Title 22 — Foreign Relations and Intercourse
Chapter 69A — Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (libertad)
§ 6081. Findings
Statutory text
The Congress makes the following findings:
Individuals enjoy a fundamental right to own and enjoy property which is enshrined in the United States Constitution.
The wrongful confiscation or taking of property belonging to United States nationals by the Cuban Government, and the subsequent exploitation of this property at the expense of the rightful owner, undermines the comity of nations, the free flow of commerce, and economic development.
Since Fidel Castro seized power in Cuba in 1959—
he has trampled on the fundamental rights of the Cuban people; and
through his personal despotism, he has confiscated the property of—
millions of his own citizens;
thousands of United States nationals; and
thousands more Cubans who claimed asylum in the United States as refugees because of persecution and later became naturalized citizens of the United States.
It is in the interest of the Cuban people that the Cuban Government respect equally the property rights of Cuban nationals and nationals of other countries.
The Cuban Government is offering foreign investors the opportunity to purchase an equity interest in, manage, or enter into joint ventures using property and assets some of which were confiscated from United States nationals.
This “trafficking” in confiscated property provides badly needed financial benefit, including hard currency, oil, and productive investment and expertise, to the current Cuban Government and thus undermines the foreign policy of the United States—
to bring democratic institutions to Cuba through the pressure of a general economic embargo at a time when the Castro regime has proven to be vulnerable to international economic pressure; and
to protect the claims of United States nationals who had property wrongfully confiscated by the Cuban Government.
The United States Department of State has notified other governments that the transfer to third parties of properties confiscated by the Cuban Government “would complicate any attempt to return them to their original owners”.
The international judicial system, as currently structured, lacks fully effective remedies for the wrongful confiscation of property and for unjust enrichment from the use of wrongfully confiscated property by governments and private entities at the expense of the rightful owners of the property.
International law recognizes that a nation has the ability to provide for rules of law with respect to conduct outside its territory that has or is intended to have substantial effect within its territory.
The United States Government has an obligation to its citizens to provide protection against wrongful confiscations by foreign nations and their citizens, including the provision of private remedies.
To deter trafficking in wrongfully confiscated property, United States nationals who were the victims of these confiscations should be endowed with a judicial remedy in the courts of the United States that would deny traffickers any profits from economically exploiting Castro’s wrongful seizures.
Legislative history
Reconstructed from this section’s Code source credit and amendment notes, resolved against the local Statutes at Large. Editorial notes are evidence, not the law that made the change.
Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (LIBERTAD) Act of 1996
Pub. L. 104–114 title III § 301 · 110 Stat. 785
Enacted · 22 U.S.C. § 6081
(Pub. L. 104–114, title III, § 301, Mar. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 814.)
Source evidence
Code source credit
(Pub. L. 104–114, title III, § 301, Mar. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 814.)Enacted provision · exact public law section
SEC. 301. FINDINGS. The Congress makes the following findings: (1) Individuals enjoy a fundamental right to own and enjoy property which is enshrined in the United States Constitution. (2) The wrongful confiscation or taking of property belonging to United States nationals by the Cuban Government, and the subsequent exploitation of this property at the expense of the rightful owner, undermines the comity of nations, the free flow of commerce, and economic development. (3) Fidel Castro. Since Fidel Castro seized power in Cuba in 1959— (A) he has trampled on the fundamental rights of the Cuban people; and (B) through his personal despotism, he has confiscated the property of— (i) millions of his own citizens; (ii) thousands of United States nationals; and (iii) thousands more Cubans who claimed asylum in the United States as refugees because of persecution and later became naturalized citizens of the United States. (4) It is in the interest of the Cuban people that the Cuban Government respect equally the property rights of Cuban nationals and nationals of other countries. (5) The Cuban Government is offering foreign investors the opportunity to purchase an equity interest in, manage, or enter into joint ventures using property and assets some of which were confiscated from United States nationals. (6) This “trafficking” in confiscated property provides badly needed financial benefit, including hard currency, oil, and productive investment and expertise, to the current Cuban Government and thus undermines the foreign policy of the United States— (A) to bring democratic institutions to Cuba through the pressure of a general economic embargo at a time when the Castro regime has proven to be vulnerable to international economic pressure; and (B) to protect the claims of United States nationals who had property wrongfully confiscated by the Cuban Government. (7) The United States Department of State has notified other governments that the transfer to third parties of properties confiscated by the Cuban Government “would complicate any attempt to return them to their original owners”. (8) The international judicial system, as currently structured, lacks fully effective remedies for the wrongful confiscation of property and for unjust enrichment from the use of wrongfully confiscated property by governments and private entities at the expense of the rightful owners of the property. (9) International law recognizes that a nation has the ability to provide for rules of law with respect to conduct outside its territory that has or is intended to have substantial effect within its territory. (10) The United States Government has an obligation to its citizens to provide protection against wrongful confiscations by foreign nations and their citizens, including the provision of private remedies. (11) To deter trafficking in wrongfully confiscated property, United States nationals who were the victims of these confiscations should be endowed with a judicial remedy in the courts of the United States that would deny traffickers any profits from economically exploiting Castro’s wrongful seizures.
1 of 1 references resolved to an enrolled provision