Title 49 — Transportation

Part B · Chapter 311 — Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety

§ 31139. Minimum financial responsibility for transporting property

Statutory text

Definitions.—

In this section—

“farm vehicle” means a vehicle—

designed or adapted and used only for agriculture;

operated by a motor private carrier (as defined in section 10102 of this title); and

operated only incidentally on highways.

“interstate commerce” includes transportation between a place in a State and a place outside the United States, to the extent the transportation is in the United States.

“State” means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands.

General Requirement and Minimum Amount.—

The Secretary of Transportation shall prescribe regulations to require minimum levels of financial responsibility sufficient to satisfy liability amounts established by the Secretary covering public liability, property damage, and environmental restoration for the transportation of property by motor carrier or motor private carrier (as such terms are defined in section 13102 of this title) in the United States between a place in a State and—

a place in another State;

another place in the same State through a place outside of that State; or

a place outside the United States.

The level of financial responsibility established under paragraph (1) of this subsection shall be at least $750,000.

Filing of Evidence of Financial Responsibility.—

The Secretary may require a motor private carrier (as defined in section 13102) to file with the Secretary the evidence of financial responsibility specified in subsection (b) in an amount not less than the greater of the minimum amount required by this section or the amount required for such motor private carrier to transport property under the laws of the State or States in which the motor private carrier is operating; except that the amount of the financial responsibility must be sufficient to pay not more than the amount of the financial responsibility for each final judgment against the motor private carrier for bodily injury to, or death of, an individual resulting from negligent operation, maintenance, or use of the motor vehicle, or for loss or damage to property, or both.

Requirements for Hazardous Matter and Oil.—

The Secretary of Transportation shall prescribe regulations to require minimum levels of financial responsibility sufficient to satisfy liability amounts established by the Secretary covering public liability, property damage, and environmental restoration for the transportation by motor vehicle in interstate or intrastate commerce of—

hazardous material (as defined by the Secretary);

oil or hazardous substances (as defined by the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency); or

hazardous wastes (as defined by the Administrator).

Except as provided in subparagraph (B) of this paragraph, the level of financial responsibility established under paragraph (1) of this subsection shall be at least $5,000,000 for the transportation—

of hazardous substances (as defined by the Administrator) in cargo tanks, portable tanks, or hopper-type vehicles, with capacities of more than 3,500 water gallons;

in bulk of class A explosives, poison gas, liquefied gas, or compressed gas; or

of large quantities of radioactive material.

The Secretary of Transportation by regulation may reduce the minimum level in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph (to an amount not less than $1,000,000) for transportation described in subparagraph (A) in any of the territories of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands if—

the chief executive officer of the territory requests the reduction;

the reduction will prevent a serious disruption in transportation service and will not adversely affect public safety; and

insurance of $5,000,000 is not readily available.

The level of financial responsibility established under paragraph (1) of this subsection for the transportation of a material, oil, substance, or waste not subject to paragraph (2) of this subsection shall be at least $1,000,000. However, if the Secretary of Transportation finds it will not adversely affect public safety, the Secretary by regulation may reduce the amount for—

a class of vehicles transporting such a material, oil, substance, or waste in intrastate commerce (except in bulk); and

a farm vehicle transporting such a material or substance in interstate commerce (except in bulk).

Foreign Motor Carriers and Private Carriers.—

Regulations prescribed under this section may allow foreign motor carriers and foreign motor private carriers (as those terms are defined in section 10530 of this title) providing transportation of property under a certificate of registration issued under section 10530 to meet the minimum levels of financial responsibility under this section only when those carriers are providing transportation for property in the United States.

Evidence of Financial Responsibility.—

Subject to paragraph (2) of this subsection, financial responsibility may be established by evidence of one or a combination of the following if acceptable to the Secretary of Transportation:

insurance.

a guarantee.

a surety bond issued by a bonding company authorized to do business in the United States.

qualification as a self-insurer.

A person domiciled in a country contiguous to the United States and providing transportation to which a minimum level of financial responsibility under this section applies shall have evidence of financial responsibility in the motor vehicle when the person is providing the transportation. If evidence of financial responsibility is not in the vehicle, the Secretary of Transportation and the Secretary of the Treasury shall deny entry of the vehicle into the United States.

A motor carrier may obtain the required amount of financial responsibility from more than one source provided the cumulative amount is equal to the minimum requirements of this section.

Civil Penalty.—

If, after notice and an opportunity for a hearing, the Secretary of Transportation finds that a person (except an employee acting without knowledge) has knowingly violated this section or a regulation prescribed under this section, the person is liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty of not more than $10,000 for each violation. A separate violation occurs for each day the violation continues.

The Secretary of Transportation shall impose the penalty by written notice. In determining the amount of the penalty, the Secretary shall consider—

the nature, circumstances, extent, and gravity of the violation;

with respect to the violator, the degree of culpability, any history of prior violations, the ability to pay, and any effect on the ability to continue doing business; and

other matters that justice requires.

The Secretary of Transportation may compromise the penalty before referring the matter to the Attorney General for collection.

The Attorney General shall bring a civil action in an appropriate district court of the United States to collect a penalty referred to the Attorney General for collection under this subsection.

The amount of the penalty may be deducted from amounts the Government owes the person. An amount collected under this section shall be deposited in the Highway Trust Fund (other than the Mass Transit Account).

Nonapplication.—

This section does not apply to a motor vehicle having a gross vehicle weight rating of less than 10,000 pounds if the vehicle is not used to transport in interstate or foreign commerce—

class A or B explosives;

poison gas; or

a large quantity of radioactive material.

Legislative history

Reconstructed from this section’s Code source credit and amendment notes, resolved against the local Statutes at Large. Editorial notes are evidence, not the law that made the change.

1994
Pub. L. 103–272 § 1(e) · 108 Stat. 745
Enacted · 49 U.S.C. § 31139
Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1006
Source evidence
Code source credit
Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1006
Enacted provision · exact public law section
Section 1. subtitles ii, ii, and v-x of title 49, united states code (a) Certain general and permanent laws of the 49 USC prec. 101 note. United States, related to transportation, are revised, codified, and enacted by subsections (c)–(e) of this section without substantive change as subtitles II, III, and V–X of title 49, United States Code, “Transportation”. Those laws may be cited as “49 U.S.C. ________”. (b) Title 49, United States Code, is amended by striking the table of subtitles at the beginning of the title and substituting the following new table of subtitles: “Subtitle “I. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION “II. OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES “III. GENERAL AND INTERMODAL PROGRAMS “IV. INTERSTATE COMMERCE “V. RAIL PROGRAMS “VI. MOTOR VEHICLE AND DRIVER PROGRAMS “VII. AVIATION PROGRAMS “VIII. PIPELINES “IX. COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION “X. MISCELLANEOUS (c) Title 49, United States Code, is amended by striking subtitle II, except that chapter 31 (comprising sections 3101–3104) of subtitle II is redesignated and restated as chapter 315 (comprising sections 31501–31504) of subtitle VI of title 49, as enacted by subsection (e) of this section. (d) Title 49, United States Code, is amended by adding the following immediately after subtitle I:
1995
ICC Termination Act of 1995
Pub. L. 104–88 title I § 104(e) · 109 Stat. 803
Added · 49 U.S.C. § 31139(e)(3)
Pub. L. 104–88 added par. (3)
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 104–88 added par. (3).
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(e) Transporters of Property.— Section 31139(e) of such title is amended by adding at the end the following: “(3) A motor carrier may obtain the required amount of financial responsibility from more than one source provided the cumulative amount is equal to the minimum requirements of this section.”.
2005
Motor Carrier Safety Reauthorization Act of 2005
Pub. L. 109–59 § 4120(b)(1) · 119 Stat. 1144
Struck and inserted · 49 U.S.C. § 31139(b)(1)
Pub. L. 109–59, § 4120(b)(1), struck out “for compensation” after “property” and inserted “commercial” before “motor vehicle” in introductory provisions
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, § 4120(b)(1), struck out “for compensation” after “property” and inserted “commercial” before “motor vehicle” in introductory provisions.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(1) in subsection (b)(1)— (A) by striking “for compensation”; and (B) by inserting “commercial” before “motor vehicle”;
Effective date note
Amendment by section 301(f) of Pub. L. 110–244 effective as of the date of enactment of Pub. L. 109–59 (Aug. 10, 2005) and to be treated as included in Pub. L. 109–59 as of that date, and provisions of Pub. L. 109–59, as in effect on the day before June 6, 2008, that are amended by Pub. L. 110–244 to be treated as not enacted, see section 121(b) of Pub. L. 110–244, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.
2005
Motor Carrier Safety Reauthorization Act of 2005
Pub. L. 109–59 § 4120(b)(2) · 119 Stat. 1144
1. Added · 49 U.S.C. § 31139(c)(f)
  Pub. L. 109–59, § 4120(b)(2), (3), added subsec. (c)
2. Redesignated · 49 U.S.C. § 31139(c)(f)
  Pub. L. 109–59, § 4120(b)(2), (3), redesignated former subsecs. (c) to (e) as (d) to (f), respectively. Former subsec. (f) redesignated (g)
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsecs. (c) to (f). Pub. L. 109–59, § 4120(b)(2), (3), added subsec. (c) and redesignated former subsecs. (c) to (e) as (d) to (f), respectively. Former subsec. (f) redesignated (g).
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(2) by redesignating subsections (c) through (g) as subsections (d) through (h), respectively; and
Effective date note
Amendment by section 301(f) of Pub. L. 110–244 effective as of the date of enactment of Pub. L. 109–59 (Aug. 10, 2005) and to be treated as included in Pub. L. 109–59 as of that date, and provisions of Pub. L. 109–59, as in effect on the day before June 6, 2008, that are amended by Pub. L. 110–244 to be treated as not enacted, see section 121(b) of Pub. L. 110–244, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.
2005
Motor Carrier Safety Reauthorization Act of 2005
Pub. L. 109–59 § 4120(b)(2) · 119 Stat. 1144
Redesignated · 49 U.S.C. § 31139(g)
Pub. L. 109–59, § 4120(b)(2), redesignated subsec. (f) as (g). Former subsec. (g) redesignated (h)
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 109–59, § 4120(b)(2), redesignated subsec. (f) as (g). Former subsec. (g) redesignated (h).
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(2) by redesignating subsections (c) through (g) as subsections (d) through (h), respectively; and
Effective date note
Amendment by section 301(f) of Pub. L. 110–244 effective as of the date of enactment of Pub. L. 109–59 (Aug. 10, 2005) and to be treated as included in Pub. L. 109–59 as of that date, and provisions of Pub. L. 109–59, as in effect on the day before June 6, 2008, that are amended by Pub. L. 110–244 to be treated as not enacted, see section 121(b) of Pub. L. 110–244, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.
2005
Motor Carrier Safety Reauthorization Act of 2005
Pub. L. 109–59 § 4121 · 119 Stat. 1144
1. Amended · 49 U.S.C. § 31139(g)(5)
  Pub. L. 109–59, § 4121, as amended by Pub. L. 110–244, § 301(f)
2. Substituted · 49 U.S.C. § 31139(g)(5)
  Pub. L. 109–59, § 4121, as substituted “Highway Trust Fund (other than the Mass Transit Account)” for “Treasury as miscellaneous receipts”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (g)(5). Pub. L. 109–59, § 4121, as amended by Pub. L. 110–244, § 301(f), substituted “Highway Trust Fund (other than the Mass Transit Account)” for “Treasury as miscellaneous receipts”.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
SEC. 4121. DEPOSIT OF CERTAIN CIVIL PENALTIES INTO HIGHWAY TRUST FUND. Sections 31138(d)(5) and 31139(f)(5) of title 49, United States Code, are each amended by striking “Treasury as miscellaneous receipts” and inserting “Highway Trust Fund (other than the Mass Transit Account)”.
Effective date note
Amendment by section 301(f) of Pub. L. 110–244 effective as of the date of enactment of Pub. L. 109–59 (Aug. 10, 2005) and to be treated as included in Pub. L. 109–59 as of that date, and provisions of Pub. L. 109–59, as in effect on the day before June 6, 2008, that are amended by Pub. L. 110–244 to be treated as not enacted, see section 121(b) of Pub. L. 110–244, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.
2005
Motor Carrier Safety Reauthorization Act of 2005
Pub. L. 109–59 § 4120(b)(2) · 119 Stat. 1144
Redesignated · 49 U.S.C. § 31139(h)
Pub. L. 109–59, § 4120(b)(2), redesignated subsec. (g) as (h)
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 109–59, § 4120(b)(2), redesignated subsec. (g) as (h).
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(2) by redesignating subsections (c) through (g) as subsections (d) through (h), respectively; and
Effective date note
Amendment by section 301(f) of Pub. L. 110–244 effective as of the date of enactment of Pub. L. 109–59 (Aug. 10, 2005) and to be treated as included in Pub. L. 109–59 as of that date, and provisions of Pub. L. 109–59, as in effect on the day before June 6, 2008, that are amended by Pub. L. 110–244 to be treated as not enacted, see section 121(b) of Pub. L. 110–244, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.
2008
SAFETEA–LU Technical Corrections Act of 2008
Pub. L. 110–244 § 305(b)(1) · 122 Stat. 1572
Substituted · 49 U.S.C. § 31139(b)(1)
Pub. L. 110–244, § 305(b)(1), in introductory provisions, substituted “motor carrier or motor private carrier (as such terms are defined in section 13102 of this title)” for “commercial motor vehicle”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 110–244, § 305(b)(1), in introductory provisions, substituted “motor carrier or motor private carrier (as such terms are defined in section 13102 of this title)” for “commercial motor vehicle”.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(1) by striking “commercial motor vehicle” in subsection (b)(1) and inserting “motor carrier or motor private carrier (as such terms are defined in section 13102 of this title)”; and
Effective date note
Amendment by section 301(f) of Pub. L. 110–244 effective as of the date of enactment of Pub. L. 109–59 (Aug. 10, 2005) and to be treated as included in Pub. L. 109–59 as of that date, and provisions of Pub. L. 109–59, as in effect on the day before June 6, 2008, that are amended by Pub. L. 110–244 to be treated as not enacted, see section 121(b) of Pub. L. 110–244, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.
2008
SAFETEA–LU Technical Corrections Act of 2008
Pub. L. 110–244 § 305(b)(2) · 122 Stat. 1572
Struck · 49 U.S.C. § 31139(c)
Pub. L. 110–244, § 305(b)(2), struck out “commercial” before “motor vehicle”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 110–244, § 305(b)(2), struck out “commercial” before “motor vehicle”.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(2) by striking “commercial” in subsection (c).
Effective date note
Amendment by section 301(f) of Pub. L. 110–244 effective as of the date of enactment of Pub. L. 109–59 (Aug. 10, 2005) and to be treated as included in Pub. L. 109–59 as of that date, and provisions of Pub. L. 109–59, as in effect on the day before June 6, 2008, that are amended by Pub. L. 110–244 to be treated as not enacted, see section 121(b) of Pub. L. 110–244, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.
2008
SAFETEA–LU Technical Corrections Act of 2008
Pub. L. 110–244 § 301(f) · 122 Stat. 1572
Amended · 49 U.S.C. § 31139(g)(5)
Pub. L. 110–244, § 301(f), amended Pub. L. 109–59, § 4121. See 2005 Amendment note below
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (g)(5). Pub. L. 110–244, § 301(f), amended Pub. L. 109–59, § 4121. See 2005 Amendment note below.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(f) Correction of Subsection Reference.— Section 4121 of the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (119 Stat. 1734) 49 USC 31139. is amended by striking “31139(f)(5)” and inserting “31139(g)(5)”.
Effective date note
Amendment by section 301(f) of Pub. L. 110–244 effective as of the date of enactment of Pub. L. 109–59 (Aug. 10, 2005) and to be treated as included in Pub. L. 109–59 as of that date, and provisions of Pub. L. 109–59, as in effect on the day before June 6, 2008, that are amended by Pub. L. 110–244 to be treated as not enacted, see section 121(b) of Pub. L. 110–244, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

12 of 12 references resolved to an enrolled provision

Notes

historicalAndRevision

Historical and Revision Notes
RevisedSection	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
31139(a)	49:10927 (note).	July 1, 1980, Pub. L. 96–296, § 30(h), 94 Stat. 823; Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, § 406(c), 96 Stat. 2159; Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–554, § 222(b), 98 Stat. 2847; Nov. 18, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, § 9112, 102 Stat. 4534.
31139(b)	49:10927 (note).	July 1, 1980, Pub. L. 96–296, § 30(a), 94 Stat. 820; Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, § 406(a), 96 Stat. 2158.
31139(c)	49:10927 (note).	July 1, 1980, Pub. L. 96–296, § 30(b), 94 Stat. 821; Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, § 406(a), 96 Stat. 2158; Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–554, § 222(a), 98 Stat. 2846; Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, § 23, 104 Stat. 3272.
31139(d)	49:10927 (note).	July 1, 1980, Pub. L. 96–296, 94 Stat. 793, § 30(g); added Nov. 18, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, § 9112, 102 Stat. 4534.
31139(e)	49:10927 (note).	July 1, 1980, Pub. L. 96–296, § 30(c), 94 Stat. 822; Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, § 406(b), 96 Stat. 2158.
		July 1, 1980, Pub. L. 96–296, § 30(e), 94 Stat. 822.
31139(f)	49:10927 (note).	July 1, 1980, Pub. L. 96–296, § 30(d), 94 Stat. 822.
31139(g)	49:10927 (note).	July 1, 1980, Pub. L. 96–296, § 30(f), 94 Stat. 823; Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, § 406(d), 96 Stat. 2159.

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the text of section 30(h)(3) of the Motor Carrier Act of 1980 (Public Law 96–296, 94 Stat. 823) is omitted as surplus because the complete name of the Secretary of Transportation is used the first time the term appears in a section. In clause (3), the words “(including its use in the terms ‘interstate’ and ‘intrastate’)” are omitted as surplus.

In subsections (b)(2) and (c)(2) and (3), the word “minimal” is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(2), the words “for any vehicle” are omitted as surplus. The words beginning with “except” are omitted as expired. The text of section 30(a)(3) of the Act (Public Law 96–296, 94 Stat. 821) is omitted because the regulations have been issued. See 49 C.F.R. part 387.

In subsection (c)(2), the text of section 30(b)(2)(B) of the Act (Public Law 96–296, 94 Stat. 821) is omitted as expired.

In subsection (c)(3), before clause (A), the text of section 30(b)(3)(A) of the Act (Public Law 96–296, 94 Stat. 821) is omitted as expired. The text of section 30(b)(4) of the Act (Public Law 96–296, 94 Stat. 822) is omitted because the regulations have been issued. See 49 C.F.R. part 387. The words “for any vehicle . . . in interstate or intrastate commerce” are omitted as unnecessary because of the reference to paragraph (1).

In subsection (e)(1), the words “The Secretary shall establish, by regulation, methods and procedures to assure compliance with this section” are omitted as surplus. The text of section 30(e) of the Act (Public Law 96–296, 94 Stat. 822) is omitted as executed.

In subsection (f)(4), the words “The Attorney General shall bring a civil action . . . to collect a penalty referred to the Attorney General for collection under this subsection” are substituted for “Such civil penalty may be recovered in an action brought by the Attorney General on behalf of the United States” for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (f)(5), the words “when finally determined (or agreed upon in compromise)” are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (g)(1) and (2), the words “any quantity of” are omitted as surplus.

Editorial Notes

Amendments1995–2008 · 3 rounds

2008

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 110–244, § 305(b)(1), in introductory provisions, substituted “motor carrier or motor private carrier (as such terms are defined in section 13102 of this title)” for “commercial motor vehicle”.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 110–244, § 305(b)(2), struck out “commercial” before “motor vehicle”.

Subsec. (g)(5). Pub. L. 110–244, § 301(f), amended Pub. L. 109–59, § 4121. See 2005 Amendment note below.

2005

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, § 4120(b)(1), struck out “for compensation” after “property” and inserted “commercial” before “motor vehicle” in introductory provisions.

Subsecs. (c) to (f). Pub. L. 109–59, § 4120(b)(2), (3), added subsec. (c) and redesignated former subsecs. (c) to (e) as (d) to (f), respectively. Former subsec. (f) redesignated (g).

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 109–59, § 4120(b)(2), redesignated subsec. (f) as (g). Former subsec. (g) redesignated (h).

Subsec. (g)(5). Pub. L. 109–59, § 4121, as amended by Pub. L. 110–244, § 301(f), substituted “Highway Trust Fund (other than the Mass Transit Account)” for “Treasury as miscellaneous receipts”.

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 109–59, § 4120(b)(2), redesignated subsec. (g) as (h).

1995

Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 104–88 added par. (3).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2008 Amendment

Amendment by section 301(f) of Pub. L. 110–244 effective as of the date of enactment of Pub. L. 109–59 (Aug. 10, 2005) and to be treated as included in Pub. L. 109–59 as of that date, and provisions of Pub. L. 109–59, as in effect on the day before June 6, 2008, that are amended by Pub. L. 110–244 to be treated as not enacted, see section 121(b) of Pub. L. 110–244, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Effective Date of 1995 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1301 of this title.

Credits

1994–2008 · 4 acts

1994Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1006
1995Pub. L. 104–88, title I, § 104(e), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 919
2005Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §§ 4120(b), 4121, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1733, 1734
2008Pub. L. 110–244, title III, §§ 301(f), 305(b), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1616, 1620.

Show as published

(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1006; Pub. L. 104–88, title I, § 104(e), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 919; Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §§ 4120(b), 4121, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1733, 1734; Pub. L. 110–244, title III, §§ 301(f), 305(b), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1616, 1620.)