defendant was arrested, the financial needs and earning ability of the defendant and the defendant’s dependents, and such other information that the court requires relating to such other factors as the court deems appropriate. “(4) After reviewing the report of the probation officer, the court may require additional documentation or hear testimony. The privacy of any records filed, or testimony heard, pursuant Privacy. to this section shall be maintained to the greatest extent possible, and such records may be filed or testimony heard in camera. “(5) If the victim’s losses are not ascertainable by the date that is 10 days prior to sentencing, the attorney for the Government or the probation officer shall so inform the court, and the court shall set a date for the final determination of the victim’s losses, not to exceed 90 days after sentencing. If the victim subsequently discovers further losses, the victim shall have 60 days after discovery of those losses in which to petition the court for an amended restitution order. Such order may be granted only upon a showing of good cause for the failure to include such losses in the initial claim for restitutionary relief. “(6) The court may refer any issue arising in connection with a proposed order of restitution to a magistrate judge or special master for proposed findings of fact and recommendations as to disposition, subject to a de novo determination of the issue by the court. “(e) Any dispute as to the proper amount or type of restitution shall be resolved by the court by the preponderance of the evidence. The burden of demonstrating the amount of the loss sustained by a victim as a result of the offense shall be on the attorney for the Government. The burden of demonstrating the financial resources of the defendant and the financial needs of the defendant’s dependents, shall be on the defendant. The burden of demonstrating such other matters as the court deems appropriate shall be upon the party designated by the court as justice requires. “(f) (1) (A) In each order of restitution, the court shall order restitution to each victim in the full amount of each victim’s losses as determined by the court and without consideration of the economic circumstances of the defendant. “(B) In no case shall the fact that a victim has received or is entitled to receive compensation with respect to a loss from insurance or any other source be considered in determining the amount of restitution. “(2) Upon determination of the amount of restitution owed to each victim, the court shall, pursuant to section 3572, specify in the restitution order the manner in which, and the schedule according to which, the restitution is to be paid, in consideration of— “(A) the financial resources and other assets of the defendant, including whether any of these assets are jointly controlled; “(B) projected earnings and other income of the defendant; and “(C) any financial obligations of the defendant; including obligations to dependents. “(3) (A) A restitution order may direct the defendant to make a single, lump-sum payment, partial payments at specified intervals, in-kind payments, or a combination of payments at specified intervals and in-kind payments. “(B) A restitution order may direct the defendant to make nominal periodic payments if the court finds from facts on the record that the economic circumstances of the defendant do not allow the payment of any amount of a restitution order, and do not allow for the payment of the full amount of a restitution order in the foreseeable future under any reasonable schedule of payments. “(4) An in-kind payment described in paragraph (3) may be in the form of— “(A) return of property; “(B) replacement of property; or “(C) if the victim agrees, services rendered to the victim or a person or organization other than the victim. “(g) (1) No victim shall be required to participate in any phase of a restitution order. “(2) A victim may at any time assign the victim’s interest in restitution payments to the Crime Victims Fund in the Treasury without in any way impairing the obligation of the defendant to make such payments. “(h) If the court finds that more than 1 defendant has contributed to the loss of a victim, the court may make each defendant liable for payment of the full amount of restitution or may apportion liability among the defendants to reflect the level of contribution to the victim’s loss and economic circumstances of each defendant. “(i) If the court finds that more than 1 victim has sustained a loss requiring restitution by a defendant, the court may provide for a different payment schedule for each victim based on the type and amount of each victim’s loss and accounting for the economic circumstances of each victim. In any case in which the United States is a victim, the court shall ensure that all other victims receive full restitution before the United States receives any restitution. “(j) (1) If a victim has received compensation from insurance or any other source with respect to a loss, the court shall order that restitution be paid to the person who provided or is obligated to provide the compensation, but the restitution order shall provide that all restitution of victims required by the order be paid to the victims before any restitution is paid, to such a provider of compensation. “(2) Any amount paid to a victim under an order of restitution shall be reduced by any amount later recovered as compensatory damages for the same loss by the victim in— “(A) any Federal civil proceeding; and “(B) any State civil proceeding, to the extent provided by the law of the State. “(k) A restitution order shall provide that the defendant shall notify the court and the Attorney General of any material change in the defendant’s economic circumstances that might affect the defendant’s ability to pay restitution. The court may also accept notification of a material change in the defendant’s economic circumstances from the United States or from the victim. The Attorney Certification. General shall certify to the court that the victim or victims owed restitution by the defendant have been notified of the change in circumstances. Upon receipt of the notification, the court may, on its own motion, or the motion of any party, including the victim, adjust the payment schedule, or require immediate payment in full, as the interests of justice require. “(l) A conviction of a defendant for an offense involving the act giving rise to an order of restitution shall estop the defendant from denying the essential allegations of that offense in any subsequent Federal civil proceeding or State civil proceeding, to the extent consistent with State law, brought by the victim. “(m) (1) (A) (i) An order of restitution may be enforced by the United States in the manner provided for in subchapter C of chapter 227 and subchapter B of chapter 229 of this title; or “(ii) by all other available and reasonable means. “(B) At the request of a victim named in a restitution order, the clerk of the court shall issue an abstract of judgment certifying that a judgment has been entered in favor of such victim in the amount specified in the restitution order. Upon registering, recording, docketing, or indexing such abstract in accordance with the rules and requirements relating to judgments of the court of the State where the district court is located, the abstract of judgment shall be a lien on the property of the defendant located in such State in the same manner and to the same extent and under the same conditions as a judgment of a court of general jurisdiction in that State. “(2) An order of in-kind restitution in the form of services shall be enforced by the probation officer. “(n) If a person obligated to provide restitution, or pay a fine, receives substantial resources from any source, including inherit-ance, settlement, or other judgment, during a period of incarceration, such person shall be required to apply the value of such resources to any restitution or fine still owed. “(o) A sentence that imposes an order of restitution is a final judgment notwithstanding the fact that— “(1) such a sentence can subsequently be— “(A) corrected under Rule 35 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure and section 3742 of chapter 235 of this title; “(B) appealed and modified under section 3742; “(C) amended under section 3664(d)(3); or “(D) adjusted under section 3664(k), 3572, or 3613A; or “(2) the defendant may be resentenced under section 3565 or 3614. “(p) Nothing in this section or sections 2248, 2259, 2264, 2327, 3663, and 3663A and arising out of the application of such sections, shall be construed to create a cause of action not otherwise authorized in favor of any person against the United States or any officer or employee of the United States.”.

   Effective date note
   Amendment by Pub. L. 104–132 to be effective, to extent constitutionally permissible, for sentencing proceedings in cases in which defendant is convicted on or after Apr. 24, 1996, see section 211 of Pub. L. 104–132, set out as a note under section 2248 of this title.

4. 2002

   Criminal Law Technical Amendments Act of 2002

   Pub. L. 107–273 div. B title IV § 4002(e)(1) · 116 Stat. 1758

   Substituted · 18 U.S.C. § 3664(o)(1)(C)

   Pub. L. 107–273 substituted “subsection (d)(5)” for “section 3664(d)(3)”

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Subsec. (o)(1)(C). Pub. L. 107–273 substituted “subsection (d)(5)” for “section 3664(d)(3)”.

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (1) Section 3664.— Section 3664(o)(1)(C) of title 18, United States Code, is amended by striking “section 3664(d)(3)” and inserting “subsection (d)(5)”.

5 of 5 references resolved to an enrolled provision