Title 22 — Foreign Relations and Intercourse
Chapter 85 — North Korean Human Rights
§ 7814. Actions to promote freedom of information
Statutory text
Actions
In general
The President is authorized to take such actions as may be necessary to increase the availability of information inside North Korea by increasing the availability of sources of information not controlled by the Government of North Korea, including sources such as radios capable of receiving broadcasting from outside North Korea, USB drives, micro SD cards, audio players, video players, cell phones, wi-fi, wireless internet, web pages, internet, wireless telecommunications, and other electronic media that shares information.
Distribution
In accordance with the sense of Congress described in section 7813 of this title, the President, acting through the Secretary of State, is authorized to distribute or provide grants to distribute information receiving devices, electronically readable devices, and other informational sources into North Korea, including devices and informational sources specified in paragraph (1). To carry out this paragraph, the President is authorized to issue regulations to facilitate the free-flow of information into North Korea.
Research and development grant program
In accordance with the authorization described in paragraphs (1) and (2) to increase the availability and distribution of sources of information inside North Korea, the President, acting through the Secretary of State, is authorized to establish a grant program to make grants to eligible entities to develop or distribute (or both) new products or methods to allow North Koreans easier access to outside information. Such program may involve public-private partnerships.
Culture
In accordance with the sense of Congress described in section 7813 of this title, the Broadcasting Board of Governors may broadcast American, Korean, Chinese, and other popular music, television, movies, and popular cultural references as part of its programming.
Rights and laws
In accordance with the sense of Congress described in section 7813 of this title, the Broadcasting Board of Governors should broadcast to North Korea in the Korean language information on rights, laws, and freedoms afforded through the North Korean Constitution, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the United Nations Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, and any other applicable treaties or international agreements to which North Korea is bound.
Religious minorities
Efforts to improve information access under this subsection should include religious communities and should be coordinated with the Office of International Religious Freedom to ensure maximum impact in improving the rights of religious persons in North Korea.
Broadcasting report
Not later than—
180 days after , the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Broadcasting Board of Governors, shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report that sets forth a detailed plan for improving broadcasting content for the purpose of targeting new audiences and increasing listenership; and
, and annually thereafter for each of the next 5 years, the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Chief Executive Officer of the United States Agency for Global Media, shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report including—
a description of the effectiveness of actions taken pursuant to this section and sections 5583 and 5584 of the Otto Warmbier Countering North Korean Censorship and Surveillance Act of 2022, including data reflecting audience and listenership, device distribution and usage, and technological development and advancement usage;
the amount of funds expended by the United States Government pursuant to section 403; 1 and
other appropriate information necessary to fully inform Congress of efforts related to this section.
Authorization of appropriations
In general
There are authorized to be appropriated to the President $3,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2005 through 2022 to carry out subsection (a).
Availability
Amounts appropriated pursuant to the authorization of appropriations under paragraph (1) are authorized to remain available until expended.
Report
Not later than 1 year after , and annually through 2022, the Secretary of State, after consultation with the heads of other appropriate Federal departments and agencies, shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report, in classified form, on actions taken pursuant to this section.
Information technology study
Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of the North Korea Sanctions and Policy Enhancement Act of 2015,1 the President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a classified report that sets forth a detailed plan for making unrestricted, unmonitored, and inexpensive electronic mass communications available to the people of North Korea.
Footnotes
- 1 See References in Text note below.
Legislative history
Reconstructed from this section’s Code source credit and amendment notes, resolved against the local Statutes at Large. Editorial notes are evidence, not the law that made the change.
North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004
Pub. L. 108–333 title I § 104 · 118 Stat. 1287
Enacted · 22 U.S.C. § 7814
Pub. L. 108–333, title I, § 104, Oct. 18, 2004, 118 Stat. 1291
Source evidence
Code source credit
Pub. L. 108–333, title I, § 104, Oct. 18, 2004, 118 Stat. 1291Enacted provision · exact public law section
SEC. 104. ACTIONS TO PROMOTE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION. (a) Actions.— The President is authorized to take such actions as may be necessary to increase the availability of information inside North Korea by increasing the availability of sources of information not controlled by the Government of North Korea, including sources such as radios capable of receiving broadcasting from outside North Korea. (b) Authorization of Appropriations.— (1) In general.— There are authorized to be appropriated to the President $2,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2005 through 2008 to carry out subsection (a). (2) Availability.— Amounts appropriated pursuant to the authorization of appropriations under paragraph (1) are authorized to remain available until expended. (c) Report.— Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, and in each of the 3 years thereafter, the Secretary of State, after consultation with the heads of other appropriate Federal departments and agencies, shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report, in classified form, on actions taken pursuant to this section.North Korean Human Rights Reauthorization Act of 2008
Pub. L. 110–346 § 7(1) · 122 Stat. 3939
Substituted · 22 U.S.C. § 7814(b)(1)
Pub. L. 110–346, § 7(1), substituted “2012” for “2008”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 110–346, § 7(1), substituted “2012” for “2008”.Enacted provision · exact public law section
(1) in subsection (b)(1), by striking “2008” and inserting “2012”; andNorth Korean Human Rights Reauthorization Act of 2008
Pub. L. 110–346 § 7(2) · 122 Stat. 3939
Substituted · 22 U.S.C. § 7814(c)
Pub. L. 110–346, § 7(2), substituted “annually through 2012” for “in each of the 3 years thereafter”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 110–346, § 7(2), substituted “annually through 2012” for “in each of the 3 years thereafter”.Enacted provision · exact public law section
(2) in subsection (c), by striking “in each of the 3 years thereafter” and inserting “annually through 2012”.Ambassador James R. Lilley and Congressman Stephen J. Solarz North Korea Human Rights Reauthorization Act of 2012
Pub. L. 112–172 § 6 · 126 Stat. 1307
Substituted · 22 U.S.C. § 7814(b)(1); 22 U.S.C. § 7814(b)(c)
Pub. L. 112–172 substituted “2017” for “2012”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsecs. (b)(1), (c). Pub. L. 112–172 substituted “2017” for “2012”.Enacted provision · exact public law section
SEC. 6. ACTIONS TO PROMOTE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION. Subsections (b)(1) and (c) of section 104 of the North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004 (22 U.S.C. 7814) is amended by striking “2012” and inserting “2017” each place it appears.North Korea Sanctions and Policy Enhancement Act of 2016
Pub. L. 114–122 title III § 301 · 130 Stat. 93
Added · 22 U.S.C. § 7814(d)
Pub. L. 114–122 added subsec. (d)
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 114–122 added subsec. (d).Enacted provision · exact public law section
SEC. 301. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY. Section 104 of the North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004 (22 U.S.C. 7814) is amended by adding at the end the following: “(d) Information Technology Study.— Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of the North Korea Sanctions and Policy Enhancement Act of 2015, the President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a classified report that sets forth a detailed plan for making unrestricted, unmonitored, and inexpensive electronic mass communications available to the people of North Korea.” .North Korean Human Rights Reauthorization Act of 2017
Pub. L. 115–198 § 5 · 132 Stat. 1519
Amended · 22 U.S.C. § 7814(a)
Pub. L. 115–198, § 5, designated existing provisions as par. (1)
Inserted · 22 U.S.C. § 7814(a)
Pub. L. 115–198, § 5, inserted heading
Inserted · 22 U.S.C. § 7814(a)
Pub. L. 115–198, § 5, inserted “, USB drives, micro SD cards, audio players, video players, cell phones, wi-fi, wireless internet, web pages, internet, wireless telecommunications, and other electronic media that shares information” before period at end
Added · 22 U.S.C. § 7814(a)
Pub. L. 115–198, § 5, added pars. (2) to (7)
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–198, § 5, designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted heading, inserted “, USB drives, micro SD cards, audio players, video players, cell phones, wi-fi, wireless internet, web pages, internet, wireless telecommunications, and other electronic media that shares information” before period at end, and added pars. (2) to (7).Enacted provision · exact public law section
SEC. 5. ACTIONS TO PROMOTE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION. Section 104(a) of the North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004 (22 U.S.C. 7814(a)) is amended— (1) by striking “The President” and inserting the following: “(1) In general.— The President” ; (2) by inserting “, USB drives, micro SD cards, audio players, video players, cell phones, wi-fi, wireless internet, web pages, internet, wireless telecommunications, and other electronic media that shares information” before the period at the end; and (3) by adding at the end the following: “(2) Distribution.— In accordance with the sense of Congress described in section 103, the President, acting through the Secretary of State, is authorized to distribute or provide grants to distribute information receiving devices, electronically readable devices, and other informational sources into North Korea, including devices and informational sources specified in paragraph (1) Regulations. . To carry out this paragraph, the President is authorized to issue regulations to facilitate the free-flow of information into North Korea. “(3) Research and development grant program.— In accordance with the authorization described in paragraphs (1) and (2) to increase the availability and distribution of sources of information inside North Korea, the President, acting through the Secretary of State, is authorized to establish a grant program to make grants to eligible entities to develop or distribute (or both) new products or methods to allow North Koreans easier access to outside information. Such program may involve public-private partnerships. “(4) Culture.— In accordance with the sense of Congress described in section 103, the Broadcasting Board of Governors may broadcast American, Korean, Chinese, and other popular music, television, movies, and popular cultural references as part of its programming. “(5) Rights and laws.— In accordance with the sense of Congress described in section 103, the Broadcasting Board of Governors should broadcast to North Korea in the Korean language information on rights, laws, and freedoms afforded through the North Korean Constitution, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the United Nations Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, and any other applicable treaties or international agreements to which North Korea is bound. “(6) Religious minorities.— Efforts to improve information access under this subsection should include religious communities and should be coordinated with the Office of International Religious Freedom to ensure maximum impact in improving the rights of religious persons in North Korea. “(7) Broadcasting report.— Not later than— “(A) 180 days after the date of the enactment of this paragraph, the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Broadcasting Board of Governors, shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report that sets forth a detailed plan for improving broadcasting content for the purpose of targeting new audiences and increasing listenership; and “(B) 1 year after the date of the enactment of this paragraph, and annually thereafter for each of the next 5 years, the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Broadcasting Board of Governors, shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report including— “(i) a description of the effectiveness of actions taken pursuant to this section, including data reflecting audience and listenership, device distribution and usage, and technological development and advancement usage; “(ii) the amount of funds expended by the United States Government pursuant to section 403; and “(iii) other appropriate information necessary to fully inform Congress of efforts related to this section.” .North Korean Human Rights Reauthorization Act of 2017
Pub. L. 115–198 § 7(b)(1) · 132 Stat. 1519
Substituted · 22 U.S.C. § 7814(b)(1)
Pub. L. 115–198, § 7(b)(1), substituted “$3,000,000” for “$2,000,000”
Substituted · 22 U.S.C. § 7814(b)(1)
Pub. L. 115–198, § 7(b)(1), substituted “2022” for “2017”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 115–198, § 7(b)(1), substituted “$3,000,000” for “$2,000,000” and “2022” for “2017”.Enacted provision · exact public law section
(1) in subsection (b)(1)— (A) by striking “$2,000,000” and inserting “$3,000,000”; and (B) by striking “2017” and inserting “2022”; andNorth Korean Human Rights Reauthorization Act of 2017
Pub. L. 115–198 § 7(b)(2) · 132 Stat. 1519
Substituted · 22 U.S.C. § 7814(c)
Pub. L. 115–198, § 7(b)(2), substituted “2022” for “2017”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–198, § 7(b)(2), substituted “2022” for “2017”.Enacted provision · exact public law section
(2) in subsection (c), by striking “2017” and inserting “2022”.Otto Warmbier Countering North Korean Censorship and Surveillance Act of 2022
Pub. L. 117–263 § 5584(b)(1) · 136 Stat. 2395
Substituted · 22 U.S.C. § 7814(a)(7)(B)
Pub. L. 117–263, § 5584(b)(1), in introductory provisions, substituted “September 30, 2022” for “1 year after July 20, 2018”
Substituted · 22 U.S.C. § 7814(a)(7)(B)
Pub. L. 117–263, § 5584(b)(1), in introductory provisions, substituted “Chief Executive Officer of the United States Agency for Global Media” for “Broadcasting Board of Governors”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (a)(7)(B). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5584(b)(1), in introductory provisions, substituted “September 30, 2022” for “1 year after July 20, 2018” and “Chief Executive Officer of the United States Agency for Global Media” for “Broadcasting Board of Governors”.Enacted provision · exact public law section
(1) in the matter preceding clause (i)— (A) by striking “1 year after the date of the enactment of this paragraph” and inserting “September 30, 2022”; and (B) by striking “Broadcasting Board of Governors” and inserting “Chief Executive Officer of the United States Agency for Global Media”; andOtto Warmbier Countering North Korean Censorship and Surveillance Act of 2022
Pub. L. 117–263 § 5584(b)(2) · 136 Stat. 2395
Inserted · 22 U.S.C. § 7814(a)(7)(B)(i)
Pub. L. 117–263, § 5584(b)(2), inserted “and sections 5583 and 5584 of the Otto Warmbier Countering North Korean Censorship and Surveillance Act of 2022” after “this section”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (a)(7)(B)(i). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5584(b)(2), inserted “and sections 5583 and 5584 of the Otto Warmbier Countering North Korean Censorship and Surveillance Act of 2022” after “this section”.Enacted provision · exact public law section
(2) in clause (i), by inserting after “this section” the following: “and sections 5583 and 5584 of the Otto Warmbier Countering North Korean Censorship and Surveillance Act of 2022”.
15 of 15 references resolved to an enrolled provision
Editorial Notes
References in Text
Sections 5583 and 5584 of the Otto Warmbier Countering North Korean Censorship and Surveillance Act of 2022, referred to in subsec. (a)(7)(B)(i), are sections 5583 and 5584 of subtitle F of title LV of div. E of Pub. L. 117–263, , 136 Stat. 3372, 3373. Sections 5583 and 5584(a) of the Act are not classified to the Code. Section 5584(b) of the Act amended this section.
Section 403, referred to in subsec. (a)(7)(B)(ii), may mean section 403 of the North Korea Sanctions and Policy Enhancement Act of 2016, Pub. L. 114–122, which authorized appropriations to carry out various provisions in this chapter and was classified to section 9253 of this title, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 115–198, § 9, , 132 Stat. 1525. There is no section 403 of Pub. L. 108–333, of which this section is a part.
The date of the enactment of the North Korea Sanctions and Policy Enhancement Act of 2015, referred to in subsec. (d), probably means the date of enactment of the North Korea Sanctions and Policy Enhancement Act of 2016, Pub. L. 114–122, which was approved .
Amendments2008–2022 · 5 rounds
2022
Subsec. (a)(7)(B). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5584(b)(1), in introductory provisions, substituted “” for “1 year after ” and “Chief Executive Officer of the United States Agency for Global Media” for “Broadcasting Board of Governors”.
Subsec. (a)(7)(B)(i). Pub. L. 117–263, § 5584(b)(2), inserted “and sections 5583 and 5584 of the Otto Warmbier Countering North Korean Censorship and Surveillance Act of 2022” after “this section”.
2018
Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–198, § 5, designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted heading, inserted “, USB drives, micro SD cards, audio players, video players, cell phones, wi-fi, wireless internet, web pages, internet, wireless telecommunications, and other electronic media that shares information” before period at end, and added pars. (2) to (7).
Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 115–198, § 7(b)(1), substituted “$3,000,000” for “$2,000,000” and “2022” for “2017”.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–198, § 7(b)(2), substituted “2022” for “2017”.
2016
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 114–122 added subsec. (d).
2012
Subsecs. (b)(1), (c). Pub. L. 112–172 substituted “2017” for “2012”.
2008
Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 110–346, § 7(1), substituted “2012” for “2008”.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 110–346, § 7(2), substituted “annually through 2012” for “in each of the 3 years thereafter”.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Change of Name
Broadcasting Board of Governors renamed United States Agency for Global Media pursuant to section 6204(a)(21) of this title. The renaming was effectuated by notice to congressional appropriations committees dated , and became effective .
Findings; Sense of Congress
Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LV, § 5581, , 136 Stat. 3371, provided that:
“(a) Findings.—
Congress makes the following findings:
“(1) The information landscape in North Korea is the most repressive in the world, consistently ranking last or near-last in the annual World Press Freedom Index.
“(2) Under the brutal rule of Kim Jung Un, the country’s leader since 2012, the North Korean regime has tightened controls on access to information, as well as enacted harsh punishments for consumers of outside media, including sentencing to time in a concentration camp and a maximum penalty of death.
“(3) Such repressive and unjust laws surrounding information in North Korea resulted in the death of 22-year-old United States citizen and university student Otto Warmbier, who had traveled to North Korea in December 2015 as part of a guided tour.
“(4) Otto Warmbier was unjustly arrested, sentenced to 15 years of hard labor, and severely mistreated at the hands of North Korean officials. While in captivity, Otto Warmbier suffered a serious medical emergency that placed him into a comatose state. Otto Warmbier was comatose upon his release in June 2017 and died 6 days later.
“(5) Despite increased penalties for possession and viewership of foreign media, the people of North Korean have increased their desire for foreign media content, according to a survey of 200 defectors concluding that 90 percent had watched South Korean or other foreign media before defecting.
“(6) On , in an annual resolution, the United Nations General Assembly condemned ‘the long-standing and ongoing systematic, widespread and gross violations of human rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea’ and expressed grave concern at, among other things, ‘the denial of the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion . . . and of the rights to freedom of opinion, expression, and association, both online and offline, which is enforced through an absolute monopoly on information and total control over organized social life, and arbitrary and unlawful state surveillance that permeates the private lives of all citizens’.
“(7) In 2018, Typhoon Yutu caused extensive damage to 15 broadcast antennas used by the United States Agency for Global Media in Asia, resulting in reduced programming to North Korea. The United States Agency for Global Media has rebuilt 5 of the 15 antenna systems as of June 2021.
“(b) Sense of Congress.—
It is the sense of Congress that—
“(1) in the event of a crisis situation, particularly where information pertaining to the crisis is being actively censored or a false narrative is being put forward, the United States should be able to quickly increase its broadcasting capability to deliver fact-based information to audiences, including those in North Korea; and
“(2) the United States International Broadcasting Surge Capacity Fund is already authorized under section 316 of the United States International Broadcasting Act of 1994 (22 U.S.C. 6216), and expanded authority to transfer unobligated balances from expired accounts of the United States Agency for Global Media would enable the Agency to more nimbly respond to crises.”
Statement of Policy
Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LV, § 5582, , 136 Stat. 3372, provided that:
“It is the policy of the United States—
“(1) to provide the people of North Korea with access to a diverse range of fact-based information;
“(2) to develop and implement novel means of communication and information sharing that increase opportunities for audiences in North Korea to safely create, access, and share digital and non-digital news without fear of repressive censorship, surveillance, or penalties under law; and
“(3) to foster and innovate new technologies to counter North Korea’s state-sponsored repressive surveillance and censorship by advancing internet freedom tools, technologies, and new approaches.”
Executive Documents
Delegation of Functions
Functions of President under section 301 of Pub. L. 114–122 (adding subsec. (d) of this section) delegated to Secretary of State by Memorandum of President of the United States, , 81 F.R. 37479, set out as a note under section 9212 of this title.
Credits
2004–2022 · 6 acts
- 2004Pub. L. 108–333, title I, § 104, , 118 Stat. 1291
- 2008Pub. L. 110–346, § 7, , 122 Stat. 3941
- 2012Pub. L. 112–172, § 6, , 126 Stat. 1309
- 2016Pub. L. 114–122, title III, § 301, , 130 Stat. 112
- 2018Pub. L. 115–198, §§ 5, 7(b), , 132 Stat. 1521, 1523
- 2022Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LV, § 5584(b), , 136 Stat. 3373.
Show as published
(Pub. L. 108–333, title I, § 104, , 118 Stat. 1291; Pub. L. 110–346, § 7, , 122 Stat. 3941; Pub. L. 112–172, § 6, , 126 Stat. 1309; Pub. L. 114–122, title III, § 301, , 130 Stat. 112; Pub. L. 115–198, §§ 5, 7(b), , 132 Stat. 1521, 1523; Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LV, § 5584(b), , 136 Stat. 3373.)