Title 28 — Judiciary and Judicial Procedure
Part I · Chapter 21 — General Provisions Applicable to Courts and Judges
§ 452. Courts always open; powers unrestricted by expiration of sessions
Statutory text
All courts of the United States shall be deemed always open for the purpose of filing proper papers, issuing and returning process, and making motions and orders.
The continued existence or expiration of a session of a court in no way affects the power of the court to do any act or take any proceeding.
Legislative history
Reconstructed from this section’s Code source credit and amendment notes, resolved against the local Statutes at Large. Editorial notes are evidence, not the law that made the change.
Title 28, United States Code, section —
Pub. L. 80–646 · 62 Stat. 869
Enacted · 28 U.S.C. § 452
June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 907
Source evidence
Code source credit
June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 907Pub. L. 88–139 § 2 · 77 Stat. 248
Substituted · 28 U.S.C. § 452
Pub. L. 88–139 substituted “expiration of sessions” for “terms” in text
Substituted · 28 U.S.C. § 452
Pub. L. 88–139 substituted “session” for “term” in text
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Pub. L. 88–139 substituted “expiration of sessions” for “terms” in section catchline, and “session” for “term” in text.Enacted provision · exact public law section
Sec. 2. Sections 452 and 1869 of title 28, United States Code, and sections 3288 and 3289 of title 18, United States Code, are each amended by striking out the word “term” wherever it appears therein and inserting in lieu thereof the word “session” and the catchline to section 452 is amended by striking out the word “terms” and inserting in lieu thereof the words “expiration of sessions”.
2 of 3 references resolved to an enrolled provision · 1 partial
Notes
Historical and Revision Notes
Based on title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §§ 13 and 302 (Mar. 3, 1911, ch. 231, §§ 9, 189, 36 Stat. 1088, 1143; Mar. 2, 1929, ch. 488, § 1, 45 Stat. 1475).
Sections 13 and 302 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., related only to district courts and the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals, and this section has been written to cover all other courts of the United States.
Other provisions of said section 302 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., are incorporated in sections 214, 456, and 604 of this title.
The phrase “always open” means “never closed” and signifies the time when a court can exercise its functions. With respect to matters enumerated by statute or rule as to which the court is “always open,” there is no time when the court is without power to act. (Ex parte Branch, 63 Ala. 383, 387.)
Section 13 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., provided that “The district courts, as courts of admiralty and as courts of equity, shall be deemed always open * * *” for enumerated purposes, and that the judge “at chambers or in the clerk’s office, and in vacation as well as in term,” may make orders and issue process. The revised section omits all reference to the nature of the action or proceeding and enumeration of the acts which may be performed by the court. This is in accord with Rules 45(c) and 56 of the new Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure which contain similar provisions with respect to criminal procedure both in the courts of appeals and in the district courts.
Rules 6(c) and 77(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure contain provisions similar to the second and first paragraphs, respectively, of this section with respect to civil actions in district courts.
Editorial Notes
Amendments
1963—Pub. L. 88–139 substituted “expiration of sessions” for “terms” in section catchline, and “session” for “term” in text.
Credits
1948–1963 · 2 acts
- 1948June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 907
- 1963Pub. L. 88–139, § 2, , 77 Stat. 248.
Show as published
(June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 907; Pub. L. 88–139, § 2, , 77 Stat. 248.)