§ 178. Congressional findings and declaration of policy

Legislative history

Reconstructed from this section’s Code source credit and amendment notes, resolved against the local Statutes at Large. Editorial notes are evidence, not the law that made the change.

1. 1978

   Native Latex Commercialization and Economic Development Act of 1978

   Pub. L. 95–592 § 2 · 92 Stat. 2529

   Enacted · 7 U.S.C. § 178

   Pub. L. 95–592, § 2, Nov. 4, 1978, 92 Stat. 2529

   Source evidence

   Code source credit
   Pub. L. 95–592, § 2, Nov. 4, 1978, 92 Stat. 2529

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   Sec. 2. (a) Congress recognizes that natural latex rubber is a commodity of vital importance to the economy, the defense, and the general well-being of the Nation. The United States is totally dependent upon foreign sources for its supplies of natural (Hevea) latex, which total about one million tons per year. Synthetic rubber, manufactured from petroleum feedstocks, cannot be substituted for natural rubber. (b) Congress further recognizes that certain plant species of the genus Parthenium (Guayule), native to Texas and the Republic of Mexico, as well as other plants, are known to contain commercial quantities of extractable rubber. During World War II, through research carried out by the Secretary of Agriculture in the Emergency Rubber Project, the United States demonstrated that Parthenium latex is a promising and realistic substitute for Hevea latex. (c) Congress further recognizes that additional research and development are needed, especially into methods for increasing latex yields, before commercialization of native Parthenium latex or other hydrocarbon-containing plants by private industry is feasible. (d) Congress further recognizes that the development of a domestic natural rubber industry, based on Parthenium and other hydrocarbon-containing plants, would not only relieve the Nation’s dependence upon foreign latex sources but also convey substantial economic benefits to peoples living in arid and semiarid regions of the United States. Such an industry would comprise the agricultural production of the hydrocarbon-containing plants and the development of commercial processing and manufacturing facilities to extract the latex and other products. (e) Congress further recognizes that ongoing research into the commercialization of native latex has been conducted by the Department of Agriculture and by the Department of Commerce through the regional commissions and that these research efforts should be continued and expanded. (f) It is the policy of the Congress, therefore, to provide for the development and demonstration of economically feasible means of culturing and manufacturing Parthenium and other hydrocarbon-containing plants for the extraction of natural rubber and other products to benefit the Nation and promote economic development.

2. 1984

   Pub. L. 98–284 § 2(1) · 98 Stat. 181

   Redesignated · 7 U.S.C. § 178(a)(1)

   Pub. L. 98–284, § 2(1), redesignated existing provisions of subsec. (a) as par. (1)

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 98–284, § 2(1), redesignated existing provisions of subsec. (a) as par. (1).

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (1) by inserting “(1)” after “Sec. 2. (a)”;

3. 1984

   Pub. L. 98–284 § 2(2) · 98 Stat. 181

   Redesignated · 7 U.S.C. § 178(a)(2)(4)

   Pub. L. 98–284, § 2(2), redesignated subsecs. (b), (c), and (d) as pars. (2), (3), and (4), respectively, of subsec. (a)

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Subsec. (a)(2) to (4). Pub. L. 98–284, § 2(2), redesignated subsecs. (b), (c), and (d) as pars. (2), (3), and (4), respectively, of subsec. (a).

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (2) by redesignating subsections (b) through (e) as paragraphs (2) through (5); and

4. 1984

   Pub. L. 98–284 § 2(2) · 98 Stat. 181

   1. Redesignated · 7 U.S.C. § 178(a)(5)

      Pub. L. 98–284, § 2(2), (3), redesignated subsec. (e) as par. (5) of subsec. (a), and in par. (5), as so redesignated

   2. Substituted · 7 U.S.C. § 178(a)(5)

      Pub. L. 98–284, § 2(2), (3), substituted “development and commercialization of native latex has been conducted by the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Commerce, the National Science Foundation, and other public as well as private and industrial research groups,” for “commercialization of native latex has been conducted by the Department of Agriculture and by the Department of Commerce through the regional commissions”

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 98–284, § 2(2), (3), redesignated subsec. (e) as par. (5) of subsec. (a), and in par. (5), as so redesignated, substituted “development and commercialization of native latex has been conducted by the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Commerce, the National Science Foundation, and other public as well as private and industrial research groups,” for “commercialization of native latex has been conducted by the Department of Agriculture and by the Department of Commerce through the regional commissions”.

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (2) by redesignating subsections (b) through (e) as paragraphs (2) through (5); and

5. 1984

   Pub. L. 98–284 § 2(4) · 98 Stat. 181

   Redesignated · 7 U.S.C. § 178(b)

   Pub. L. 98–284, § 2(4), added subsec. (b). Former subsec. (b) redesignated (a)(2)

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98–284, § 2(4), added subsec. (b). Former subsec. (b) redesignated (a)(2).

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (4) by striking out subsection (f) and inserting in lieu thereof the following: “(b) In addition, Congress recognizes that the development of a domestic industry or industries for the production and manufacture from native agricultural crops of products other than rubber which are of strategic and industrial importance but for which the Nation is now dependent upon foreign sources, would benefit the economy, the defense, and the general well-being of the Nation, and that additional research efforts in this area should be undertaken or continued and expanded. “(c) It is therefore the policy of the United States to provide for Hydrocarbon-containing plants. the development and demonstration of economically feasible means of culturing and manufacturing Parthenium and other hydrocarbon-containing plants, along with other native agricultural crops, for the production of critical agricultural materials to benefit the Nation and promote economic development.”.

6. 1984

   Pub. L. 98–284 § 2(4) · 98 Stat. 181

   Redesignated · 7 U.S.C. § 178(c)

   Pub. L. 98–284, § 2(4), added subsec. (c). Former subsec. (c) redesignated (a)(3)

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 98–284, § 2(4), added subsec. (c). Former subsec. (c) redesignated (a)(3).

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (4) by striking out subsection (f) and inserting in lieu thereof the following: “(b) In addition, Congress recognizes that the development of a domestic industry or industries for the production and manufacture from native agricultural crops of products other than rubber which are of strategic and industrial importance but for which the Nation is now dependent upon foreign sources, would benefit the economy, the defense, and the general well-being of the Nation, and that additional research efforts in this area should be undertaken or continued and expanded. “(c) It is therefore the policy of the United States to provide for Hydrocarbon-containing plants. the development and demonstration of economically feasible means of culturing and manufacturing Parthenium and other hydrocarbon-containing plants, along with other native agricultural crops, for the production of critical agricultural materials to benefit the Nation and promote economic development.”.

7. 1984

   Pub. L. 98–284 § 2(2) · 98 Stat. 181

   Redesignated · 7 U.S.C. § 178(d); 7 U.S.C. § 178(e)

   Pub. L. 98–284, § 2(2), redesignated subsecs. (d) and (e) as (a)(4) and (a)(5), respectively

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Subsecs. (d) and (e). Pub. L. 98–284, § 2(2), redesignated subsecs. (d) and (e) as (a)(4) and (a)(5), respectively.

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (2) by redesignating subsections (b) through (e) as paragraphs (2) through (5); and

8. 1984

   Pub. L. 98–284 § 2(4) · 98 Stat. 181

   Struck · 7 U.S.C. § 178(f)

   Pub. L. 98–284, § 2(4), struck out subsec. (f) which provided: “It is the policy of the Congress, therefore, to provide for the development and demonstration of economically feasible means of culturing and manufacturing Parthenium and other hydrocarbon-containing plants for the extraction of natural rubber and other products to benefit the Nation and promote economic development”. See subsec. (c)

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 98–284, § 2(4), struck out subsec. (f) which provided: “It is the policy of the Congress, therefore, to provide for the development and demonstration of economically feasible means of culturing and manufacturing Parthenium and other hydrocarbon-containing plants for the extraction of natural rubber and other products to benefit the Nation and promote economic development”. See subsec. (c).

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (4) by striking out subsection (f) and inserting in lieu thereof the following: “(b) In addition, Congress recognizes that the development of a domestic industry or industries for the production and manufacture from native agricultural crops of products other than rubber which are of strategic and industrial importance but for which the Nation is now dependent upon foreign sources, would benefit the economy, the defense, and the general well-being of the Nation, and that additional research efforts in this area should be undertaken or continued and expanded. “(c) It is therefore the policy of the United States to provide for Hydrocarbon-containing plants. the development and demonstration of economically feasible means of culturing and manufacturing Parthenium and other hydrocarbon-containing plants, along with other native agricultural crops, for the production of critical agricultural materials to benefit the Nation and promote economic development.”.

9 of 9 references resolved to an enrolled provision