§ 16293. Carbon storage validation and testing

Legislative history

Reconstructed from this section’s Code source credit and amendment notes, resolved against the local Statutes at Large. Editorial notes are evidence, not the law that made the change.

1. 2005

   Energy Research, Development, Demonstration, and Commercial Application Act of 2005

   Pub. L. 109–58 title IX § 963 · 119 Stat. 594

   Enacted · 42 U.S.C. § 16293

   Pub. L. 109–58, title IX, § 963, Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 891

   Source evidence

   Code source credit
   Pub. L. 109–58, title IX, § 963, Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 891

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   SEC. 963. CARBON CAPTURE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM. (a) In General.— The Secretary shall carry out a 10-year carbon capture research and development program to develop carbon dioxide capture technologies on combustion-based systems for use— (1) in new coal utilization facilities; and (2) on the fleet of coal-based units in existence on the date of enactment of this Act. (b) Objectives.— The objectives of the program under subsection (a) shall be— (1) to develop carbon dioxide capture technologies, including adsorption and absorption techniques and chemical processes, to remove the carbon dioxide from gas streams containing carbon dioxide potentially amenable to sequestration; (2) to develop technologies that would directly produce concentrated streams of carbon dioxide potentially amenable to sequestration; (3) to increase the efficiency of the overall system to reduce the quantity of carbon dioxide emissions released from the system per megawatt generated; and (4) in accordance with the carbon dioxide capture program, to promote a robust carbon sequestration program and continue the work of the Department, in conjunction with the private sector, through regional carbon sequestration partnerships. (c) Authorization of Appropriations.— From amounts authorized under section 961(b), the following sums are authorized for activities described in subsection (a)(2): (1) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2006; (2) $30,000,000 for fiscal year 2007; and (3) $35,000,000 for fiscal year 2008.

2. 2007

   Department of Energy Carbon Capture and Sequestration Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 2007

   Pub. L. 110–140 § 702(a)(1) · 121 Stat. 1492

   Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 16293

   Pub. L. 110–140, § 702(a)(1), substituted “and sequestration research, development, and demonstration” for “research and development” in section catchline

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Pub. L. 110–140, § 702(a)(1), substituted “and sequestration research, development, and demonstration” for “research and development” in section catchline.

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (1) in the section heading, by striking “research and development” and inserting “and sequestration research, development, and demonstration”;

   Effective date note
   Amendment by Pub. L. 110–140 effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 of Pub. L. 110–140, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1824 of Title 2, The Congress.

3. 2007

   Department of Energy Carbon Capture and Sequestration Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 2007

   Pub. L. 110–140 § 702(a)(2) · 121 Stat. 1492

   1. Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 16293(a)

      Pub. L. 110–140, § 702(a)(2), in introductory provisions, substituted “and sequestration research, development, and demonstration” for “research and development”

   2. Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 16293(a)

      Pub. L. 110–140, § 702(a)(2), in introductory provisions, substituted “capture and sequestration technologies related to industrial sources of carbon dioxide” for “capture technologies on combustion-based systems”

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–140, § 702(a)(2), in introductory provisions, substituted “and sequestration research, development, and demonstration” for “research and development” and “capture and sequestration technologies related to industrial sources of carbon dioxide” for “capture technologies on combustion-based systems”.

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (2) in subsection (a)— (A) by striking “research and development” and inserting “and sequestration research, development, and demonstration”; and (B) by striking “capture technologies on combustion-based systems” and inserting “capture and sequestration technologies related to industrial sources of carbon dioxide”;

   Effective date note
   Amendment by Pub. L. 110–140 effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 of Pub. L. 110–140, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1824 of Title 2, The Congress.

4. 2007

   Department of Energy Carbon Capture and Sequestration Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 2007

   Pub. L. 110–140 § 702(a)(3) · 121 Stat. 1492

   Added · 42 U.S.C. § 16293(b)(5)

   Pub. L. 110–140, § 702(a)(3), added par. (5)

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 110–140, § 702(a)(3), added par. (5).

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (3) in subsection (b)— (A) in paragraph (3), by striking “and” at the end; (B) in paragraph (4), by striking the period at the end and inserting “; and”; and (C) by adding at the end the following: “(5) to expedite and carry out large-scale testing of carbon sequestration systems in a range of geologic formations that will provide information on the cost and feasibility of deployment of sequestration technologies.” ; and

   Effective date note
   Amendment by Pub. L. 110–140 effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 of Pub. L. 110–140, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1824 of Title 2, The Congress.

5. 2007

   Department of Energy Carbon Capture and Sequestration Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 2007

   Pub. L. 110–140 § 702(a)(4) · 121 Stat. 1492

   1. Added · 42 U.S.C. § 16293(c); 42 U.S.C. § 16293(d)

      Pub. L. 110–140, § 702(a)(4), added subsecs. (c) and (d)

   2. Struck · 42 U.S.C. § 16293(c); 42 U.S.C. § 16293(d)

      Pub. L. 110–140, § 702(a)(4), struck out former subsec. (c). Text of former subsec. (c) read as follows: “From amounts authorized under section 16291(b) of this title, the following sums are authorized for activities described in subsection (a)(2):

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 110–140, § 702(a)(4), added subsecs. (c) and (d) and struck out former subsec. (c). Text of former subsec. (c) read as follows: “From amounts authorized under section 16291(b) of this title, the following sums are authorized for activities described in subsection (a)(2):

   “(1) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2006; “(2) $30,000,000 for fiscal year 2007; and “(3) $35,000,000 for fiscal year 2008.”

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (4) by striking subsection (c) and inserting the following: “(c) Programmatic Activities.— “(1) Fundamental science and engineering research and development and demonstration supporting carbon capture and sequestration technologies and carbon use activities.— “(A) In general.— The Secretary shall carry out fundamental science and engineering research (including laboratory-scale experiments, numeric modeling, and simulations) to develop and document the performance of new approaches to capture and sequester, or use carbon dioxide to lead to an overall reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. “(B) Program integration.— The Secretary shall ensure that fundamental research carried out under this paragraph is appropriately applied to energy technology development activities, the field testing of carbon sequestration, and carbon use activities, including— “(i) development of new or advanced technologies for the capture and sequestration of carbon dioxide; “(ii) development of new or advanced technologies that reduce the cost and increase the efficacy of advanced compression of carbon dioxide required for the sequestration of carbon dioxide; “(iii) modeling and simulation of geologic sequestration field demonstrations; “(iv) quantitative assessment of risks relating to specific field sites for testing of sequestration technologies; “(v) research and development of new and advanced technologies for carbon use, including recycling and reuse of carbon dioxide; and “(vi) research and development of new and advanced technologies for the separation of oxygen from air. “(2) Field validation testing activities.— “(A) In general.— The Secretary shall promote, to the maximum extent practicable, regional carbon sequestration partnerships to conduct geologic sequestration tests involving carbon dioxide injection and monitoring, mitigation, and verification operations in a variety of candidate geologic settings, including— “(i) operating oil and gas fields; “(ii) depleted oil and gas fields; “(iii) unmineable coal seams; “(iv) deep saline formations; “(v) deep geologic systems that may be used as engineered reservoirs to extract economical quantities of heat from geothermal resources of low permeability or porosity; and “(vi) deep geologic systems containing basalt formations. “(B) Objectives.— The objectives of tests conducted under this paragraph shall be— “(i) to develop and validate geophysical tools, analysis, and modeling to monitor, predict, and verify carbon dioxide containment; “(ii) to validate modeling of geologic formations; “(iii) to refine sequestration capacity estimated for particular geologic formations; “(iv) to determine the fate of carbon dioxide concurrent with and following injection into geologic formations; “(v) to develop and implement best practices for operations relating to, and monitoring of, carbon dioxide injection and sequestration in geologic formations; “(vi) to assess and ensure the safety of operations related to geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide; “(vii) to allow the Secretary to promulgate policies, procedures, requirements, and guidance to ensure that the objectives of this subparagraph are met in large-scale testing and deployment activities for carbon capture and sequestration that are funded by the Department of Energy; and “(viii) to provide information to States, the Environmental Protection Agency, and other appropriate entities to support development of a regulatory framework for commercial-scale sequestration operations that ensure the protection of human health and the environment. “(3) Large-scale carbon dioxide sequestration testing.— “(A) In general.— The Secretary shall conduct not less than 7 initial large-scale sequestration tests, not including the FutureGen project, for geologic containment of carbon dioxide to collect and validate information on the cost and feasibility of commercial deployment of technologies for geologic containment of carbon dioxide. These 7 tests may include any Regional Partnership projects awarded as of the date of enactment of the Department of Energy Carbon Capture and Sequestration Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 2007. “(B) Diversity of formations to be studied.— In selecting formations for study under this paragraph, the Secretary shall consider a variety of geologic formations across the United States, and require characterization and modeling of candidate formations, as determined by the Secretary. “(C) Source of carbon dioxide for large-scale sequestration tests.— In the process of any acquisition of carbon dioxide for sequestration tests under subparagraph (A), the Secretary shall give preference to sources of carbon dioxide from industrial sources. To the extent feasible, the Secretary shall prefer tests that would facilitate the creation of an integrated system of capture, transportation and sequestration of carbon dioxide. The preference provided for under this subparagraph shall not delay the implementation of the large-scale sequestration tests under this paragraph. “(D) Definition.— For purposes of this paragraph, the term ‘large-scale’ means the injection of more than 1,000,000 tons of carbon dioxide from industrial sources annually or a scale that demonstrates the ability to inject and sequester several million metric tons of industrial source carbon dioxide for a large number of years. “(4) Preference in project selection from meritorious proposals.— In making competitive awards under this subsection, subject to the requirements of section 989, the Secretary shall— “(A) give preference to proposals from partnerships among industrial, academic, and government entities; and “(B) require recipients to provide assurances that all laborers and mechanics employed by contractors and subcontractors in the construction, repair, or alteration of new or existing facilities performed in order to carry out a demonstration or commercial application activity authorized under this subsection shall be paid wages at rates not less than those prevailing on similar construction in the locality, as determined by the Secretary of Labor in accordance with subchapter IV of chapter 31 of title 40, United States Code, and the Secretary of Labor shall, with respect to the labor standards in this paragraph, have the authority and functions set forth in Reorganization Plan Numbered 14 of 1950 (15 Fed. Reg. 3176; 5 U.S.C. Appendix) and section 3145 of title 40, United States Code. “(5) Cost sharing.— Activities under this subsection shall be considered research and development activities that are subject to the cost sharing requirements of section 988(b). “(6) Program review and report.— During fiscal year 2011, the Secretary shall— “(A) conduct a review of programmatic activities carried out under this subsection; and “(B) make recommendations with respect to continuation of the activities. “(d) Authorization of Appropriations.— There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section— “(1) $240,000,000 for fiscal year 2008; “(2) $240,000,000 for fiscal year 2009; “(3) $240,000,000 for fiscal year 2010; “(4) $240,000,000 for fiscal year 2011; and “(5) $240,000,000 for fiscal year 2012.” .

   Effective date note
   Amendment by Pub. L. 110–140 effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 of Pub. L. 110–140, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1824 of Title 2, The Congress.

6. 2020

   Energy Act of 2020

   Pub. L. 116–260 § 4003(a)(4) · 134 Stat. 1182

   Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 16293

   Pub. L. 116–260, § 4003(a)(4), substituted “Carbon storage validation and testing” for “Carbon capture and sequestration research, development, and demonstration program” in section catchline

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Pub. L. 116–260, § 4003(a)(4), substituted “Carbon storage validation and testing” for “Carbon capture and sequestration research, development, and demonstration program” in section catchline.

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (4) by striking the section designation and heading and all that follows through the end of subsection (c)(3) and inserting the following: “SEC. 963. CARBON STORAGE VALIDATION AND TESTING. “(a) Definitions.— In this section: “(1) Large-scale carbon sequestration.— The term ‘large-scale carbon sequestration’ means a scale that— “(A) demonstrates the ability to inject into geologic formations and sequester carbon dioxide; and “(B) has a goal of sequestering not less than 50 million metric tons of carbon dioxide over a 10-year period. “(2) Program.— The term ‘program’ means the program established under subsection (b)(1). “(b) Carbon Storage Program.— “(1) In general.— The Secretary shall establish a program of research, development, and demonstration for carbon storage. “(2) Program activities.— Activities under the program shall include— “(A) in coordination with relevant Federal agencies, developing and maintaining mapping tools and resources that assess the capacity of geologic storage formation in the United States; “(B) developing monitoring tools, modeling of geologic formations, and analyses— “(i) to predict carbon dioxide containment; and “(ii) to account for sequestered carbon dioxide in geologic storage sites; “(C) researching— “(i) potential environmental, safety, and health impacts in the event of a leak into the atmosphere or to an aquifer; and “(ii) any corresponding mitigation actions or responses to limit harmful consequences of such a leak; “(D) evaluating the interactions of carbon dioxide with formation solids and fluids, including the propensity of injections to induce seismic activity; “(E) assessing and ensuring the safety of operations relating to geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide; “(F) determining the fate of carbon dioxide concurrent with and following injection into geologic formations; “(G) supporting cost and business model assessments to examine the economic viability of technologies and systems developed under the program; and “(H) providing information to the Environmental Protection Agency, States, local governments, Tribal governments, and other appropriate entities, to ensure the protection of human health and the environment. “(3) Geologic settings.— In carrying out research activities under this subsection, the Secretary shall consider a variety of candidate onshore and offshore geologic settings, including— “(A) operating oil and gas fields; “(B) depleted oil and gas fields; “(C) residual oil zones; “(D) unconventional reservoirs and rock types; “(E) unmineable coal seams; “(F) saline formations in both sedimentary and basaltic geologies; “(G) geologic systems that may be used as engineered reservoirs to extract economical quantities of brine from geothermal resources of low permeability or porosity; and “(H) geologic systems containing in situ carbon dioxide mineralization formations. “(c) Large-scale Carbon Sequestration Demonstration Program.— “(1) In general.— The Secretary shall establish a demonstration program under which the Secretary shall provide funding for demonstration projects to collect and validate information on the cost and feasibility of commercial deployment of large-scale carbon sequestration technologies. “(2) Existing regional carbon sequestration partnerships.— In carrying out paragraph (1), the Secretary may provide additional funding to regional carbon sequestration partnerships that are carrying out or have completed a large-scale carbon sequestration demonstration project under this section (as in effect on the day before the date of enactment of the Energy Act of 2020) for additional work on that project. “(3) Demonstration components.— Each demonstration project carried out under this subsection shall include longitudinal tests involving carbon dioxide injection and monitoring, mitigation, and verification operations. “(4) Clearinghouse.— The National Energy Technology Laboratory shall act as a clearinghouse of shared information and resources for— “(A) existing or completed demonstration projects receiving additional funding under paragraph (2); and “(B) any new demonstration projects funded under this subsection. “(5) Report.— Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of the Energy Act of 2020, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives a report that— “(A) assesses the progress of all regional carbon sequestration partnerships carrying out a demonstration project under this subsection; “(B) identifies the remaining challenges in achieving large-scale carbon sequestration that is reliable and safe for the environment and public health; and “(C) creates a roadmap for carbon storage research and development activities of the Department through 2025, with the goal of reducing economic and policy barriers to commercial carbon sequestration. “(d) Integrated Storage.— “(1) In general.— The Secretary may transition large-scale carbon sequestration demonstration projects under subsection (c) into integrated commercial storage complexes. “(2) Goals and objectives.— The goals and objectives of the Secretary in seeking to transition large-scale carbon sequestration demonstration projects into integrated commercial storage complexes under paragraph (1) shall be— “(A) to identify geologic storage sites that are able to accept large volumes of carbon dioxide acceptable for commercial contracts; “(B) to understand the technical and commercial viability of carbon dioxide geologic storage sites; and “(C) to carry out any other activities necessary to transition the large-scale carbon sequestration demonstration projects under subsection (c) into integrated commercial storage complexes.” .

7. 2020

   Energy Act of 2020

   Pub. L. 116–260 § 4003(a)(4) · 134 Stat. 1182

   1. Added · 42 U.S.C. § 16293(a); 42 U.S.C. § 16293(b)

      Pub. L. 116–260, § 4003(a)(4), added subsecs. (a) and (b)

   2. Struck · 42 U.S.C. § 16293(a); 42 U.S.C. § 16293(b)

      Pub. L. 116–260, § 4003(a)(4), struck out former subsecs. (a) and (b) which related to the establishment of a carbon capture and sequestration research, development, and demonstration program and program objectives

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 116–260, § 4003(a)(4), added subsecs. (a) and (b) and struck out former subsecs. (a) and (b) which related to the establishment of a carbon capture and sequestration research, development, and demonstration program and program objectives.

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (4) by striking the section designation and heading and all that follows through the end of subsection (c)(3) and inserting the following: “SEC. 963. CARBON STORAGE VALIDATION AND TESTING. “(a) Definitions.— In this section: “(1) Large-scale carbon sequestration.— The term ‘large-scale carbon sequestration’ means a scale that— “(A) demonstrates the ability to inject into geologic formations and sequester carbon dioxide; and “(B) has a goal of sequestering not less than 50 million metric tons of carbon dioxide over a 10-year period. “(2) Program.— The term ‘program’ means the program established under subsection (b)(1). “(b) Carbon Storage Program.— “(1) In general.— The Secretary shall establish a program of research, development, and demonstration for carbon storage. “(2) Program activities.— Activities under the program shall include— “(A) in coordination with relevant Federal agencies, developing and maintaining mapping tools and resources that assess the capacity of geologic storage formation in the United States; “(B) developing monitoring tools, modeling of geologic formations, and analyses— “(i) to predict carbon dioxide containment; and “(ii) to account for sequestered carbon dioxide in geologic storage sites; “(C) researching— “(i) potential environmental, safety, and health impacts in the event of a leak into the atmosphere or to an aquifer; and “(ii) any corresponding mitigation actions or responses to limit harmful consequences of such a leak; “(D) evaluating the interactions of carbon dioxide with formation solids and fluids, including the propensity of injections to induce seismic activity; “(E) assessing and ensuring the safety of operations relating to geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide; “(F) determining the fate of carbon dioxide concurrent with and following injection into geologic formations; “(G) supporting cost and business model assessments to examine the economic viability of technologies and systems developed under the program; and “(H) providing information to the Environmental Protection Agency, States, local governments, Tribal governments, and other appropriate entities, to ensure the protection of human health and the environment. “(3) Geologic settings.— In carrying out research activities under this subsection, the Secretary shall consider a variety of candidate onshore and offshore geologic settings, including— “(A) operating oil and gas fields; “(B) depleted oil and gas fields; “(C) residual oil zones; “(D) unconventional reservoirs and rock types; “(E) unmineable coal seams; “(F) saline formations in both sedimentary and basaltic geologies; “(G) geologic systems that may be used as engineered reservoirs to extract economical quantities of brine from geothermal resources of low permeability or porosity; and “(H) geologic systems containing in situ carbon dioxide mineralization formations. “(c) Large-scale Carbon Sequestration Demonstration Program.— “(1) In general.— The Secretary shall establish a demonstration program under which the Secretary shall provide funding for demonstration projects to collect and validate information on the cost and feasibility of commercial deployment of large-scale carbon sequestration technologies. “(2) Existing regional carbon sequestration partnerships.— In carrying out paragraph (1), the Secretary may provide additional funding to regional carbon sequestration partnerships that are carrying out or have completed a large-scale carbon sequestration demonstration project under this section (as in effect on the day before the date of enactment of the Energy Act of 2020) for additional work on that project. “(3) Demonstration components.— Each demonstration project carried out under this subsection shall include longitudinal tests involving carbon dioxide injection and monitoring, mitigation, and verification operations. “(4) Clearinghouse.— The National Energy Technology Laboratory shall act as a clearinghouse of shared information and resources for— “(A) existing or completed demonstration projects receiving additional funding under paragraph (2); and “(B) any new demonstration projects funded under this subsection. “(5) Report.— Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of the Energy Act of 2020, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives a report that— “(A) assesses the progress of all regional carbon sequestration partnerships carrying out a demonstration project under this subsection; “(B) identifies the remaining challenges in achieving large-scale carbon sequestration that is reliable and safe for the environment and public health; and “(C) creates a roadmap for carbon storage research and development activities of the Department through 2025, with the goal of reducing economic and policy barriers to commercial carbon sequestration. “(d) Integrated Storage.— “(1) In general.— The Secretary may transition large-scale carbon sequestration demonstration projects under subsection (c) into integrated commercial storage complexes. “(2) Goals and objectives.— The goals and objectives of the Secretary in seeking to transition large-scale carbon sequestration demonstration projects into integrated commercial storage complexes under paragraph (1) shall be— “(A) to identify geologic storage sites that are able to accept large volumes of carbon dioxide acceptable for commercial contracts; “(B) to understand the technical and commercial viability of carbon dioxide geologic storage sites; and “(C) to carry out any other activities necessary to transition the large-scale carbon sequestration demonstration projects under subsection (c) into integrated commercial storage complexes.” .

8. 2020

   Energy Act of 2020

   Pub. L. 116–260 § 4003(a)(4) · 134 Stat. 1182

   1. Added · 42 U.S.C. § 16293(c)

      Pub. L. 116–260, § 4003(a)(4), added subsec. (c)

   2. Struck · 42 U.S.C. § 16293(c)

      Pub. L. 116–260, § 4003(a)(4), struck out pars. (1) to (3) of former subsec. (c) which related to fundamental science and engineering research and development and demonstration supporting carbon capture and sequestration technologies and carbon use activities, field validation testing activities, and large-scale carbon dioxide sequestration testing, respectively

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 116–260, § 4003(a)(4), added subsec. (c) and struck out pars. (1) to (3) of former subsec. (c) which related to fundamental science and engineering research and development and demonstration supporting carbon capture and sequestration technologies and carbon use activities, field validation testing activities, and large-scale carbon dioxide sequestration testing, respectively.

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (4) by striking the section designation and heading and all that follows through the end of subsection (c)(3) and inserting the following: “SEC. 963. CARBON STORAGE VALIDATION AND TESTING. “(a) Definitions.— In this section: “(1) Large-scale carbon sequestration.— The term ‘large-scale carbon sequestration’ means a scale that— “(A) demonstrates the ability to inject into geologic formations and sequester carbon dioxide; and “(B) has a goal of sequestering not less than 50 million metric tons of carbon dioxide over a 10-year period. “(2) Program.— The term ‘program’ means the program established under subsection (b)(1). “(b) Carbon Storage Program.— “(1) In general.— The Secretary shall establish a program of research, development, and demonstration for carbon storage. “(2) Program activities.— Activities under the program shall include— “(A) in coordination with relevant Federal agencies, developing and maintaining mapping tools and resources that assess the capacity of geologic storage formation in the United States; “(B) developing monitoring tools, modeling of geologic formations, and analyses— “(i) to predict carbon dioxide containment; and “(ii) to account for sequestered carbon dioxide in geologic storage sites; “(C) researching— “(i) potential environmental, safety, and health impacts in the event of a leak into the atmosphere or to an aquifer; and “(ii) any corresponding mitigation actions or responses to limit harmful consequences of such a leak; “(D) evaluating the interactions of carbon dioxide with formation solids and fluids, including the propensity of injections to induce seismic activity; “(E) assessing and ensuring the safety of operations relating to geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide; “(F) determining the fate of carbon dioxide concurrent with and following injection into geologic formations; “(G) supporting cost and business model assessments to examine the economic viability of technologies and systems developed under the program; and “(H) providing information to the Environmental Protection Agency, States, local governments, Tribal governments, and other appropriate entities, to ensure the protection of human health and the environment. “(3) Geologic settings.— In carrying out research activities under this subsection, the Secretary shall consider a variety of candidate onshore and offshore geologic settings, including— “(A) operating oil and gas fields; “(B) depleted oil and gas fields; “(C) residual oil zones; “(D) unconventional reservoirs and rock types; “(E) unmineable coal seams; “(F) saline formations in both sedimentary and basaltic geologies; “(G) geologic systems that may be used as engineered reservoirs to extract economical quantities of brine from geothermal resources of low permeability or porosity; and “(H) geologic systems containing in situ carbon dioxide mineralization formations. “(c) Large-scale Carbon Sequestration Demonstration Program.— “(1) In general.— The Secretary shall establish a demonstration program under which the Secretary shall provide funding for demonstration projects to collect and validate information on the cost and feasibility of commercial deployment of large-scale carbon sequestration technologies. “(2) Existing regional carbon sequestration partnerships.— In carrying out paragraph (1), the Secretary may provide additional funding to regional carbon sequestration partnerships that are carrying out or have completed a large-scale carbon sequestration demonstration project under this section (as in effect on the day before the date of enactment of the Energy Act of 2020) for additional work on that project. “(3) Demonstration components.— Each demonstration project carried out under this subsection shall include longitudinal tests involving carbon dioxide injection and monitoring, mitigation, and verification operations. “(4) Clearinghouse.— The National Energy Technology Laboratory shall act as a clearinghouse of shared information and resources for— “(A) existing or completed demonstration projects receiving additional funding under paragraph (2); and “(B) any new demonstration projects funded under this subsection. “(5) Report.— Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of the Energy Act of 2020, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives a report that— “(A) assesses the progress of all regional carbon sequestration partnerships carrying out a demonstration project under this subsection; “(B) identifies the remaining challenges in achieving large-scale carbon sequestration that is reliable and safe for the environment and public health; and “(C) creates a roadmap for carbon storage research and development activities of the Department through 2025, with the goal of reducing economic and policy barriers to commercial carbon sequestration. “(d) Integrated Storage.— “(1) In general.— The Secretary may transition large-scale carbon sequestration demonstration projects under subsection (c) into integrated commercial storage complexes. “(2) Goals and objectives.— The goals and objectives of the Secretary in seeking to transition large-scale carbon sequestration demonstration projects into integrated commercial storage complexes under paragraph (1) shall be— “(A) to identify geologic storage sites that are able to accept large volumes of carbon dioxide acceptable for commercial contracts; “(B) to understand the technical and commercial viability of carbon dioxide geologic storage sites; and “(C) to carry out any other activities necessary to transition the large-scale carbon sequestration demonstration projects under subsection (c) into integrated commercial storage complexes.” .

9. 2020

   Energy Act of 2020

   Pub. L. 116–260 § 4003(a)(2)(B) · 134 Stat. 1182

   Redesignated · 42 U.S.C. § 16293(c)(4)

   Pub. L. 116–260, § 4003(a)(2)(B), redesignated par. (4) as subsec. (e)

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 116–260, § 4003(a)(2)(B), redesignated par. (4) as subsec. (e).

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (B) by redesignating paragraph (4) as subsection (e) and indenting appropriately;

10. 2020

    Energy Act of 2020

    Pub. L. 116–260 § 4003(a)(2)(A) · 134 Stat. 1182

    Struck · 42 U.S.C. § 16293(c)(5); 42 U.S.C. § 16293(c)(6)

    Pub. L. 116–260, § 4003(a)(2)(A), struck out pars. (5) and (6) which related to cost sharing and program review and report

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (c)(5), (6). Pub. L. 116–260, § 4003(a)(2)(A), struck out pars. (5) and (6) which related to cost sharing and program review and report.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (A) by striking paragraphs (5) and (6) and inserting the following: “(f) Cost Sharing.— Activities carried out under this section shall be subject to the cost-sharing requirements of section 988.” ; and

11. 2020

    Energy Act of 2020

    Pub. L. 116–260 § 4003(a)(4) · 134 Stat. 1182

    Added · 42 U.S.C. § 16293(d)

    Pub. L. 116–260, § 4003(a)(4), added subsec. (d)

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 116–260, § 4003(a)(4), added subsec. (d).

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (4) by striking the section designation and heading and all that follows through the end of subsection (c)(3) and inserting the following: “SEC. 963. CARBON STORAGE VALIDATION AND TESTING. “(a) Definitions.— In this section: “(1) Large-scale carbon sequestration.— The term ‘large-scale carbon sequestration’ means a scale that— “(A) demonstrates the ability to inject into geologic formations and sequester carbon dioxide; and “(B) has a goal of sequestering not less than 50 million metric tons of carbon dioxide over a 10-year period. “(2) Program.— The term ‘program’ means the program established under subsection (b)(1). “(b) Carbon Storage Program.— “(1) In general.— The Secretary shall establish a program of research, development, and demonstration for carbon storage. “(2) Program activities.— Activities under the program shall include— “(A) in coordination with relevant Federal agencies, developing and maintaining mapping tools and resources that assess the capacity of geologic storage formation in the United States; “(B) developing monitoring tools, modeling of geologic formations, and analyses— “(i) to predict carbon dioxide containment; and “(ii) to account for sequestered carbon dioxide in geologic storage sites; “(C) researching— “(i) potential environmental, safety, and health impacts in the event of a leak into the atmosphere or to an aquifer; and “(ii) any corresponding mitigation actions or responses to limit harmful consequences of such a leak; “(D) evaluating the interactions of carbon dioxide with formation solids and fluids, including the propensity of injections to induce seismic activity; “(E) assessing and ensuring the safety of operations relating to geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide; “(F) determining the fate of carbon dioxide concurrent with and following injection into geologic formations; “(G) supporting cost and business model assessments to examine the economic viability of technologies and systems developed under the program; and “(H) providing information to the Environmental Protection Agency, States, local governments, Tribal governments, and other appropriate entities, to ensure the protection of human health and the environment. “(3) Geologic settings.— In carrying out research activities under this subsection, the Secretary shall consider a variety of candidate onshore and offshore geologic settings, including— “(A) operating oil and gas fields; “(B) depleted oil and gas fields; “(C) residual oil zones; “(D) unconventional reservoirs and rock types; “(E) unmineable coal seams; “(F) saline formations in both sedimentary and basaltic geologies; “(G) geologic systems that may be used as engineered reservoirs to extract economical quantities of brine from geothermal resources of low permeability or porosity; and “(H) geologic systems containing in situ carbon dioxide mineralization formations. “(c) Large-scale Carbon Sequestration Demonstration Program.— “(1) In general.— The Secretary shall establish a demonstration program under which the Secretary shall provide funding for demonstration projects to collect and validate information on the cost and feasibility of commercial deployment of large-scale carbon sequestration technologies. “(2) Existing regional carbon sequestration partnerships.— In carrying out paragraph (1), the Secretary may provide additional funding to regional carbon sequestration partnerships that are carrying out or have completed a large-scale carbon sequestration demonstration project under this section (as in effect on the day before the date of enactment of the Energy Act of 2020) for additional work on that project. “(3) Demonstration components.— Each demonstration project carried out under this subsection shall include longitudinal tests involving carbon dioxide injection and monitoring, mitigation, and verification operations. “(4) Clearinghouse.— The National Energy Technology Laboratory shall act as a clearinghouse of shared information and resources for— “(A) existing or completed demonstration projects receiving additional funding under paragraph (2); and “(B) any new demonstration projects funded under this subsection. “(5) Report.— Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of the Energy Act of 2020, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives a report that— “(A) assesses the progress of all regional carbon sequestration partnerships carrying out a demonstration project under this subsection; “(B) identifies the remaining challenges in achieving large-scale carbon sequestration that is reliable and safe for the environment and public health; and “(C) creates a roadmap for carbon storage research and development activities of the Department through 2025, with the goal of reducing economic and policy barriers to commercial carbon sequestration. “(d) Integrated Storage.— “(1) In general.— The Secretary may transition large-scale carbon sequestration demonstration projects under subsection (c) into integrated commercial storage complexes. “(2) Goals and objectives.— The goals and objectives of the Secretary in seeking to transition large-scale carbon sequestration demonstration projects into integrated commercial storage complexes under paragraph (1) shall be— “(A) to identify geologic storage sites that are able to accept large volumes of carbon dioxide acceptable for commercial contracts; “(B) to understand the technical and commercial viability of carbon dioxide geologic storage sites; and “(C) to carry out any other activities necessary to transition the large-scale carbon sequestration demonstration projects under subsection (c) into integrated commercial storage complexes.” .

12. 2020

    Energy Act of 2020

    Pub. L. 116–260 § 4003(a)(1) · 134 Stat. 1182

    Struck · 42 U.S.C. § 16293(d)

    Pub. L. 116–260, § 4003(a)(1), struck out subsec. (d) which authorized appropriations for fiscal years 2008 to 2012

    Target inherited from the preceding amendment note.

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Pub. L. 116–260, § 4003(a)(1), struck out subsec. (d) which authorized appropriations for fiscal years 2008 to 2012.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (1) by striking subsection (d) and inserting the following: “(g) Authorization of Appropriations.— There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section— “(1) $200,000,000 for fiscal year 2021; “(2) $200,000,000 for fiscal year 2022; “(3) $150,000,000 for fiscal year 2023; “(4) $150,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; and “(5) $100,000,000 for fiscal year 2025.” ;

13. 2020

    Energy Act of 2020

    Pub. L. 116–260 § 4003(a)(3) · 134 Stat. 1182

    1. Redesignated · 42 U.S.C. § 16293(e)

       Pub. L. 116–260, § 4003(a)(3), redesignated subpars. (A) and (B) as pars. (1) and (2), respectively

    2. Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 16293(e)

       Pub. L. 116–260, § 4003(a)(3), substituted “section” for “subsection” in introductory provisions and in par. (2), and realigned margins

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 116–260, § 4003(a)(3), redesignated subpars. (A) and (B) as pars. (1) and (2), respectively, substituted “section” for “subsection” in introductory provisions and in par. (2), and realigned margins.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (3) in subsection (e) (as so redesignated)— (A) by redesignating subparagraphs (A) and (B) as paragraphs (1) and (2), respectively, and indenting appropriately; and (B) by striking “subsection” each place it appears and inserting “section”; and

14. 2020

    Energy Act of 2020

    Pub. L. 116–260 § 4003(a)(2)(B) · 134 Stat. 1182

    Redesignated · 42 U.S.C. § 16293(e)

    Pub. L. 116–260, § 4003(a)(2)(B), redesignated par. (4) of subsec. (c) as (e)

    Target inherited from the preceding amendment note.

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Pub. L. 116–260, § 4003(a)(2)(B), redesignated par. (4) of subsec. (c) as (e).

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (B) by redesignating paragraph (4) as subsection (e) and indenting appropriately;

15. 2020

    Energy Act of 2020

    Pub. L. 116–260 § 4003(a)(2)(A) · 134 Stat. 1182

    Added · 42 U.S.C. § 16293(f)

    Pub. L. 116–260, § 4003(a)(2)(A), added subsec. (f)

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 116–260, § 4003(a)(2)(A), added subsec. (f).

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (A) by striking paragraphs (5) and (6) and inserting the following: “(f) Cost Sharing.— Activities carried out under this section shall be subject to the cost-sharing requirements of section 988.” ; and

16. 2020

    Energy Act of 2020

    Pub. L. 116–260 § 4003(a)(1) · 134 Stat. 1182

    Added · 42 U.S.C. § 16293(g)

    Pub. L. 116–260, § 4003(a)(1), added subsec. (g)

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 116–260, § 4003(a)(1), added subsec. (g).

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (1) by striking subsection (d) and inserting the following: “(g) Authorization of Appropriations.— There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section— “(1) $200,000,000 for fiscal year 2021; “(2) $200,000,000 for fiscal year 2022; “(3) $150,000,000 for fiscal year 2023; “(4) $150,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; and “(5) $100,000,000 for fiscal year 2025.” ;

17. 2021

    Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act

    Pub. L. 117–58 § 40305(1) · 135 Stat. 429

    Struck · 42 U.S.C. § 16293(a)(1)(B)

    Pub. L. 117–58, § 40305(1), struck out “over a 10-year period” after “carbon dioxide”

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 117–58, § 40305(1), struck out “over a 10-year period” after “carbon dioxide”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (1) in subsection (a)(1)(B), by striking “over a 10-year period”;

18. 2021

    Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act

    Pub. L. 117–58 § 40305(2)(A) · 135 Stat. 429

    Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 16293(b)(1)

    Pub. L. 117–58, § 40305(2)(A), substituted “demonstration, and commercialization” for “and demonstration”

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, § 40305(2)(A), substituted “demonstration, and commercialization” for “and demonstration”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (A) in paragraph (1), by striking “and demonstration” and inserting “demonstration, and commercialization”; and

19. 2021

    Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act

    Pub. L. 117–58 § 40305(2)(B) · 135 Stat. 429

    Added · 42 U.S.C. § 16293(b)(2)(I)

    Pub. L. 117–58, § 40305(2)(B), added subpar. (I)

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (b)(2)(I). Pub. L. 117–58, § 40305(2)(B), added subpar. (I).

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (B) in paragraph (2)— (i) in subparagraph (G), by striking “and” at the end; (ii) in subparagraph (H), by striking the period at the end and inserting “; and”; and (iii) by adding at the end the following: “(I) evaluating the quantity, location, and timing of geologic carbon storage deployment that may be needed, and developing strategies and resources to enable the deployment.” ;

20. 2021

    Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act

    Pub. L. 117–58 § 40305(3) · 135 Stat. 429

    1. Added · 42 U.S.C. § 16293(e)

       Pub. L. 117–58, § 40305(3), (4), added subsec. (e)

    2. Redesignated · 42 U.S.C. § 16293(e)

       Pub. L. 117–58, § 40305(3), (4), redesignated former subsec. (e) as (f)

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 117–58, § 40305(3), (4), added subsec. (e) and redesignated former subsec. (e) as (f).

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (3) by redesignating subsections (e) through (g) as subsections (f) through (h), respectively;

21. 2021

    Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act

    Pub. L. 117–58 § 40305(3) · 135 Stat. 429

    Redesignated · 42 U.S.C. § 16293(f)

    Pub. L. 117–58, § 40305(3), redesignated subsec. (e) as (f). Former subsec. (f) redesignated (g)

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 117–58, § 40305(3), redesignated subsec. (e) as (f). Former subsec. (f) redesignated (g).

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (3) by redesignating subsections (e) through (g) as subsections (f) through (h), respectively;

22. 2021

    Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act

    Pub. L. 117–58 § 40305(5) · 135 Stat. 429

    Inserted · 42 U.S.C. § 16293(f)(1)

    Pub. L. 117–58, § 40305(5), inserted “with respect to the research, development, demonstration program components described in subsections (b) through (d)” before “give preference”

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, § 40305(5), inserted “with respect to the research, development, demonstration program components described in subsections (b) through (d)” before “give preference”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (5) in subsection (f) (as so redesignated), in paragraph (1), by inserting “with respect to the research, development, demonstration program components described in subsections (b) through (d)” before “give preference”; and

23. 2021

    Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act

    Pub. L. 117–58 § 40305(3) · 135 Stat. 429

    Redesignated · 42 U.S.C. § 16293(g)

    Pub. L. 117–58, § 40305(3), redesignated subsec. (f) as (g). Former subsec. (g) redesignated (h)

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 117–58, § 40305(3), redesignated subsec. (f) as (g). Former subsec. (g) redesignated (h).

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (3) by redesignating subsections (e) through (g) as subsections (f) through (h), respectively;

24. 2021

    Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act

    Pub. L. 117–58 § 40305(6) · 135 Stat. 429

    1. Added · 42 U.S.C. § 16293(h)

       Pub. L. 117–58, § 40305(6), added subsec. (h)

    2. Struck · 42 U.S.C. § 16293(h)

       Pub. L. 117–58, § 40305(6), struck out former subsec. (h) which authorized appropriations for fiscal years 2021 to 2025

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 117–58, § 40305(6), added subsec. (h) and struck out former subsec. (h) which authorized appropriations for fiscal years 2021 to 2025.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (6) by striking subsection (h) (as so redesignated) and inserting the following: “(h) Authorization of Appropriations.— There is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section $2,500,000,000 for the period of fiscal years 2022 through 2026.” .

25. 2021

    Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act

    Pub. L. 117–58 § 40305(3) · 135 Stat. 429

    Redesignated · 42 U.S.C. § 16293(h)

    Pub. L. 117–58, § 40305(3), redesignated subsec. (g) as (h)

    Target inherited from the preceding amendment note.

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Pub. L. 117–58, § 40305(3), redesignated subsec. (g) as (h).

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (3) by redesignating subsections (e) through (g) as subsections (f) through (h), respectively;

32 of 32 references resolved to an enrolled provision