Title 20 — Education
Chapter 26 — Support and Scholarship in Humanities and Arts; Museum Services
§ 952. Definitions
Statutory text
As used in this subchapter—
The term “humanities” includes, but is not limited to, the study and interpretation of the following: language, both modern and classical; linguistics; literature; history; jurisprudence; philosophy; archeology; comparative religion; ethics; the history, criticism, and theory of the arts; those aspects of the social sciences which have humanistic content and employ humanistic methods; and the study and application of the humanities to the human environment with particular attention to reflecting our diverse heritage, traditions, and history and to the relevance of the humanities to the current conditions of national life.
The term “the arts” includes, but is not limited to, music (instrumental and vocal), dance, drama, folk art, creative writing, architecture and allied fields, painting, sculpture, photography, graphic and craft arts, industrial design, costume and fashion design, motion pictures, television, radio, film, video, tape and sound recording, the arts related to the presentation, performance, execution, and exhibition of such major art forms, all those traditional arts practiced by the diverse peoples of this country.1 and the study and application of the arts to the human environment.
The term “production” means plays (with or without music), ballet, dance and choral performances, concerts, recitals, operas, exhibitions, readings, motion pictures, television, radio, film, video, and tape and sound recordings, and any other activities involving the execution or rendition of the arts and meeting such standards as may be approved by the National Endowment for the Arts established by section 954 of this title.
The term “project” means programs organized to carry out the purposes of this subchapter, including programs to foster American artistic creativity, to commission works of art, to create opportunities for individuals to develop artistic talents when carried on as a part of a program otherwise included in this definition, and to develop and enhance the widest public knowledge and understanding of the arts, and includes, where appropriate, rental or purchase of facilities, purchase or rental of land, and acquisition of equipment. Such term also includes—
the renovation of facilities if (A) the amount of the expenditure of Federal funds for such purpose in the case of any project does not exceed $250,000, or (B) two-thirds of the members of the National Council on the Arts or the National Council on the Humanities, as the case may be (who are present and voting) approve of the grant or contract involving an expenditure for such purpose; and
for purposes of sections 954(p), 956(c)(10), and 956(h) of this title only, the construction of facilities if (A) such construction is for demonstration purposes or under unusual circumstances where there is no other manner in which to accomplish an artistic or humanistic purpose, and (B) two-thirds of the members of the National Council on the Arts and the National Council on the Humanities, as the case may be, (who are present and voting) approve of the grant or contract involving an expenditure for such purpose.
The term “group” includes any State or other public agency, and any nonprofit society, institution, organization, association, museum, or establishment in the United States, whether or not incorporated.
The term “workshop” means an activity the primary purpose of which is to encourage the artistic development or enjoyment of amateur, student, or other nonprofessional participants, or to promote scholarship and teaching among the participants.
The term “State” includes, in addition to the several States of the Union, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the District of Columbia, Guam, American Samoa, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands.
The term “local arts agency” means a community organization, or an agency of local government, that primarily provides financial support, services, or other programs for a variety of artists and arts organizations, for the benefit of the community as a whole.
The term “developing arts organization” means a local arts organization of high artistic promise which—
serves as an important source of local arts programming in a community; and
has the potential to develop artistically and institutionally to broaden public access to the arts in rural and innercity areas and other areas that are underserved artistically.
The term “determined to be obscene” means determined, in a final judgment of a court of record and of competent jurisdiction in the United States, to be obscene.
The term “final judgment” means a judgment that is either—
not reviewed by any other court that has authority to review such judgment; or
is not reviewable by any other court.
The term “obscene” means with respect to a project, production, workshop, or program that—
the average person, applying contemporary community standards, would find that such project, production, workshop, or program, when taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest;
such project, production, workshop, or program depicts or describes sexual conduct in a patently offensive way; and
such project, production, workshop, or program, when taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.
Footnotes
- 1 So in original. The period probably should be a comma.
Legislative history
Reconstructed from this section’s Code source credit and amendment notes, resolved against the local Statutes at Large. Editorial notes are evidence, not the law that made the change.
National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965
Pub. L. 89–209 § 3 · 79 Stat. 845
Enacted · 20 U.S.C. § 952
Pub. L. 89–209, § 3, Sept. 29, 1965, 79 Stat. 845
Source evidence
Code source credit
Pub. L. 89–209, § 3, Sept. 29, 1965, 79 Stat. 845Enacted provision · exact public law section
Sec. 3. definitions As used in this Act— (a) The term “humanities” includes, but is not limited to, the study of the following: language, both modern and classic; linguistics; literature; history; jurisprudence; philosophy; archeology; the history, criticism, theory, and practice of the arts; and those aspects of the social sciences which have humanistic content and employ humanistic methods. (b) The term “the arts” includes, but is not limited to. music (instrumental and vocal), dance, drama, folk art, creative writing, architecture and allied fields, painting, sculpture, photography, graphic and craft arts, industrial design, costume and fashion design, motion pictures, television, radio, tape and sound recording, and the arts related to the presentation, performance, execution, and exhibition of such major art forms. (e) The term “production” means plays (with or without music), ballet, dance and choral performances, concerts, recitals, operas, exhibitions, leadings, motion pictures, television, radio, and tape and sound recordings, and any other activities involving the execution or rendition of the arts and meeting such standards as may be approved by the National Endowment for the Arts established by section 5 of this Act. (d) The term “project” means programs organized to carry out the purposes of this Act, including programs to foster American artistic creativity, to commission works of art, to create opportunities for individuals to develop artistic talents when carried on as a part of a program otherwise included in this definition, and to develop and enhance public knowledge and understanding of the arts, and includes, where appropriate, rental, purchase, renovation, or construction of facilities, purchase or rental of land, and acquisition of equipment, (e) The term “group” includes any State or other public agency, and any nonprofit society, institution, organization, association, museum, or establishment in the United States, whether or not incorporated. (f) The term “workshop” means a production the primary purpose of which is to encourage the artistic development or enjoyment of amateur, student, or other nonprofessional participants. (g) The term “State” includes, in addition to the several States of the Union, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the District of Columbia, Guam, American Samoa, and the Virgin Islands.Pub. L. 90–348 § 7 · 82 Stat. 184
Changed · 20 U.S.C. § 952(a)
Pub. L. 90–348, § 7, extended term “humanities” to include the study and application of enumerated fields to human environment
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 90–348, § 7, extended term “humanities” to include the study and application of enumerated fields to human environment.Enacted provision · exact public law section
Sec. 7. Section 3(a) and section 3(b) of the National Foundation on Definitions. 79 Stat. 845. 20 USC 952. “Humanities.” the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965 are amended to read as follows: “(a) The term ‘humanities’ includes, but is not limited to, the study of the following: language, both modern and classical; linguistics; literature: history; jurisprudence; philosophy; archeology; the history, criticism, theory, and practice of the arts; those aspects of the social sciences which have humanistic content and employ humanistic methods; and the study and application of the humanities to the human environment. “(b) The term ‘the arts’ includes, but is not limited to, music (instrumental and vocal), dance, drama, folk art, creative writing, architecture and allied fields, painting, sculpture, photography, graphic and craft arts, industrial design, costume and fashion design, motion pictures, television, radio, tape and sound recording, the arts related to the presentation, performance, execution, and exhibition of such major art forms, and the study and application of the arts to the human environment.”Pub. L. 90–348 § 7 · 82 Stat. 184
Changed · 20 U.S.C. § 952(b)
Pub. L. 90–348, § 7, extended term “arts” to include study and application of enumerated art forms to human environment
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 90–348, § 7, extended term “arts” to include study and application of enumerated art forms to human environment.Enacted provision · exact public law section
Sec. 7. Section 3(a) and section 3(b) of the National Foundation on Definitions. 79 Stat. 845. 20 USC 952. “Humanities.” the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965 are amended to read as follows: “(a) The term ‘humanities’ includes, but is not limited to, the study of the following: language, both modern and classical; linguistics; literature: history; jurisprudence; philosophy; archeology; the history, criticism, theory, and practice of the arts; those aspects of the social sciences which have humanistic content and employ humanistic methods; and the study and application of the humanities to the human environment. “(b) The term ‘the arts’ includes, but is not limited to, music (instrumental and vocal), dance, drama, folk art, creative writing, architecture and allied fields, painting, sculpture, photography, graphic and craft arts, industrial design, costume and fashion design, motion pictures, television, radio, tape and sound recording, the arts related to the presentation, performance, execution, and exhibition of such major art forms, and the study and application of the arts to the human environment.”Pub. L. 90–348 § 1 · 82 Stat. 184
Substituted · 20 U.S.C. § 952(f)
Pub. L. 90–348, § 1, substituted “activity” for “production” in definition of “workshop” and extended enumerated purposes to include promotion of scholarship and teaching among participants
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 90–348, § 1, substituted “activity” for “production” in definition of “workshop” and extended enumerated purposes to include promotion of scholarship and teaching among participants.Enacted provision · exact public law section
Section 1. Section 3(f) of the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965 is amended to read as follows: “(f) The term ‘workshop’ means an activity the primary purpose of which is to encourage the artistic development or enjoyment of amateur, student, or other nonprofessional participants, or to promote scholarship and teaching among the participants.”The National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Amendments of 1970
Pub. L. 91–346 § 3 · 84 Stat. 443
Changed · 20 U.S.C. § 952(a)
Pub. L. 91–346 extended term “humanities” to include the study of comparative religion and ethics, and emphasized that particular attention be paid to relevance of humanities to current conditions of national life when engaging in study and application of humanities to human environment
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 91–346 extended term “humanities” to include the study of comparative religion and ethics, and emphasized that particular attention be paid to relevance of humanities to current conditions of national life when engaging in study and application of humanities to human environment.Enacted provision · exact public law section
Sec. 3. addition to definition of humanities Subsection (a) of section 3 of the National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities Act of 1965 is amended by inserting “comparative 82 Stat. 187. 20 USC 952. religion; ethics;” after “archeology;”, and by inserting before the period at the end thereof the following: “with particular attention to the relevance of the humanities to the current conditions of national life”.National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Amendments of 1973
Pub. L. 93–133 § 2(a)(2) · 87 Stat. 461
Substituted · 20 U.S.C. § 952(d)
Pub. L. 93–133 substituted “or purchase of facilities” for “, purchase, renovation, or construction of facilities”
Added · 20 U.S.C. § 952(d)
Pub. L. 93–133 added pars. (1) and (2)
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 93–133 substituted “or purchase of facilities” for “, purchase, renovation, or construction of facilities” and added pars. (1) and (2).Enacted provision · exact public law section
(2) Subsection (d) of section 3 of such Act is amended by striking out “, purchase, renovation, or construction” and inserting in lieu thereof “or purchase”, and by adding at the end thereof the following new sentence: “Such term also includes— “(1) the renovation of facilities if (A) the amount of the expenditure of Federal funds for such purpose in the case of any project does not exceed $250,000, or (B) two-thirds of the members of the National Council on the Arts (who are present and voting) approve of the grant or contract involving an expenditure for such purpose; and “(2) the construction of facilities if (A) such construction is for demonstration purposes or under unusual circumstances where there is no other manner in which to accomplish an artistic purpose, and (B) two-thirds of the members of the National Council on the Arts (who are present and voting) approve of the grant or contract involving an expenditure for such purpose.”.Arts and Humanities Act of 1980
Pub. L. 96–496 § 101(a) · 94 Stat. 2583
Substituted · 20 U.S.C. § 952(a)
Pub. L. 96–496, § 101(a), substituted “and theory of the arts” for “theory, and practice of the arts”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 96–496, § 101(a), substituted “and theory of the arts” for “theory, and practice of the arts”.Enacted provision · exact public law section
(a) Section 3(a) of the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act 20 USC 951 note. of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 952(a)) is amended by striking out “theory, and practice” and inserting in lieu thereof “and theory”.Arts and Humanities Act of 1980
Pub. L. 96–496 § 101(b) · 94 Stat. 2583
Inserted · 20 U.S.C. § 952(d)(1)(B)
Pub. L. 96–496, § 101(b), inserted “or the National Council on the Humanities, as the case may be”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (d)(1)(B). Pub. L. 96–496, § 101(b), inserted “or the National Council on the Humanities, as the case may be”.Enacted provision · exact public law section
(b) Section 3(d)(B) of the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 952(d)(1)(B)) is amended by inserting “or the National Council on the Humanities, as the case may be” after “Arts”.Arts and Humanities Act of 1980
Pub. L. 96–496 § 101(c) · 94 Stat. 2583
Inserted · 20 U.S.C. § 952(g)
Pub. L. 96–496, § 101(c), inserted “the Northern Mariana Islands”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 96–496, § 101(c), inserted “the Northern Mariana Islands”.Enacted provision · exact public law section
(c) Section 3(g) of the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 952(g)) is amended by inserting “the Northern Mariana Islands,” after “American Samoa,”.Arts, Humanities, and Museums Amendments of 1985
Pub. L. 99–194 § 103(1) · 99 Stat. 1332
Substituted · 20 U.S.C. § 952(a)
Pub. L. 99–194, § 103(1), substituted “study and interpretation of the following” for “study of the following”
Inserted · 20 U.S.C. § 952(a)
Pub. L. 99–194, § 103(1), inserted “to reflecting our diverse heritage, traditions, and history and” after “particular attention”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–194, § 103(1), substituted “study and interpretation of the following” for “study of the following” and inserted “to reflecting our diverse heritage, traditions, and history and” after “particular attention”.Enacted provision · exact public law section
(1) in subsection (a)— (A) by inserting “and interpretation” after “study” the first place it appears, and (B) by inserting “to reflecting our diverse heritage, traditions, and history and” after “particular attention”, andArts, Humanities, and Museums Amendments of 1985
Pub. L. 99–194 § 103(2) · 99 Stat. 1332
Inserted · 20 U.S.C. § 952(d)(2)
Pub. L. 99–194, § 103(2), inserted “for purposes of sections 954(l) and 956(h) of this title only,” before “the construction of facilities if”, “or humanistic” after “artistic”, and “and the National Council on the Humanities, as the case may be,” after “the National Council on the Arts”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 99–194, § 103(2), inserted “for purposes of sections 954(l) and 956(h) of this title only,” before “the construction of facilities if”, “or humanistic” after “artistic”, and “and the National Council on the Humanities, as the case may be,” after “the National Council on the Arts”.Enacted provision · exact public law section
(2) in subsection (d)(2)— (A) by inserting “for purposes of sections 5(1) and 7(h) only,” after “(2)”, (B) by inserting “or humanistic” after “artistic”, and (C) by inserting “and the National Council on the Humanities, as the case may be,” after “the National Council on the Arts”.Pub. L. 101–512 § 318(tI)(s102)(a)(1) · 104 Stat. 1915
Inserted · 20 U.S.C. § 952(b)
Pub. L. 101–512, § 318 [title I, § 102(a)(1), (b)(1)], inserted “all those traditional arts practiced by the diverse peoples of this country.” after “forms,” and “film, video,” after “radio,”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 101–512, § 318 [title I, § 102(a)(1), (b)(1)], inserted “all those traditional arts practiced by the diverse peoples of this country.” after “forms,” and “film, video,” after “radio,”.Enacted provision · exact public law section
SEC. 318. SHORT TITLE. This section may be cited as the “Arts, Humanities, and Museums Amendments of 1990”.Effective date note
Amendment by Pub. L. 101–512 effective Oct. 1, 1990, see section 318 [title IV, § 403(a)] of Pub. L. 101–512, set out as a note under section 951 of this title.Pub. L. 101–512 § 318(tI)(s102)(b)(2) · 104 Stat. 1915
Inserted · 20 U.S.C. § 952(c)
Pub. L. 101–512, § 318 [title I, § 102(b)(2)], inserted “film, video,” after “radio,”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 101–512, § 318 [title I, § 102(b)(2)], inserted “film, video,” after “radio,”.Enacted provision · exact public law section
SEC. 318. SHORT TITLE. This section may be cited as the “Arts, Humanities, and Museums Amendments of 1990”.Effective date note
Amendment by Pub. L. 101–512 effective Oct. 1, 1990, see section 318 [title IV, § 403(a)] of Pub. L. 101–512, set out as a note under section 951 of this title.Pub. L. 101–512 § 318(tI)(s102)(b)(3)(A) · 104 Stat. 1915
Inserted · 20 U.S.C. § 952(d)
Pub. L. 101–512, § 318 [title I, § 102(b)(3)(A)], inserted “the widest” after “enhance”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 101–512, § 318 [title I, § 102(b)(3)(A)], inserted “the widest” after “enhance”.Enacted provision · exact public law section
SEC. 318. SHORT TITLE. This section may be cited as the “Arts, Humanities, and Museums Amendments of 1990”.Effective date note
Amendment by Pub. L. 101–512 effective Oct. 1, 1990, see section 318 [title IV, § 403(a)] of Pub. L. 101–512, set out as a note under section 951 of this title.Pub. L. 101–512 § 318(tI)(s102)(b)(3)(B) · 104 Stat. 1915
Substituted · 20 U.S.C. § 952(d)(2)
Pub. L. 101–512, § 318 [title I, § 102(b)(3)(B)], which directed the substitution of “sections 954(p), 956(c)(10),” for “sections 954(1)”, was executed by making the substitution for “sections 954(l)” to reflect the probable intent of Congress
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 101–512, § 318 [title I, § 102(b)(3)(B)], which directed the substitution of “sections 954(p), 956(c)(10),” for “sections 954(1)”, was executed by making the substitution for “sections 954(l)” to reflect the probable intent of Congress.Enacted provision · exact public law section
SEC. 318. SHORT TITLE. This section may be cited as the “Arts, Humanities, and Museums Amendments of 1990”.Effective date note
Amendment by Pub. L. 101–512 effective Oct. 1, 1990, see section 318 [title IV, § 403(a)] of Pub. L. 101–512, set out as a note under section 951 of this title.Pub. L. 101–512 § 318(tI)(s102)(a)(2) · 104 Stat. 1915
Added · 20 U.S.C. § 952(h); 20 U.S.C. § 952(i)
Pub. L. 101–512, § 318 [title I, § 102(a)(2)], added subsecs. (h) and (i)
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsecs. (h), (i). Pub. L. 101–512, § 318 [title I, § 102(a)(2)], added subsecs. (h) and (i).Enacted provision · exact public law section
SEC. 318. SHORT TITLE. This section may be cited as the “Arts, Humanities, and Museums Amendments of 1990”.Effective date note
Amendment by Pub. L. 101–512 effective Oct. 1, 1990, see section 318 [title IV, § 403(a)] of Pub. L. 101–512, set out as a note under section 951 of this title.Pub. L. 101–512 § 318(tI)(s102)(c) · 104 Stat. 1915
Added · 20 U.S.C. § 952(j)(l)
Pub. L. 101–512, § 318 [title I, § 102(c)], added subsecs. (j) to (l)
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsecs. (j) to (l). Pub. L. 101–512, § 318 [title I, § 102(c)], added subsecs. (j) to (l).Enacted provision · exact public law section
SEC. 318. SHORT TITLE. This section may be cited as the “Arts, Humanities, and Museums Amendments of 1990”.Effective date note
Amendment by Pub. L. 101–512 effective Oct. 1, 1990, see section 318 [title IV, § 403(a)] of Pub. L. 101–512, set out as a note under section 951 of this title.
19 of 19 references resolved to an enrolled provision
Editorial Notes
Amendments1968–1990 · 6 rounds
1990
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 101–512, § 318 [title I, § 102(a)(1), (b)(1)], inserted “all those traditional arts practiced by the diverse peoples of this country.” after “forms,” and “film, video,” after “radio,”.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 101–512, § 318 [title I, § 102(b)(2)], inserted “film, video,” after “radio,”.
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 101–512, § 318 [title I, § 102(b)(3)(A)], inserted “the widest” after “enhance”.
Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 101–512, § 318 [title I, § 102(b)(3)(B)], which directed the substitution of “sections 954(p), 956(c)(10),” for “sections 954(1)”, was executed by making the substitution for “sections 954(l)” to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
Subsecs. (h), (i). Pub. L. 101–512, § 318 [title I, § 102(a)(2)], added subsecs. (h) and (i).
Subsecs. (j) to (l). Pub. L. 101–512, § 318 [title I, § 102(c)], added subsecs. (j) to (l).
1985
Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–194, § 103(1), substituted “study and interpretation of the following” for “study of the following” and inserted “to reflecting our diverse heritage, traditions, and history and” after “particular attention”.
Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 99–194, § 103(2), inserted “for purposes of sections 954(l) and 956(h) of this title only,” before “the construction of facilities if”, “or humanistic” after “artistic”, and “and the National Council on the Humanities, as the case may be,” after “the National Council on the Arts”.
1980
Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 96–496, § 101(a), substituted “and theory of the arts” for “theory, and practice of the arts”.
Subsec. (d)(1)(B). Pub. L. 96–496, § 101(b), inserted “or the National Council on the Humanities, as the case may be”.
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 96–496, § 101(c), inserted “the Northern Mariana Islands”.
1973
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 93–133 substituted “or purchase of facilities” for “, purchase, renovation, or construction of facilities” and added pars. (1) and (2).
1970
Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 91–346 extended term “humanities” to include the study of comparative religion and ethics, and emphasized that particular attention be paid to relevance of humanities to current conditions of national life when engaging in study and application of humanities to human environment.
1968
Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 90–348, § 7, extended term “humanities” to include the study and application of enumerated fields to human environment.
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 90–348, § 7, extended term “arts” to include study and application of enumerated art forms to human environment.
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 90–348, § 1, substituted “activity” for “production” in definition of “workshop” and extended enumerated purposes to include promotion of scholarship and teaching among participants.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1990 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 101–512 effective , see section 318 [title IV, § 403(a)] of Pub. L. 101–512, set out as a note under section 951 of this title.
Effective Date of 1973 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 93–133 effective on and after , see section 2(b) of Pub. L. 93–133, set out as a note under section 951 of this title.
Credits
1965–1990 · 8 acts
- 1965Pub. L. 89–209, § 3, , 79 Stat. 845
- 1968Pub. L. 90–348, §§ 1, 7, , 82 Stat. 184, 187
- 1970Pub. L. 91–346, § 3, , 84 Stat. 443
- 1973Pub. L. 93–133, § 2(a)(2), , 87 Stat. 462
- 1980Pub. L. 96–496, title I, § 101, , 94 Stat. 2583
- 1984renumbered title I, § 3, Pub. L. 98–306, § 2, , 98 Stat. 223
- 1985renumbered § 3 and amended Pub. L. 99–194, title I, §§ 101(1), 103, , 99 Stat. 1332
- 1990Pub. L. 101–512, title III, § 318 [title I, § 102], , 104 Stat. 1960, 1962.
Show as published
(Pub. L. 89–209, § 3, , 79 Stat. 845; Pub. L. 90–348, §§ 1, 7, , 82 Stat. 184, 187; Pub. L. 91–346, § 3, , 84 Stat. 443; Pub. L. 93–133, § 2(a)(2), , 87 Stat. 462; Pub. L. 96–496, title I, § 101, , 94 Stat. 2583; renumbered title I, § 3, Pub. L. 98–306, § 2, , 98 Stat. 223; renumbered § 3 and amended Pub. L. 99–194, title I, §§ 101(1), 103, , 99 Stat. 1332; Pub. L. 101–512, title III, § 318 [title I, § 102], , 104 Stat. 1960, 1962.)