§ 1102. Transfers between Federal unemployment account and employment security administration account

Legislative history

Reconstructed from this section’s Code source credit and amendment notes, resolved against the local Statutes at Large. Editorial notes are evidence, not the law that made the change.

1. 1935

   Pub. L. 83–531 · 68 Stat. 533

   Enacted · 42 U.S.C. § 1102

   Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, title IX, § 902, as added Aug. 5, 1954, ch. 657, § 2, 68 Stat. 669

   Source evidence

   Code source credit
   Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, title IX, § 902, as added Aug. 5, 1954, ch. 657, § 2, 68 Stat. 669

2. 1960

   Social Security Amendments of 1960

   Pub. L. 86–778 title V § 521 · 74 Stat. 924

   Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 1102

   Pub. L. 86–778 substituted provisions for transfers between Federal unemployment account and employment security administration account for former provisions crediting the Federal unemployment account with funds and defining “adjusted balance”

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Pub. L. 86–778 substituted provisions for transfers between Federal unemployment account and employment security administration account for former provisions crediting the Federal unemployment account with funds and defining “adjusted balance”.

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   Sec. 521. amendment of title ix of the social security act Title IX of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C., sec. 68 Stat. 668. 1101 and following) is amended to read as follows: “TITLE IX— MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS RELATING TO EMPLOYMENT SECURITY “Sec. 901. “employment security administration account “Establishment of Account (a) There is hereby established in the Unemployment Trust Fund an employment security administration account. “Appropriations to Account “(b) (1) There is hereby appropriated to the Unemployment Trust Fund for credit to the employment security administration account, out of any moneys in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1961, and for each fiscal year there- after, an amount equal to 100 per centum of the tax (including interest, penalties, and additions to the tax) received during the fiscal year under the Federal Unemployment Tax Act and covered into the Post, p. 980. Treasury. “(2) The amount appropriated by paragraph (1) shall be transferred at least monthly from the general fund of the Treasury to the Unemployment Trust Fund and credited to the employment security administration account. Each such transfer shall be based on estimates made by the Secretary of the Treasury of the amounts received in the Treasury. Proper adjustments shall be made in the amounts subsequently transferred, to the extent prior estimates (including estimates for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1960) were in excess of or were less than the amounts required to be transferred. “(3) The Secretary of the Treasury is directed to pay from time to time from the employment security administration account into the Treasury, as repayments to the account for refunding internal revenue collections, amounts equal to all refunds made after June 30, 1960, of amounts received as tax under the Federal Unemployment Tax Act (including interest on such refunds). “Administrative Expenditures “(c) (1) There are hereby authorized to be made available for expenditure out of the employment security administration account for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1961, and for each fiscal year thereafter— “(A) such amounts (not in excess of $350,000,000 for any fiscal year) as the Congress may deem appropriate for the purpose of— “(i) assisting the States in the administration of their unemployment compensation laws as provided in title III (including 42 USC 501–503. administration pursuant to agreements under any Federal unemployment compensation law, except the Temporary Unemployment Compensation Act of 1958, as 72 Stat. 171. 42 USC 1400 and note. amended), “(ii) the establishment and maintenance of systems of public employment offices in accordance with the Act of June 6, 1933, as amended (29 U.S.C., secs. 49–49n), and 48 Stat. 113. “(iii) carrying into effect section 2012 of title 38 of the United States Code; 72 Stat. 1221. “(B) such amounts as the Congress may deem appropriate for the necessary expenses of the Department of Labor for the performance of its functions under— “(i) this title and titles III and XII of this Act, 42 USC 501–503; Post, p. 978. “(ii) the Federal Unemployment Tax Act, “(iii) the provisions of the Act of June 6, 1933, as amended, 48 Stat. 113. 29 USC 49–49k. 72 Stat. 1221. “(iv) subchapter II of chapter 41 (except section 2012) of title 38 of the United States Code, and “(v) any Federal unemployment compensation law, except the Temporary Unemployment Compensation Act of 1958, as amended. “(2) The Secretary of the Treasury is directed to pay from the employment security administration account into the Treasury as miscellaneous receipts the amount estimated by him which will be expended during a three-month period by the Treasury Department for the performance of its functions under— “(A) this title and titles III and XII of this Act, including the expenses of banks for servicing unemployment benefit payment and clearing accounts which are offset by the maintenance of balances of Treasury funds with such banks, “(B) the Federal Unemployment Tax Act, and “(C) any Federal unemployment compensation law with respect to which responsibility for administration is vested in the Secretary of Labor. In determining the expenses taken into account under subparagraphs (B) and (C), there shall be excluded any amount attributable to the 42 USC 1400. Temporary Unemployment Compensation Act of 1958, as amended. If it subsequently appears that the estimates under this paragraph in any particular period were too high or too low, appropriate adjustments shall be made by the Secretary of the Treasury in future payments. “Additional Tax Attributable to Reduced Credits “(d) (1) The Secretary of the Treasury is directed to transfer from the employment security administration account— “(A) To the Federal unemployment account, an amount equal to the amount by which— “(i) 100 per centum of the additional tax received under the Federal Unemployment Tax Act with respect to any State by reason of the reduced credits provisions of section 3302(c)(2) or (3) of such Act and covered into the Treasury for the Post, p. 978. repayment of advances made to the State under section 1201, exceeds “(ii) the amount transferred to the account of such State pursuant to subparagraph (B) of this paragraph. Any amount transferred pursuant to this subparagraph shall be credited against, and shall operate to reduce, that balance of advances, made under section 1201 to the State, with respect to which employers paid such additional tax. “(B) To the account (in the Unemployment Trust Fund) of the State with respect to which employers paid such additional tax, an amount equal to the amount by which such additional tax received and covered into the Treasury exceeds that balance of advances, made under section 1201 to the State, with respect to which employers paid such additional tax. If, for any taxable year, there is with respect to any State both a balance described in section 3302(c)(2) of the Federal Unemployment Tax Act and a balance described in section 3302(c)(3) of such Act, this paragraph shall be applied separately with respect to section 3302 (c)(2) (and the balance described therein) and separately with respect to section 3302(c)(3) (and the balance described therein). “(2) The Secretary of the Treasury is directed to transfer from the employment security administration account— “(A) To the general fund of the Treasury, an amount equal to the amount by which— “(i) l00 per centum of the additional tax received under the Federal Unemployment Tax Act with respect to any State by reason of the reduced credit provision of section 104 42 USC 1400c. of the Temporary Unemployment Compensation Act of 1958, as amended, and covered into the Treasury, exceeds “(ii) the amount transferred to the account of such State pursuant to subparagraph (B) of this paragraph. “(B) To the account (in the Unemployment Trust Fund) of the State with respect to which employers paid such additional tax, an amount equal to the amount by which— “(i) such additional tax received and covered into the Treasury, exceeds “(ii) the total amount restorable to the Treasury under section 104 of the Temporary Unemployment Compensation 42 USC 1400c. 72 Stat. 187. 15 USC 633 note. Act of 1958, as amended, as limited by Public Law 85–457. “(3) Transfers under this subsection shall be as of the beginning of the month succeeding the month in which the moneys were credited to the employment security administration account pursuant to subsection (b)(2). “Revolving Fund “(e) (1) There is hereby established in the Treasury a revolving fund which shall be available to make the advances authorized by this subsection. There are hereby authorized to be appropriated, without fiscal year limitation, to such revolving fund such amounts as may be necessary for the purposes of this section. “(2) The Secretary of the Treasury is directed to advance from time to time from the revolving fund to the employment security administration account such amounts as may be necessary for the purposes of this section. If the net balance in the employment security administration account as of the beginning of any fiscal year is $250,000,000, no advance may be made under this subsection during such fiscal year. “(3) Advances to the employment security administration account made under this subsection shall bear interest until repaid at a rate equal to the average rate of interest (computed as of the end of the calendar month next preceding the date of such advance) borne by all interest-bearing obligations of the United States then forming a part of the public debt; except that where such average rate is not a multiple of one-eighth of 1 per centum, the rate of interest shall be the multiple of one-eighth of 1 per centum next lower than such average rate. “(4) Advances to the employment security administration account made under this subsection, plus interest accrued thereon, shall be repaid by the transfer from time to time, from the employment security administration account to the revolving fund, of such amounts as the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of Labor, determines to be available in the employment security administration account for such repayment. Any amount transferred as a repayment under this paragraph shall be credited against, and shall operate to reduce, any balance of advances (plus accrued interest) repayable under this subsection. “Determination of Excess and Amount To Be Retained in Employment Security Administration Account “(f) (1) The Secretary of the Treasury shall determine as of the close of each fiscal year (beginning with the fiscal year ending June 30, 1961) the excess in the employment security administration account. “(2) The excess in the employment security administration account as of the close of any fiscal year is the amount by which the net balance in such account as of such time (after the application of section 902(b)) exceeds the net balance in the employment security administration Post, p. 974. account as of the beginning of that fiscal year (including the fiscal year for which the excess is being computed) for which the net balance was higher than as of the beginning of any other such fiscal year. “(3) If the entire amount of the excess determined under paragraph (1) as of the close of any fiscal year is not transferred to the Federal unemployment account, there shall be retained (as of the beginning of the succeeding fiscal year) in the employment security administration account so much of the remainder as does not increase the net balance in such account (as of the beginning of such succeeding fiscal year) above $250,000,000. “(4) For the purposes of this section, the net balance in the employment security administration account as of any time is the amount in such account as of such time reduced by the sum of— “(A) the amounts then subject to transfer pursuant to subsection (d), and “(B) the balance of advances (plus interest accrued thereon) then repayable to the revolving fund established by subsection (e). The net balance in the employment security administration account as of the beginning of any fiscal year shall be determined after the disposition of the excess in such account as of the close of the preceding fiscal year. “Sec. 902. “transfers between federal unemployment account and employment security administration account “Transfers to Federal Unemployment Account (a) Whenever the Secretary of the Treasury determines Ante, p. 973. pursuant to section 901 (f) that there is an excess in the employment security administration account as of the close of any fiscal year, there shall be transferred (as of the beginning of the succeeding fiscal year) to the Federal unemployment account the total amount of such excess or so much thereof as is required to increase the amount in the Federal unemployment account to whichever of the following is the greater: “(1) $550,000,000, or “(2) The amount (determined by the Secretary of Labor and certified by him to the Secretary of the Treasury) equal to fourtenths of 1 per centum of the total wages subject to contributions under all State unemployment compensation laws for the calendar year ending during the fiscal year for which the excess is determined. “Transfers to Employment Security Administration Account “(b) The amount, if any, by which the amount in the Federal unemployment account as of the close of any fiscal year exceeds the greater of the amounts specified in paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (a) shall be transferred to the employment security administration account as of the close of such fiscal year. “Sec. 903. “amounts transferred to state accounts “In General (a) (1) Except as provided in subsection (b), whenever, Post, p. 979. after the application of section 1203 with respect to the excess in the employment security administration account as of the close of any fiscal year, there remains any portion of such excess, the remainder of such excess shall be transferred (as of the beginning of the succeeding fiscal year) to the accounts of the States in the Unemployment Trust Fund. “(2) Each State’s share of the funds to be transferred under this subsection as of any July 1— “(A) shall be determined by the Secretary of Labor and certified by him to the Secretary of the Treasury before that date on the basis of reports furnished by the States to the Secretary of Labor before June 1, and “(B) shall bear the same ratio to the total amount to be so transferred as the amount of wages subject to contributions under such State’s unemployment compensation law during the preceding calendar year which have been reported to the State before May 1 bears to the total of wages subject to contributions under all State unemployment compensation laws during such calendar year which have been reported to the States before May 1. “Limitations on Transfers “(b) (1) If the Secretary of Labor finds that on July 1 of any fiscal year— “(A) a State is not eligible for certification under section 303, or 42 USC 503. “(B) the law of a State is not approvable under section 3304 of the Federal Unemployment Tax Act, Post, p. 986. then the amount available for transfer to such State’s account shall, in lieu of being so transferred, be transferred to the Federal unemployment account as of the beginning of such July 1. If, during the fiscal year beginning on such July 1, the Secretary of Labor finds and certifies to the Secretary of the Treasury that such State is eligible for certification under section 303, that the law of such State is approvable under such section 3304, or both, the Secretary of the Treasury shall transfer such amount from the Federal unemployment account to the account of such State. If the Secretary of Labor does not so find and certify to the Secretary of the Treasury before the close of such fiscal year then the amount which was available for transfer to such State’s account as of July 1 of such fiscal year shall (as of the close of such fiscal year) become unrestricted as to use as part of the Federal unemployment account. “(2) The amount which, but for this paragraph, would be transferred to the account of a State under subsection (a) or paragraph (1) of this subsection shall be reduced (but not below zero) by the balance of advances made to the State under section 1201. The sum by which Post, p. 978. such amount is reduced shall— “(A) be transferred to or retained in (as the case may be) the Federal unemployment account, and “(B) be credited against, and operate to reduce— “(i) first, any balance of advances made before the date of the enactment of the Employment Security Act of 1960 to the State under section 1201, and “(ii) second, any balance of advances made on or after such date to the State under section 1201. “Use of Transferred Amounts “(c) (1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), amounts transferred to the account of a State pursuant to subsections (a) and (b) shall be used only in the payment of cash benefits to individuals with respect to their unemployment, exclusive of expenses of administration. “(2) A State may, pursuant to a specific appropriation made by the legislative body of the State, use money withdrawn from its account in the payment of expenses incurred by it for the administration of its unemployment compensation law and public employment offices if and only if— “(A) the purposes and amounts were specified in the law making the appropriation, “(B) the appropriation law did not authorize the obligation of such money after the close of the two-year period which began on the date of enactment of the appropriation law, “(C) the money is withdrawn and the expenses are incurred after such date of enactment, and “(D) the appropriation law limits the total amount which may be obligated during a fiscal year to an amount which does not exceed the amount by which (i) the aggregate of the amounts transferred to the account of such State pursuant to subsections (a) and (b) during such fiscal year and the four preceding fiscal years, exceeds (ii) the aggregate of the amounts used by the State pursuant to this subsection and charged against the amounts transferred to the account of such State during such five fiscal years. For the purposes of subparagraph (D), amounts used by a State during any fiscal year shall be charged against equivalent amounts which were first transferred and which have not previously been so charged; except that no amount obligated for administration during any fiscal year may be charged against any amount transferred during a fiscal year earlier than the fourth preceding fiscal year. “Sec. 904. “unemployment trust fund “Establishment, etc. (a) There is hereby established in the Treasury of the United States a trust fund to be known as the ‘Unemployment Trust Fund’, hereinafter in this title called the ‘Fund’. The Secretary of the Treasury is authorized and directed to receive and hold in the Fund all moneys deposited therein by a State agency from a State unemployment fund, or by the Railroad Retirement Board to the credit of the railroad unemployment insurance account or the railroad unemployment insurance administration fund, or otherwise deposited in or credited to the Fund or any account therein. Such deposit may be made directly with the Secretary of the Treasury, with any depositary designated by him for such purpose, or with any Federal Reserve Bank. “Investments “(b) It shall be the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury to invest such portion of the Fund as is not, in his judgment, required to meet current withdrawals. Such investment may be made only in interest-bearing obligations of the United States or in obligations guaranteed as to both principal and interest by the United States. For such purpose such obligations may be acquired (1) on original issue at the issue price, or (2) by purchase of outstanding obligations at the market price. The purposes for which obligations of the United 40 Stat. 288. 31 USC 774. States may be issued under the Second Liberty Bond Act, as amended, are hereby extended to authorize the issuance at par of special obligations exclusively to the Fund. Such special obligations shall bear interest at a rate equal to the average rate of interest, computed as of the end of the calendar month next preceding the date of such issue, borne by all interest-bearing obligations of the United States then forming part of the public debt; except that where such average rate is not a multiple of one-eighth of 1 per centum, the rate of interest of such special obligations shall be the multiple of one-eighth of 1 per centum next lower than such average rate. Obligations other than such special obligations may be acquired for the Fund only on such terms as to provide an investment yield not less than the yield which would be required in the case of special obligations if issued to the Fund upon the date of such acquisition. Advances made to Post, p. 979. the Federal unemployment account pursuant to section 1203 shall not be invested. “Sale or Redemption of Obligations “(c) Any obligations acquired by the Fund (except special obligations issued exclusively to the Fund) may be sold at the market price, and such special obligations may be redeemed at par plus accrued interest. “Treatment of Interest and Proceeds “(d) The interest on, and the proceeds from the sale or redemption of, any obligations held in the Fund shall be credited to and form a part of the Fund. “Separate Book Accounts “(e) The Fund shall be invested as a single fund, but the Secretary of the Treasury shall maintain a separate book account for each State agency, the employment security administration account, the Federal unemployment account, the railroad unemployment insurance account, and the railroad unemployment insurance administration fund and shall credit quarterly (on March 31, June 30, September 30, and December 31, of each year) to each account, on the basis of the average daily balance of such account, a proportionate part of the earnings of the Fund for the quarter ending on such date. For the purpose or this subsection, the average daily balance shall be computed— “(1) in the case of any State account, by reducing (but not below zero) the amount in the account by the balance of advances made to the State under section 1201, and Post, pp. 978, 979. “(2) in the case of the Federal unemployment account— “(A) by adding to the amount in the account the aggregate of the reductions under paragraph (1), and “(B) by subtracting from the sum so obtained the balance of advances made under section 1203 to the account. “Payments to State Agencies and Railroad Retirement Board “(f) The Secretary of the Treasury is authorized and directed to pay out of the Fund to any State agency such amount as it may duly requisition, not exceeding the amount standing to the account of such State agency at the time of such payment. The Secretary of the Treasury is authorized and directed to make such payments out of the railroad unemployment insurance account for the payment of benefits, and out of the railroad unemployment insurance administration fund for the payment of administrative expenses, as the Railroad Retirement Board may duly certify, not exceeding the amount standing to the credit of such account or such fund, as the case may be, at the time of such payment. “Federal Unemployment Account “(g) There is hereby established in the Unemployment Trust Fund a Federal unemployment account. There is hereby authorized to be appropriated to such Federal unemployment account a sum equal to (1) the excess of taxes collected prior to July 1, 1946, under title IX of this Act or under the Federal Unemployment Tax Act, over Anta, p. 970. the total unemployment administrative expenditures made prior to July 1, 1946, plus (2) the excess of taxes collected under the Federal Unemployment Tax Act after June 30, 1946, and prior to July 1, 1953, over the unemployment administrative expenditures made after June 30, 1946, and prior to July 1, 1953. As used in this subsection, the term ‘unemployment administrative expenditures’ means expenditures for grants under title III of this Act, expenditures for the 42 USC 501–503. administration of that title by the Social Security Board, the Federal Security Administrator, or the Secretary of Labor, and expenditures Ante, p. 970. Post, p. 980. for the administration of title IX of this Act, or of the Federal Unemployment Tax Act, by the Department of the Treasury, the Social Security Board, the Federal Security Administrator, or the Secretary of Labor. For the purposes of this subsection, there shall be deducted from the total amount of taxes collected prior to July 1, 1943, under title IX of this Act, the sum of $40,561,886.43 which was 42 USC 1103 note. authorized to be appropriated by the Act of August 24, 1937 (50 Stat. 754), and the sum of $18,451,846 which was authorized to be appropriated by section 11(b) of the Railroad Unemployment 52 Stat. 1105. 45 USC 361. Insurance Act.”

3. 1970

   Employment Security Amendments of 1970

   Pub. L. 91–373 § 304(a) · 84 Stat. 695

   1. Inserted · 42 U.S.C. § 1102(a)

      Pub. L. 91–373, § 304(a), inserted, in provisions preceding par. (1), reference to the retention of the entire amount of the excess in the employment security administration account or the transfer to the extended unemployment compensation account as provided in section 1101(f)(3) of this title and, in par. (2)

   2. Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 1102(a)

      Pub. L. 91–373, § 304(a), substituted “one-eighth of 1 percent” for “four-tenths of 1 per centum”

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 91–373, § 304(a), inserted, in provisions preceding par. (1), reference to the retention of the entire amount of the excess in the employment security administration account or the transfer to the extended unemployment compensation account as provided in section 1101(f)(3) of this title and, in par. (2), substituted “one-eighth of 1 percent” for “four-tenths of 1 per centum”.

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (a) So much of section 902 of the Social Security Act as precedes 74 Stat. 974. 42 USC 1102. subsection (b) is amended to read as follows: “Sec. 902. “Transfers to Federal Unemployment Account and Report to Congress “transfers to federal unemployment account (a) Whenever the Secretary of the Treasury determines pursuant to section 901(f) that there is an excess in the employment security administration account as of the close of any fiscal year and the entire amount of such excess is not retained in the employment security administration account or transferred to the extended unemployment Ante, p. 715. compensation account as provided in section 901(f)(3), there shall he transferred (as of the beginning of the succeeding fiscal year) to the Federal unemployment account the balance of such excess or so much thereof as is required to increase the amount in the Federal unemployment account to whichever of the following is the greater: “(1) $550 million, or “(2) the amount (determined by the Secretary of Labor and certified by him to the Secretary of the Treasury) equal to one-eighth of 1 percent of the total wages subject (determined without any limitation on amount) to contributions under all State unemployment compensation laws for the calendar year ending during the fiscal year for which the excess is determined.”

4. 1970

   Employment Security Amendments of 1970

   Pub. L. 91–373 § 304(b) · 84 Stat. 695

   Added · 42 U.S.C. § 1102(c)

   Pub. L. 91–373, § 304(b), added subsec. (c)

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 91–373, § 304(b), added subsec. (c).

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (b) Such section 902 is further amended by adding at the end thereof the following: “(c) “report to the congress Whenever the Secretary of Labor has reason to believe that in the next fiscal year the employment security administration account will reach the limit, Supra. provided for such account in section 901(f)(3)(A), and the Federal unemployment account will reach the limit provided for Post, p. 717. such account in section 902(a), and the extended unemployment compensation account will reach the limit provided for such account in section 905(b)(2), he shall, after consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, so report to the Congress with a recommendation for appropriate action by the Congress.”

5. 1987

   Pub. L. 100–203 title IX § 9154(b)(1) · 101 Stat. 1330

   Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 1102(a)(2)

   Pub. L. 100–203 substituted “five-eighths” for “one-eighth”

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 100–203 substituted “five-eighths” for “one-eighth”.

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (1) Section 902(a)(2) of such Act (42 U.S.C. 1102(a)(2)) is amended by striking out “one-eighth” and inserting in lieu thereof “five-eighths”.

6. 1992

   Unemployment Compensation Amendments of 1992

   Pub. L. 102–318 title V § 531(b) · 106 Stat. 290

   Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 1102(a)(2)

   Pub. L. 102–318 substituted “0.25 percent” for “five-eighths of 1 percent”

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 102–318 substituted “0.25 percent” for “five-eighths of 1 percent”.

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (b) Reduction of Ceiling on Federal Unemployment Account.— Paragraph (2) of section 902(a) of such Act is amended by striking “five-eighths of 1 percent” and inserting “0.25 percent”.

7. 1997

   Balanced Budget Act of 1997

   Pub. L. 105–33 title V § 5402(a) · 111 Stat. 251

   Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 1102(a)(2)

   Pub. L. 105–33 substituted “0.5 percent” for “0.25 percent”

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 105–33 substituted “0.5 percent” for “0.25 percent”.

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (a) In General.— Section 902(a)(2) (42 U.S.C. 1102(a)(2)) is amended by striking “0.25 percent” and inserting “0.5 percent”.

   Effective date note
   Pub. L. 105–33, title V, § 5402(b), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 603, provided that: “This section [amending this section] and the amendment made by this section—

7 of 8 references resolved to an enrolled provision · 1 partial