§ 1360. State civil jurisdiction in actions to which Indians are parties

Statutory text

Each of the States listed in the following table shall have jurisdiction over civil causes of action between Indians or to which Indians are parties which arise in the areas of Indian country listed opposite the name of the State to the same extent that such State has jurisdiction over other civil causes of action, and those civil laws of such State that are of general application to private persons or private property shall have the same force and effect within such Indian country as they have elsewhere within the State:

State of	Indian country affected
Alaska	All Indian country within the State.
California	All Indian country within the State.
Minnesota	All Indian country within the State, except the Red Lake Reservation.
Nebraska	All Indian country within the State.
Oregon	All Indian country within the State, except the Warm Springs Reservation.
Wisconsin	All Indian country within the State.

Nothing in this section shall authorize the alienation, encumbrance, or taxation of any real or personal property, including water rights, belonging to any Indian or any Indian tribe, band, or community that is held in trust by the United States or is subject to a restriction against alienation imposed by the United States; or shall authorize regulation of the use of such property in a manner inconsistent with any Federal treaty, agreement, or statute or with any regulation made pursuant thereto; or shall confer jurisdiction upon the State to adjudicate, in probate proceedings or otherwise, the ownership or right to possession of such property or any interest therein.

Any tribal ordinance or custom heretofore or hereafter adopted by an Indian tribe, band, or community in the exercise of any authority which it may possess shall, if not inconsistent with any applicable civil law of the State, be given full force and effect in the determination of civil causes of action pursuant to this section.

Legislative history

Reconstructed from this section’s Code source credit and amendment notes, resolved against the local Statutes at Large. Editorial notes are evidence, not the law that made the change.

1953
Added Aug. 15, 1953, ch. 505, § 4, 67 Stat. 589 · 67 Stat. 589
Enacted · 28 U.S.C. § 1360
Added Aug. 15, 1953, ch. 505, § 4, 67 Stat. 589
Source evidence
Code source credit
Added Aug. 15, 1953, ch. 505, § 4, 67 Stat. 589
1954
Public Law not identified
Changed · 28 U.S.C. § 1360(a)
Subsec. (a). Act Aug. 24, 1954, brought the Menominee Tribe within the provisions of this section
Unresolved: No Public Law or Statutes at Large citation in the Code source.
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (a). Act Aug. 24, 1954, brought the Menominee Tribe within the provisions of this section.
1958
Pub. L. 85–615 § 2 · 72 Stat. 545
Changed · 28 U.S.C. § 1360(a)
Pub. L. 85–615 gave Alaska jurisdiction over civil causes of action between Indians or to which Indians are parties which arise in all Indian country within the Territory of Alaska
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 85–615 gave Alaska jurisdiction over civil causes of action between Indians or to which Indians are parties which arise in all Indian country within the Territory of Alaska.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
Sec. 2. Subsection (a) of section 1360, title 28, United States Code, 67 Stat. 589. is amended (i) by inserting after “State” each time the word appears, except in the second column of the list in subsection (a) of section 1360, “or Territory”, (ii) by inserting after “States” each time the word appears “or Territories”, and (iii) by adding at the beginning of the list in subsection (a) of section 1360 the following: “Alaska All Indian country within the Territory”.
1978
Pub. L. 95–598 title II § 239 · 92 Stat. 2549
Substituted · 28 U.S.C. § 1360(a)
Pub. L. 95–598 directed the amendment of subsec. (a) by substituting in the item relating to Alaska “within the State” for “within the Territory”, which amendment did not become effective pursuant to section 402(b) of Pub. L. 95–598, as amended, set out as an Effective Date note preceding section 101 of Title 11, Bankruptcy
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–598 directed the amendment of subsec. (a) by substituting in the item relating to Alaska “within the State” for “within the Territory”, which amendment did not become effective pursuant to section 402(b) of Pub. L. 95–598, as amended, set out as an Effective Date note preceding section 101 of Title 11, Bankruptcy.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
Sec. 239. Section 1360(a) of title 28 of the United States Code is amended by striking out “within the Territory” and inserting in lieu thereof “within the State”.
1984
Pub. L. 98–353 title I § 110 · 98 Stat. 333
1. Struck · 28 U.S.C. § 1360(a)
  Pub. L. 98–353 struck out “or Territories” after “Each of the States”
2. Struck · 28 U.S.C. § 1360(a)
  Pub. L. 98–353 struck out “or Territory” after “State” in 5 places
3. Substituted · 28 U.S.C. § 1360(a)
  Pub. L. 98–353 substituted “within the State” for “within the Territory” in item relating to Alaska
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–353 struck out “or Territories” after “Each of the States”, struck out “or Territory” after “State” in 5 places, and substituted “within the State” for “within the Territory” in item relating to Alaska.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
Sec. 110. Section 1360 of title 28, United States Code, is amended— (1) by striking out “or Territories”; (2) by striking out “or Territory” each place it appears; and (3) by striking out “within the Territory” and inserting in lieu thereof “within the State”.
Effective date note
Amendment by Pub. L. 98–353 effective July 10, 1984, see section 122(a) of Pub. L. 98–353, set out as an Effective Date note under section 151 of this title.

5 of 7 references resolved to an enrolled provision · 1 partial · 1 unresolved

Editorial Notes

Amendments1954–1984 · 4 rounds

1984

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–353 struck out “or Territories” after “Each of the States”, struck out “or Territory” after “State” in 5 places, and substituted “within the State” for “within the Territory” in item relating to Alaska.

1978

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–598 directed the amendment of subsec. (a) by substituting in the item relating to Alaska “within the State” for “within the Territory”, which amendment did not become effective pursuant to section 402(b) of Pub. L. 95–598, as amended, set out as an Effective Date note preceding section 101 of Title 11, Bankruptcy.

1958

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 85–615 gave Alaska jurisdiction over civil causes of action between Indians or to which Indians are parties which arise in all Indian country within the Territory of Alaska.

1954

Subsec. (a). Act Aug. 24, 1954, brought the Menominee Tribe within the provisions of this section.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1984 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–353 effective July 10, 1984, see section 122(a) of Pub. L. 98–353, set out as an Effective Date note under section 151 of this title.

Amendment of State Constitutions To Remove Legal Impediment; Effective Date

Act Aug. 15, 1953, ch. 505, § 6, 67 Stat. 590, provided that: “Notwithstanding the provisions of any Enabling Act for the admission of a State, the consent of the United States is hereby given to the people of any State to amend, where necessary, their State constitution or existing statutes, as the case may be, to remove any legal impediment to the assumption of civil and criminal jurisdiction in accordance with the provisions of this Act [adding this section and section 1162 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure]: Provided, That the provisions of this Act shall not become effective with respect to such assumption of jurisdiction by any such State until the people thereof have appropriately amended their State constitution or statutes as the case may be.”

Consent of United States to Other States To Assume Jurisdiction

Act Aug. 15, 1953, ch. 505, § 7, 67 Stat. 590, which gave consent of the United States to any other State not having jurisdiction with respect to criminal offenses or civil causes of action, or with respect to both, as provided for in this section and section 1162 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, to assume jurisdiction at such time and in such manner as the people of the State shall, by legislative action, obligate and bind the State to assumption thereof, was repealed by section 403(b) of Pub. L. 90–284, title IV, Apr. 11, 1968, 82 Stat. 79, such repeal not to affect any cession of jurisdiction made pursuant to such section prior to its repeal.

Retrocession of jurisdiction by State acquired by State pursuant to section 7 of Act Aug. 15, 1953, prior to its repeal, see section 1323 of Title 25, Indians.

Executive Documents

Admission of Alaska as State

Admission of Alaska into the Union was accomplished Jan. 3, 1959, on issuance of Proc. No. 3269, Jan. 3, 1959, 24 F.R. 81, 73 Stat. c16, as required by sections 1 and 8(c) of Pub. L. 85–508, July 7, 1958, 72 Stat. 339, set out as notes preceding section 21 of Title 48, Territories and Insular Possessions.

Credits

1953–1984 · 5 acts

1953Added Aug. 15, 1953, ch. 505, § 4, 67 Stat. 589
1954amended Aug. 24, 1954, ch. 910, § 2, 68 Stat. 795
1958Pub. L. 85–615, § 2, Aug. 8, 1958, 72 Stat. 545
1978Pub. L. 95–598, title II, § 239, Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2668
1984Pub. L. 98–353, title I, § 110, July 10, 1984, 98 Stat. 342.

Show as published

(Added Aug. 15, 1953, ch. 505, § 4, 67 Stat. 589; amended Aug. 24, 1954, ch. 910, § 2, 68 Stat. 795; Pub. L. 85–615, § 2, Aug. 8, 1958, 72 Stat. 545; Pub. L. 95–598, title II, § 239, Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2668; Pub. L. 98–353, title I, § 110, July 10, 1984, 98 Stat. 342.)