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119th Congress

Title 36 — Patriotic and National Observances, Ceremonies, and Organizations

Part B · Chapter 2205 — United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee

§ 220501. Short title and definitions

Statutory text

(a)

Short Title.—

This chapter may be cited as the “Ted Stevens Olympic and Amateur Sports Act”.

(b)

Definitions.—

For purposes of this chapter—

(1)

“amateur athlete” means an athlete who meets the eligibility standards established by the national governing body or paralympic sports organization for the sport in which the athlete competes.

(2)

“amateur athletic competition” means a contest, game, meet, match, tournament, regatta, or other event in which amateur athletes compete.

(3)

“amateur sports organization” means a not-for-profit corporation, association, or other group organized in the United States that sponsors or arranges an amateur athletic competition.

(4)

“Athletes’ Advisory Council” means the entity established and maintained under section 220504(b)(2)(A) that—

(A)

is composed of, and elected by, amateur athletes to ensure communication between the corporation and currently active amateur athletes; and

(B)

serves as a source of amateur-athlete opinion and advice with respect to policies and proposed policies of the corporation.

(5)

“Center” means the United States Center for SafeSport designated under section 220541.

(6)

“child abuse” has the meaning given the term in section 212 of the Victims of Child Abuse Act of 1990 (34 U.S.C. 20302).

(7)

“corporation” means the United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee.

(8)

“international amateur athletic competition” means an amateur athletic competition between one or more athletes representing the United States, individually or as a team, and one or more athletes representing a foreign country.

(9)

“national governing body” means an amateur sports organization, a high-performance management organization, or a paralympic sports organization that is certified by the corporation under section 220521.

(10)

“protected individual” means any amateur athlete, coach, trainer, manager, administrator, or official associated with the corporation or a national governing body.

(11)

“retaliation” means any adverse or discriminatory action, or the threat of an adverse or discriminatory action, including removal from a training facility, reduced coaching or training, reduced meals or housing, and removal from competition, carried out against a protected individual as a result of any communication, including the filing of a formal complaint, by the protected individual or a parent or legal guardian of the protected individual relating to the allegation of physical abuse, sexual harassment, or emotional abuse, with—

(A)

the Center;

(B)

a coach, trainer, manager, administrator, or official associated with the corporation;

(C)

the Attorney General;

(D)

a Federal or State law enforcement authority;

(E)

the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission; or

(F)

Congress.

(12)

“sanction” means a certificate of approval issued by a national governing body.

Legislative history

Reconstructed from this section’s Code source credit and amendment notes, resolved against the local Statutes at Large. Editorial notes are evidence, not the law that made the change.

  1. Pub. L. 105–225 · 112 Stat. 1253

    Enacted · 36 U.S.C. § 220501

    Pub. L. 105–225, Aug. 12, 1998, 112 Stat. 1466

    Source evidence

    Code source credit
    Pub. L. 105–225, Aug. 12, 1998, 112 Stat. 1466

  2. Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1999

    Pub. L. 105–277 § 142(b)(2)(A) · 112 Stat. 2681

    Substituted · 36 U.S.C. § 220501

    Pub. L. 105–277, § 142(b)(2)(A), substituted “Title and Definitions” for “Definitions” in section catchline

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Pub. L. 105–277, § 142(b)(2)(A), substituted “Title and Definitions” for “Definitions” in section catchline.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (b) School-based personnel shall constitute a separate competitive area from nonschool-based personnel who shall not compete with school-based personnel for retention purposes.

  3. Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1999

    Pub. L. 105–277 § 142(b)(2)(B) · 112 Stat. 2681

    Added · 36 U.S.C. § 220501(a)

    Pub. L. 105–277, § 142(b)(2)(B), added subsec. (a)

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–277, § 142(b)(2)(B), added subsec. (a).

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (b) School-based personnel shall constitute a separate competitive area from nonschool-based personnel who shall not compete with school-based personnel for retention purposes.

  4. Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1999

    Pub. L. 105–277 § 142(b)(2)(C) · 112 Stat. 2681

    1. Amended · 36 U.S.C. § 220501(b)

      Pub. L. 105–277, § 142(b)(2)(C), designated existing provisions as subsec. (b)

    2. Inserted · 36 U.S.C. § 220501(b)

      Pub. L. 105–277, § 142(b)(2)(C), inserted heading

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105–277, § 142(b)(2)(C), designated existing provisions as subsec. (b) and inserted heading.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (b) School-based personnel shall constitute a separate competitive area from nonschool-based personnel who shall not compete with school-based personnel for retention purposes.

  5. Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1999

    Pub. L. 105–277 § 142(c)(1) · 112 Stat. 2681

    Inserted · 36 U.S.C. § 220501(b)(1)

    Pub. L. 105–277, § 142(c)(1), inserted “or paralympic sports organization” after “national governing body”

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 105–277, § 142(c)(1), inserted “or paralympic sports organization” after “national governing body”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    Sec. 142. (a) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, rule, or regulation, an employee of the District of Columbia public schools shall be— (1) classified as an Educational Service employee; (2) placed under the personnel authority of the Board of Education; and (3) subject to all Board of Education rules. (b) School-based personnel shall constitute a separate competitive area from nonschool-based personnel who shall not compete with school-based personnel for retention purposes.

  6. Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1999

    Pub. L. 105–277 § 142(c)(2) · 112 Stat. 2681

    1. Added · 36 U.S.C. § 220501(b)(7); 36 U.S.C. § 220501(b)(8)

      Pub. L. 105–277, § 142(c)(2), (3), added par. (7)

    2. Redesignated · 36 U.S.C. § 220501(b)(7); 36 U.S.C. § 220501(b)(8)

      Pub. L. 105–277, § 142(c)(2), (3), redesignated former par. (7) as (8)

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (b)(7), (8). Pub. L. 105–277, § 142(c)(2), (3), added par. (7) and redesignated former par. (7) as (8).

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    Sec. 142. (a) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, rule, or regulation, an employee of the District of Columbia public schools shall be— (1) classified as an Educational Service employee; (2) placed under the personnel authority of the Board of Education; and (3) subject to all Board of Education rules. (b) School-based personnel shall constitute a separate competitive area from nonschool-based personnel who shall not compete with school-based personnel for retention purposes.

  7. Pub. L. 109–284 § 5(13) · 120 Stat. 1211

    Substituted · 36 U.S.C. § 220501

    Pub. L. 109–284, § 5(13), substituted “Short title and definitions” for “Title and Definitions” in section catchline

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Pub. L. 109–284, § 5(13), substituted “Short title and definitions” for “Title and Definitions” in section catchline.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (13) In section 220501, in the section heading, strike “Title and Definitions” and substitute “Short title and definitions”.

  8. Pub. L. 109–284 § 5(14) · 120 Stat. 1211

    Substituted · 36 U.S.C. § 220501(a)

    Pub. L. 109–284, § 5(14), substituted “Short Title” for “Title” in heading

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–284, § 5(14), substituted “Short Title” for “Title” in heading.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (14) In section 220501(a), in the subsection catchline, strike “Title” and substitute “Short title”.

  9. Protecting Young Victims from Sexual Abuse and Safe Sport Authorization Act of 2017

    Pub. L. 115–126 title II § 202(b) · 132 Stat. 318

    1. Added · 36 U.S.C. § 220501(b)(4)(10)

      Pub. L. 115–126 added pars. (4) and (5)

    2. Redesignated · 36 U.S.C. § 220501(b)(4)(10)

      Pub. L. 115–126 redesignated former pars. (4) to (8) as (6) to (10), respectively

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (b)(4) to (10). Pub. L. 115–126 added pars. (4) and (5) and redesignated former pars. (4) to (8) as (6) to (10), respectively.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (b) Conforming Amendment.— Section 220501(b) of title 36, United States Code, is amended— (1) by redesignating paragraphs (4) through (8) as paragraphs (6) through (10), respectively; and (2) by inserting after paragraph (3), the following: “(4) ‘Center’ means the United States Center for Safe Sport designated under section 220541. “(5) ‘child abuse’ has the meaning given the term in section 212 of the Victims of Child Abuse Act of 1990 (34 U.S.C. 20302).” .

  10. Empowering Olympic, Paralympic, and Amateur Athletes Act of 2020

    Pub. L. 116–189 § 3(6) · 134 Stat. 943

    Redesignated · 36 U.S.C. § 220501(b)(4)

    Pub. L. 116–189, § 3(6), added par. (4). Former par. (4) redesignated (5)

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 116–189, § 3(6), added par. (4). Former par. (4) redesignated (5).

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (6) by inserting after paragraph (3) the following: “(4) ‘Athletes’ Advisory Council’ means the entity established and maintained under section 220504(b)(2)(A) that— “(A) is composed of, and elected by, amateur athletes to ensure communication between the corporation and currently active amateur athletes; and “(B) serves as a source of amateur-athlete opinion and advice with respect to policies and proposed policies of the corporation.” ; and

  11. Empowering Olympic, Paralympic, and Amateur Athletes Act of 2020

    Pub. L. 116–189 § 3(1) · 134 Stat. 943

    Substituted · 36 U.S.C. § 220501(b)(4)

    Pub. L. 116–189, § 3(1), substituted “United States Center for SafeSport” for “United States Center for Safe Sport”

    Target inherited from the preceding amendment note.

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Pub. L. 116–189, § 3(1), substituted “United States Center for SafeSport” for “United States Center for Safe Sport”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (1) in paragraph (4), by striking “United States Center for Safe Sport” and inserting “United States Center for SafeSport”;

  12. Empowering Olympic, Paralympic, and Amateur Athletes Act of 2020

    Pub. L. 116–189 § 3(5) · 134 Stat. 943

    Redesignated · 36 U.S.C. § 220501(b)(5)

    Pub. L. 116–189, § 3(5), redesignated par. (4) as (5). Former par. (5) redesignated (6)

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 116–189, § 3(5), redesignated par. (4) as (5). Former par. (5) redesignated (6).

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (5) by redesignating paragraphs (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), and (10) as paragraphs (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), and (12), respectively;

  13. Empowering Olympic, Paralympic, and Amateur Athletes Act of 2020

    Pub. L. 116–189 § 3(5) · 134 Stat. 943

    Redesignated · 36 U.S.C. § 220501(b)(6)

    Pub. L. 116–189, § 3(5), redesignated par. (5) as (6). Former par. (6) redesignated (7)

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 116–189, § 3(5), redesignated par. (5) as (6). Former par. (6) redesignated (7).

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (5) by redesignating paragraphs (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), and (10) as paragraphs (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), and (12), respectively;

  14. Empowering Olympic, Paralympic, and Amateur Athletes Act of 2020

    Pub. L. 116–189 § 3(2) · 134 Stat. 943

    Substituted · 36 U.S.C. § 220501(b)(6)

    Pub. L. 116–189, § 3(2), substituted “United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee” for “United States Olympic Committee”

    Target inherited from the preceding amendment note.

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Pub. L. 116–189, § 3(2), substituted “United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee” for “United States Olympic Committee”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (2) in paragraph (6), by striking “United States Olympic Committee” and inserting “United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee”;

  15. Empowering Olympic, Paralympic, and Amateur Athletes Act of 2020

    Pub. L. 116–189 § 3(5) · 134 Stat. 943

    Redesignated · 36 U.S.C. § 220501(b)(7)

    Pub. L. 116–189, § 3(5), redesignated par. (6) as (7). Former par. (7) redesignated (8)

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (b)(7). Pub. L. 116–189, § 3(5), redesignated par. (6) as (7). Former par. (7) redesignated (8).

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (5) by redesignating paragraphs (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), and (10) as paragraphs (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), and (12), respectively;

  16. Empowering Olympic, Paralympic, and Amateur Athletes Act of 2020

    Pub. L. 116–189 § 3(5) · 134 Stat. 943

    Redesignated · 36 U.S.C. § 220501(b)(8)

    Pub. L. 116–189, § 3(5), redesignated par. (7) as (8). Former par. (8) redesignated (9)

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (b)(8). Pub. L. 116–189, § 3(5), redesignated par. (7) as (8). Former par. (8) redesignated (9).

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (5) by redesignating paragraphs (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), and (10) as paragraphs (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), and (12), respectively;

  17. Empowering Olympic, Paralympic, and Amateur Athletes Act of 2020

    Pub. L. 116–189 § 3(3) · 134 Stat. 943

    Amended · 36 U.S.C. § 220501(b)(8)

    Pub. L. 116–189, § 3(3), amended par. (8) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (8) read as follows: “ ‘national governing body’ means an amateur sports organization that is recognized by the corporation under section 220521 of this title.”

    Target inherited from the preceding amendment note.

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Pub. L. 116–189, § 3(3), amended par. (8) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (8) read as follows: “ ‘national governing body’ means an amateur sports organization that is recognized by the corporation under section 220521 of this title.”

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (3) by amending paragraph (8) to read as follows: “(8) ‘national governing body’ means an amateur sports organization, a high-performance management organization, or a paralympic sports organization that is certified by the corporation under section 220521.” ;

  18. Empowering Olympic, Paralympic, and Amateur Athletes Act of 2020

    Pub. L. 116–189 § 3(5) · 134 Stat. 943

    Redesignated · 36 U.S.C. § 220501(b)(9)

    Pub. L. 116–189, § 3(5), redesignated par. (8) as (9)

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (b)(9). Pub. L. 116–189, § 3(5), redesignated par. (8) as (9).

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (5) by redesignating paragraphs (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), and (10) as paragraphs (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), and (12), respectively;

  19. Empowering Olympic, Paralympic, and Amateur Athletes Act of 2020

    Pub. L. 116–189 § 3(4) · 134 Stat. 943

    Struck · 36 U.S.C. § 220501(b)(9)

    Pub. L. 116–189, § 3(4), struck out par. (9) which read as follows: “ ‘paralympic sports organization’ means an amateur sports organization which is recognized by the corporation under section 220521 of this title.”

    Target inherited from the preceding amendment note.

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Pub. L. 116–189, § 3(4), struck out par. (9) which read as follows: “ ‘paralympic sports organization’ means an amateur sports organization which is recognized by the corporation under section 220521 of this title.”

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (4) by striking paragraph (9);

  20. Empowering Olympic, Paralympic, and Amateur Athletes Act of 2020

    Pub. L. 116–189 § 3(7) · 134 Stat. 943

    Redesignated · 36 U.S.C. § 220501(b)(10); 36 U.S.C. § 220501(b)(11)

    Pub. L. 116–189, § 3(7), added pars. (10) and (11). Former par. (10) redesignated (12)

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (b)(10), (11). Pub. L. 116–189, § 3(7), added pars. (10) and (11). Former par. (10) redesignated (12).

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (7) by inserting after paragraph (9), as so redesignated, the following: “(10) ‘protected individual’ means any amateur athlete, coach, trainer, manager, administrator, or official associated with the corporation or a national governing body. “(11) ‘retaliation’ means any adverse or discriminatory action, or the threat of an adverse or discriminatory action, including removal from a training facility, reduced coaching or training, reduced meals or housing, and removal from competition, carried out against a protected individual as a result of any communication, including the filing of a formal complaint, by the protected individual or a parent or legal guardian of the protected individual relating to the allegation of physical abuse, sexual harassment, or emotional abuse, with— “(A) the Center; “(B) a coach, trainer, manager, administrator, or official associated with the corporation; “(C) the Attorney General; “(D) a Federal or State law enforcement authority; “(E) the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission; or “(F) Congress.” .

  21. Empowering Olympic, Paralympic, and Amateur Athletes Act of 2020

    Pub. L. 116–189 § 3(5) · 134 Stat. 943

    Redesignated · 36 U.S.C. § 220501(b)(12)

    Pub. L. 116–189, § 3(5), redesignated par. (10) as (12)

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (b)(12). Pub. L. 116–189, § 3(5), redesignated par. (10) as (12).

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (5) by redesignating paragraphs (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), and (10) as paragraphs (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), and (12), respectively;

23 of 24 references resolved to an enrolled provision · 1 partial

Notes

historicalAndRevision
Historical and Revision Notes
RevisedSectionSource (U.S. Code)Source (Statutes at Large)
22050136:373.Sept. 21, 1950, ch. 975, title I, § 103, as added Nov. 8, 1978, Pub. L. 95–606, § 1(b), 92 Stat. 3045.

In clause (3), the words “club, federation, union” are omitted as unnecessary.

In clause (5), the words “one or more athletes” are substituted for “any athlete or athletes” and for “any athletic or athletes” for clarity and to correct a grammatical error.

In clause (6), a reference to section 220522 (restating 36:391(b) and (c)) is unnecessary because section 220521 incorporates the eligibility requirements of section 220522.

Editorial Notes

Amendments1998–2020 · 4 rounds

2020

Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 116–189, § 3(6), added par. (4). Former par. (4) redesignated (5).

Pub. L. 116–189, § 3(1), substituted “United States Center for SafeSport” for “United States Center for Safe Sport”.

Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 116–189, § 3(5), redesignated par. (4) as (5). Former par. (5) redesignated (6).

Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 116–189, § 3(5), redesignated par. (5) as (6). Former par. (6) redesignated (7).

Pub. L. 116–189, § 3(2), substituted “United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee” for “United States Olympic Committee”.

Subsec. (b)(7). Pub. L. 116–189, § 3(5), redesignated par. (6) as (7). Former par. (7) redesignated (8).

Subsec. (b)(8). Pub. L. 116–189, § 3(5), redesignated par. (7) as (8). Former par. (8) redesignated (9).

Pub. L. 116–189, § 3(3), amended par. (8) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (8) read as follows: “ ‘national governing body’ means an amateur sports organization that is recognized by the corporation under section 220521 of this title.”

Subsec. (b)(9). Pub. L. 116–189, § 3(5), redesignated par. (8) as (9).

Pub. L. 116–189, § 3(4), struck out par. (9) which read as follows: “ ‘paralympic sports organization’ means an amateur sports organization which is recognized by the corporation under section 220521 of this title.”

Subsec. (b)(10), (11). Pub. L. 116–189, § 3(7), added pars. (10) and (11). Former par. (10) redesignated (12).

Subsec. (b)(12). Pub. L. 116–189, § 3(5), redesignated par. (10) as (12).

2018

Subsec. (b)(4) to (10). Pub. L. 115–126 added pars. (4) and (5) and redesignated former pars. (4) to (8) as (6) to (10), respectively.

2006

Pub. L. 109–284, § 5(13), substituted “Short title and definitions” for “Title and Definitions” in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–284, § 5(14), substituted “Short Title” for “Title” in heading.

1998

Pub. L. 105–277, § 142(b)(2)(A), substituted “Title and Definitions” for “Definitions” in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–277, § 142(b)(2)(B), added subsec. (a).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105–277, § 142(b)(2)(C), designated existing provisions as subsec. (b) and inserted heading.

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 105–277, § 142(c)(1), inserted “or paralympic sports organization” after “national governing body”.

Subsec. (b)(7), (8). Pub. L. 105–277, § 142(c)(2), (3), added par. (7) and redesignated former par. (7) as (8).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Severability

Pub. L. 116–189, § 12, , 134 Stat. 973, provided that: “If any provision of this Act [see Short Title of 2020 Amendment note set out under section 101 of this title], or an amendment made by this Act, is determined to be unenforceable or invalid, the remaining provisions of this Act and the amendments made by this Act shall not be affected.”

Findings

Pub. L. 116–189, § 2, , 134 Stat. 943, provided that:

“Congress makes the following findings:

“(1)

The courageous voice of survivors is a call to action to end emotional, physical, and sexual abuse in the Olympic and Paralympic movement.

“(2)

Larry Nassar, the former national team doctor for USA Gymnastics, sexually abused over 300 athletes for over two decades because of ineffective oversight by USA Gymnastics and the United States Olympic Committee.

“(3)

While the case of Larry Nassar is unprecedented in scale, the case is hardly the only recent incident of sexual abuse in amateur sports.

“(4)

Survivors of Larry Nassar’s abuse and all survivors of abuse in the Olympic and Paralympic movement deserve justice and redress for the wrongs the survivors have suffered.

“(5)

After a comprehensive congressional investigation, including interviews and statements from survivors, former and current organization officials, law enforcement, and advocates, Congress found that the United States Olympic Committee and USA Gymnastics fundamentally failed to uphold their existing statutory purposes and duty to protect amateur athletes from sexual, emotional, or physical abuse.

“(6)

USA Gymnastics and the United States Olympic Committee knowingly concealed abuse by Larry Nassar, leading to the abuse of dozens of additional amateur athletes during the period beginning in the summer of 2015 and ending in September 2016.

“(7)

Ending abuse in the Olympic and Paralympic movement requires enhanced oversight to ensure that the Olympic and Paralympic movement does more to serve athletes and protect their voice and safety.”

Report to Congress on Effectiveness of Chapter and Proposed Changes

Pub. L. 105–277, div. C, title I, § 142(q), , 112 Stat. 2681–609, required the United States Olympic Committee to submit, five years from , a special report to Congress on the effectiveness of the provisions of this chapter, together with any additional proposed changes to this chapter the United States Olympic Committee determined to be appropriate.

Credits

1998–2020 · 5 acts
  1. 1998Pub. L. 105–225, , 112 Stat. 1466
  2. 1998Pub. L. 105–277, div. C, title I, § 142(b)(2), (c), , 112 Stat. 2681–603
  3. 2006Pub. L. 109–284, § 5(13), (14), , 120 Stat. 1212
  4. 2018Pub. L. 115–126, title II, § 202(b), , 132 Stat. 323
  5. 2020Pub. L. 116–189, § 3, , 134 Stat. 944.
Show as published

(Pub. L. 105–225, , 112 Stat. 1466; Pub. L. 105–277, div. C, title I, § 142(b)(2), (c), , 112 Stat. 2681–603; Pub. L. 109–284, § 5(13), (14), , 120 Stat. 1212; Pub. L. 115–126, title II, § 202(b), , 132 Stat. 323; Pub. L. 116–189, § 3, , 134 Stat. 944.)

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