§ 2031. Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps

Legislative history

Reconstructed from this section’s Code source credit and amendment notes, resolved against the local Statutes at Large. Editorial notes are evidence, not the law that made the change.

1. 1964

   Reserve Officers’ Training Corps Vitalization Act of 1964

   Pub. L. 88–647 title I § 101(1) · 78 Stat. 1063

   Enacted · 10 U.S.C. § 2031

   Added Pub. L. 88–647, title I, § 101(1), Oct. 13, 1964, 78 Stat. 1063

   Source evidence

   Code source credit
   Added Pub. L. 88–647, title I, § 101(1), Oct. 13, 1964, 78 Stat. 1063

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (1) Subtitle A is amended by adding the following new chapter after chapter 101: 70A Stat. 119. 10 USC 2001. “CHAPTER 102.— JUNIOR RESERVE OFFICERS’ TRAINING CORPS “Sec. “2031. Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps. “§ 2031. Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps “(a) The Secretary of each military department shall establish and maintain a Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps, organized into units, at public and private secondary educational institutions which apply for a unit and meet the standards and criteria prescribed pursuant to this section. Not more than 200 units may be established by all of the military departments each year beginning with the calendar year 1966, and the total number of units which may be established and maintained by all of the military departments under authority of this section, including those units already established on the date of enactment of this section, may not exceed 1,200. The President shall promulgate regulations prescribing the standards and criteria to be followed by the military departments in selecting the institutions at which units are to be established and maintained and shall provide for the fair and equitable distribution of such units throughout the Nation. “(b) No unit may be established or maintained at an institution unless— “(1) the unit contains at least 100 physically fit male students who are at least 14 years of age and are citizens of the United States; “(2) the institution has adequate facilities for classroom instruction, storage of arms and other equipment which may be furnished in support of the unit, and adequate drill areas at or in the immediate vicinity of the institution, as determined by the Secretary of the military department concerned; “(3) the institution provides a course of military instruction of not less than three academic years’ duration, as prescribed by the Secretary of the military department concerned; and “(4) the institution agrees to limit membership in the unit to students who maintain acceptable standards of academic achievement. and conduct, as prescribed by the Secretary of the military department concerned. “(c) The Secretary of the military department concerned shall, to support the Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps program— “(1) detail noncommissioned and commissioned officers of an armed force under his jurisdiction to institutions having units of the Corps as administrators and instructors; “(2) provide necessary text materials, equipment, and uniforms; and “(3) establish minimum acceptable standards for performance and achievement for qualified units. “(d) Instead of, or in addition to, detailing noncommissioned and commissioned officers on active duty under subsection (c)(1), the Secretary of the military department concerned may authorize qualified institutions to employ, as administrators and instructors in the program, retired noncommissioned and commissioned officers, and members of the Fleet Reserve and Fleet Marine Corps Reserve, whose qualifications are approved by the Secretary and the institution concerned and who request such employment, subject to the following: “(1) retired members so employed are entitled to receive their retired or retainer pay and an additional amount of not more than the difference between their retired pay and the active duty pay and allowances which they would receive if ordered to active duty, and one-half of that additional amount shall be paid to the institution concerned by the Secretary of the military department concerned from funds appropriated for that purpose. “(2) notwithstanding any other provision of law, such a retired member is not, while so employed, considered to be on active duty or inactive duty training for any purpose.”

2. 1966

   Pub. L. 89–718 § 16 · 80 Stat. 1113

   Changed · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(d)

   Pub. L. 89–718 capitalized first letter of first word in cls. (1) and (2)

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 89–718 capitalized first letter of first word in cls. (1) and (2).

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   Sec. 16. Section 2031 (d) of title 10, United States Code, is 78 Stat. 1063. amended— (1) by striking out “retired” at the beginning of clause (1) and inserting in place thereof “Retired”; and (2) by striking out “notwithstanding” at the beginning of clause (2) and inserting in place thereof “Notwithstanding”.

3. 1967

   Pub. L. 90–83 § 3(4) · 81 Stat. 195

   Substituted · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(c); 10 U.S.C. § 2031(d)

   Pub. L. 90–83 substituted “officers and noncommissioned officers” for “noncommissioned and commissioned officers” wherever appearing

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 90–83 substituted “officers and noncommissioned officers” for “noncommissioned and commissioned officers” wherever appearing.

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (4) In subsections (c) and (d) of section 2031, strike out the words “noncommissioned and commissioned officers” wherever they appear and insert “officers and noncommissioned officers” in place thereof.

4. 1973

   Pub. L. 93–165 · 87 Stat. 660

   Substituted · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(b)(1)

   Pub. L. 93–165 substituted “physically fit students” for “physically fit male students”

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 93–165 substituted “physically fit students” for “physically fit male students”.

5. 1976

   Department of Defense Appropriation Authorization Act, 1977

   Pub. L. 94–361 title VIII § 807 · 90 Stat. 923

   Changed · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(a)

   Pub. L. 94–361 increased total number of units authorized to be established to 1,600 from 1,200 and limited the military institutes to establishment and maintenance of only one unit

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–361 increased total number of units authorized to be established to 1,600 from 1,200 and limited the military institutes to establishment and maintenance of only one unit.

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   Sec. 807. Section 2031(a) of title 10, United States Code, is amended by striking out “1,200” in the second sentence and inserting in lieu thereof “1,600” and by striking out the period at the end and inserting in lieu thereof a comma and the following: “except that more than one such unit may be established and maintained at any military institute.”.

6. 1978

   Pub. L. 95–358 · 92 Stat. 592

   Inserted · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(b)(1)

   Pub. L. 95–358 inserted “or nationals” after “citizens”

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 95–358 inserted “or nationals” after “citizens”.

7. 1984

   Department of Defense Authorization Act, 1985

   Pub. L. 98–525 § 1405(32) · 98 Stat. 2492

   Substituted · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(a)

   Pub. L. 98–525, § 1405(32), substituted “October 13, 1964” for “the date of enactment of this section”

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–525, § 1405(32), substituted “October 13, 1964” for “the date of enactment of this section”.

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (32) Section 2031(a) is amended by striking out “the date of enactment of this section” and inserting in lieu thereof “October 13, 1964”.

8. 1984

   Department of Defense Authorization Act, 1985

   Pub. L. 98–525 § 422(1) · 98 Stat. 2492

   Substituted · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(b)(1)

   Pub. L. 98–525, § 422(1), substituted “the number of physically fit students in such unit who are at least 14 years of age and are citizens or nationals of the United States is not less than (A) 10 percent of the number of students enrolled in the institution who are at least 14 years of age, or (B) 100, whichever is less” for “the unit contains at least 100 physically fit students who are at least 14 years of age and are citizens or nationals of the United States”

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 98–525, § 422(1), substituted “the number of physically fit students in such unit who are at least 14 years of age and are citizens or nationals of the United States is not less than (A) 10 percent of the number of students enrolled in the institution who are at least 14 years of age, or (B) 100, whichever is less” for “the unit contains at least 100 physically fit students who are at least 14 years of age and are citizens or nationals of the United States”.

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (1) by striking out clause (1) and inserting in lieu thereof the following: “(1) the number of physically fit students in such unit who are at least 14 years of age and are citizens or nationals of the United States is not less than (A) 10 percent of the number of students enrolled in the institution who are at least 14 years of age, or (B) 100, whichever is less;”;

9. 1984

   Department of Defense Authorization Act, 1985

   Pub. L. 98–525 § 422(2) · 98 Stat. 2492

   Added · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(b)(5)

   Pub. L. 98–525, § 422(2)–(4), added par. (5)

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 98–525, § 422(2)–(4), added par. (5).

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (2) by striking out “and” at the end of clause (3);

10. 1987

    Defense Technical Corrections Act of 1987

    Pub. L. 100–26 § 7(i)(3) · 101 Stat. 273

    Struck · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(a)

    Pub. L. 100–26 struck out “beginning with the calendar year 1966” after “each year” in second sentence

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100–26 struck out “beginning with the calendar year 1966” after “each year” in second sentence.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (3) Section 2031(a) is amended by striking out “beginning with the calendar year 1966”.

11. 1992

    National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993

    Pub. L. 102–484 § 533(a) · 106 Stat. 2315

    1. Amended · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(a)

       Pub. L. 102–484, § 533(a), (b), designated existing provisions as par. (1)

    2. Substituted · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(a)

       Pub. L. 102–484, § 533(a), (b), substituted “3,500” for “1,600”

    3. Added · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(a)

       Pub. L. 102–484, § 533(a), (b), added par. (2)

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 102–484, § 533(a), (b), designated existing provisions as par. (1), substituted “3,500” for “1,600”, and added par. (2).

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (a) Increase in Authorized Number of Units.— Subsection (a) of section 2031 of title 10, United States Code, is amended in the second sentence by striking out “1,600” and inserting in lieu thereof “3,500”.

12. 1992

    National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993

    Pub. L. 102–484 § 533(c) · 106 Stat. 2315

    1. Substituted · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(b)(1)

       Pub. L. 102–484, § 533(c), substituted “in a grade above the 8th grade” for “at least 14 years of age” in two places

    2. Inserted · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(b)(1)

       Pub. L. 102–484, § 533(c), inserted “, or aliens lawfully admitted to the United States for permanent residence,” after “of the United States”

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 102–484, § 533(c), substituted “in a grade above the 8th grade” for “at least 14 years of age” in two places and inserted “, or aliens lawfully admitted to the United States for permanent residence,” after “of the United States”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (c) Requirements for Enrollment.— Subsection (b)(1) of such section is amended— (1) by striking out “at least 14 years of age” both places it appears and inserting in lieu thereof “in a grade above the 8th grade”; and (2) by inserting “, or aliens lawfully admitted to the United States for permanent residence,” after “of the United States”.

13. 1992

    National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993

    Pub. L. 102–484 § 533(d) · 106 Stat. 2315

    Inserted · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(c)(2)

    Pub. L. 102–484, § 533(d), inserted before semicolon “and, to the extent considered appropriate by the Secretary concerned, such additional resources (including transportation and billeting) as may be available to support activities of the program”

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 102–484, § 533(d), inserted before semicolon “and, to the extent considered appropriate by the Secretary concerned, such additional resources (including transportation and billeting) as may be available to support activities of the program”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (d) Resources Provided by Department of Defense.— Subsection (c)(2) of such section is amended by inserting before the semicolon the following: “and, to the extent considered appropriate by the Secretary concerned, such additional resources (including transportation and billeting) as may be available to support activities of the program”.

14. 1992

    National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993

    Pub. L. 102–484 § 533(e)(1) · 106 Stat. 2315

    Amended · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(d)(1)

    Pub. L. 102–484, § 533(e)(1), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) read as follows: “Retired members so employed are entitled to receive their retired or retainer pay and an additional amount of not more than the difference between their retired pay and the active duty pay and allowances which they would receive if ordered to active duty, and one-half of that additional amount shall be paid to the institution concerned by the Secretary of the military department concerned from funds appropriated for that purpose.”

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 102–484, § 533(e)(1), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) read as follows: “Retired members so employed are entitled to receive their retired or retainer pay and an additional amount of not more than the difference between their retired pay and the active duty pay and allowances which they would receive if ordered to active duty, and one-half of that additional amount shall be paid to the institution concerned by the Secretary of the military department concerned from funds appropriated for that purpose.”

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (1) Paragraph (1) of subsection (d) of such section is amended to read as follows: “(1) A retired member so employed is entitled to receive the member’s retired or retainer pay without reduction by reason of any additional amount paid to the member by the institution concerned. In the case of payment of any such additional amount by the institution concerned, the Secretary of the military department concerned shall pay to that institution the amount equal to one-half of the amount paid to the retired member by the institution for any period, up to a maximum of one-half of the difference between the member’s retired or retainer pay for that period and the active duty pay and allowances which the member would have received for that period if on active duty. Notwithstanding the limitation in the preceding sentence, the Secretary concerned may pay to the institution more than one-half of the additional amount paid to the retired member by the institution if (as determined by the Secretary) the institution is in an educationally and economically deprived area and the Secretary determines that such action is in the national interest. Payments by the Secretary concerned under this paragraph shall be made from funds appropriated for that purpose.”.

15. 1993

    Pub. L. 103–160 div. A title XI § 1182(g)(1) · 107 Stat. 1547

    Substituted · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(a)(1)

    Pub. L. 103–160 substituted “The” for “Not more than 200 units may be established by all of the military departments each year, and the” in second sentence

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 103–160 substituted “The” for “Not more than 200 units may be established by all of the military departments each year, and the” in second sentence.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (1) Section 2031(a)(1) is amended by striking out “Not more than 200 units may be established by all of the military departments each year, and the” in the second sentence and inserting in lieu thereof “The”.

16. 2001

    National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2002

    Pub. L. 107–107 div. A title V § 537 · 115 Stat. 1012

    Struck · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(a)(1)

    Pub. L. 107–107 struck out after first sentence “The total number of units which may be established and maintained by all of the military departments under authority of this section, including those units already established on October 13, 1964, may not exceed 3,500.”

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 107–107 struck out after first sentence “The total number of units which may be established and maintained by all of the military departments under authority of this section, including those units already established on October 13, 1964, may not exceed 3,500.”

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    SEC. 537. REPEAL OF LIMITATION ON NUMBER OF JUNIOR RESERVE OFFICERS’ TRAINING CORPS UNITS. Section 2031(a)(1) of title 10, United States Code, is amended by striking the second sentence.

17. 2006

    John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007

    Pub. L. 109–364 § 540(b) · 120 Stat. 2083

    Inserted · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(d)

    Pub. L. 109–364, § 540(b), inserted “who are in receipt of retired pay” after “retired officers and noncommissioned officers” in introductory provisions

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 109–364, § 540(b), inserted “who are in receipt of retired pay” after “retired officers and noncommissioned officers” in introductory provisions.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (b) Clarification of Status of Retired Members Providing Instruction.— Subsection (d) of such section is amended in the matter preceding paragraph (1) by inserting “who are in receipt of retired pay” after “retired officers and noncommissioned officers”.

18. 2006

    John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007

    Pub. L. 109–364 § 540(a) · 120 Stat. 2083

    Added · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(e)

    Pub. L. 109–364, § 540(a), added subsec. (e)

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 109–364, § 540(a), added subsec. (e).

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (a) Eligibility of “Gray-Area” Guard and Reserve Members.— Section 2031 of title 10, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following new subsection: “(e) Instead of, or in addition to, detailing officers and noncommissioned officers on active duty under subsection (c)(1) and authorizing the employment of retired officers and noncommissioned officers who are in receipt of retired pay and members of the Fleet Reserve and Fleet Marine Corps Reserve under subsection (d), the Secretary of the military department concerned may authorize qualified institutions to employ as administrators and instructors in the program officers and noncommissioned officers who are under 60 years of age and who, but for age, would be eligible for retired pay for non-regular service under section 12731 of this title and whose qualifications are approved by the Secretary and the institution concerned and who request such employment, subject to the following: “(1) The Secretary concerned shall pay to the institution an amount equal to one-half of the amount paid to the member by the institution for any period, up to a maximum of one-half of the difference between— “(A) the retired or retainer pay for an active duty officer or noncommissioned officer of the same grade and years of service for such period; and “(B) the active duty pay and allowances which the member would have received for that period if on active duty. “(2) Notwithstanding the limitation in paragraph (1), the Secretary concerned may pay to the institution more than one-half of the amount paid to the member by the institution if (as determined by the Secretary)— “(A) the institution is in an educationally and economically deprived area; and “(B) the Secretary determines that such action is in the national interest. “(3) Payments by the Secretary concerned under this subsection shall be made from funds appropriated for that purpose. “(4) Amounts may be paid under this subsection with respect to a member after the member reaches the age of 60. “(5) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a member employed by a qualified institution pursuant to an authorization under this subsection is not, while so employed, considered to be on active duty or inactive duty training for any purpose.” .

19. 2008

    National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008

    Pub. L. 110–181 div. A title VI § 635 · 122 Stat. 3

    Added · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(f)

    Pub. L. 110–181 added subsec. (f)

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 110–181 added subsec. (f).

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    SEC. 635. PAYMENT OF MOVING EXPENSES FOR JUNIOR RESERVE OFFICERS’ TRAINING CORPS INSTRUCTORS IN HARD-TO-FILL POSITIONS.   Section 2031 of title 10, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following new subsection: “(f) (1) When determined by the Secretary of the military department concerned to be in the national interest and agreed upon by the institution concerned, the institution may reimburse a Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps instructor for moving expenses incurred by the instructor to accept employment at the institution in a position that the Secretary concerned determines is hard-to-fill for geographic or economic reasons. “(2) As a condition on providing reimbursement under paragraph (1), the institution shall require the instructor to execute a written agreement to serve a minimum of two years of employment at the institution in the hard-to-fill position. “(3) Any reimbursement provided to an instructor under paragraph (1) is in addition to the minimum instructor pay otherwise payable to the instructor. “(4) The Secretary concerned shall reimburse an institution providing reimbursement to an instructor under paragraph (1) in an amount equal to the amount of the reimbursement paid by the institution under that paragraph. Any reimbursement provided by the Secretary concerned shall be provided from funds appropriated for that purpose. “(5) The provision of reimbursement under paragraph (1) or (4) shall be subject to regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Defense for purposes of this subsection.” .

20. 2019

    National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020

    Pub. L. 116–92 § 511 · 133 Stat. 1198

    Substituted · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(b)(1)

    Pub. L. 116–92, § 511, substituted “above the 7th grade and physically co-located with the 9th grade participating unit” for “above the 8th grade” in two places

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 116–92, § 511, substituted “above the 7th grade and physically co-located with the 9th grade participating unit” for “above the 8th grade” in two places.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    SEC. 511. MODIFICATION OF GRADE LEVEL THRESHOLD FOR JUNIOR RESERVE OFFICERS’ TRAINING CORPS.   Section 2031(b)(1) of title 10, United States Code, is amended by striking “above the 8th grade” each place it appears and inserting “above the 7th grade and physically co-located with the 9th grade participating unit”.

21. 2019

    National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020

    Pub. L. 116–92 § 512(a) · 133 Stat. 1198

    Inserted · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(b)(3)

    Pub. L. 116–92, § 512(a), inserted “and which may include instruction or activities in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics” after “duration”

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 116–92, § 512(a), inserted “and which may include instruction or activities in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics” after “duration”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (a) In General.— Section 2031(b)(3) of title 10, United States Code, is amended by inserting “and which may include instruction or activities in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics” after “duration”.

22. 2019

    National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020

    Pub. L. 116–92 § 513 · 133 Stat. 1198

    Added · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(g)

    Pub. L. 116–92, § 513, added subsec. (g)

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 116–92, § 513, added subsec. (g).

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    SEC. 513. INCLUSION OF HOMESCHOOLED STUDENTS IN JUNIOR RESERVE OFFICERS’ TRAINING CORPS UNITS.   Section 2031 of title 10, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following new subsection: “(g) (1) Each public secondary educational institution that maintains a unit under this section shall permit membership in the unit to homeschooled students residing in the area served by the institution who are qualified for membership in the unit (but for lack of enrollment in the institution). “(2) A student who is a member of a unit pursuant to this subsection shall count toward the satisfaction by the institution concerned of the requirement in subsection (b)(1) relating to the minimum number of student members in the unit necessary for the continuing maintenance of the unit.” .

23. 2021

    William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021

    Pub. L. 116–283 div. A title V § 512 · 134 Stat. 3388

    Inserted · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(a)(2)

    Pub. L. 116–283 inserted “(including an introduction to service opportunities in military, national, and public service)” after “service to the United States”

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 116–283 inserted “(including an introduction to service opportunities in military, national, and public service)” after “service to the United States”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    SEC. 512. EXPANSION OF JUNIOR RESERVE OFFICERS’ TRAINING CORPS PROGRAM.   Section 2031(a)(2) of title 10, United States Code, is amended by inserting after “service to the United States” the following: “(including an introduction to service opportunities in military, national, and public service)”.

24. 2022

    James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023

    Pub. L. 117–263 div. A title V § 512(a) · 136 Stat. 2395

    1. Added · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(f)(h)

       Pub. L. 117–263 added subsec. (f)

    2. Redesignated · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(f)(h)

       Pub. L. 117–263 redesignated former subsecs. (f) and (g) as (g) and (h), respectively

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsecs. (f) to (h). Pub. L. 117–263 added subsec. (f) and redesignated former subsecs. (f) and (g) as (g) and (h), respectively.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (a) In General.— Section 2031 of title 10, United States Code, is amended— (1) by redesignating subsections (f) and (g) as subsections (g) and (h), respectively; and (2) by inserting after subsection (e) the following new subsection: “(f) (1) Instead of, or in addition to, detailing officers and noncommissioned officers on active duty under subsection (c)(1) or authorizing the employment of retired officers and noncommissioned officers under subsection (d) or (e), the Secretary of the military department concerned may authorize qualified institutions to employ as administrators and instructors in the program officers or noncommissioned officers who— “(A) (i) receive honorable discharges— “(I) after completing at least eight years of service; and “(II) not longer than five years before applying for such employment; or “(ii) (I) are in an active status; and “(II) who are not yet eligible for retired pay; and “(B) apply for such employment. “(2) The Secretary of the military department concerned shall pay to the institution an amount equal to one-half of the amount to be paid to an instructor pursuant to the JROTC Instructor Pay Scale for any period. “(3) Notwithstanding the limitation in paragraph (2), the Secretary of the military department concerned may pay to the institution more than one-half of the amount paid to the member by the institution if, as determined by such Secretary— “(A) the institution is in an educationally and economically deprived area; and “(B) such action is in the national interest. “(4) Payments under this subsection shall be made from funds appropriated for that purpose. “(5) The Secretary of the military department concerned may require an officer or noncommissioned officer employed under this subsection to transfer to the Individual Ready Reserve as a condition of such employment.” .

25. 2023

    National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024

    Pub. L. 118–31 § 551(1)(B) · 137 Stat. 136

    Substituted · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(a)(1)

    Pub. L. 118–31, § 551(1)(B), which directed substitution of “maintained.” for “ ‘maintained, and shall provide’ and all that follows through the period at the end”, was executed by making the substitution for “maintained and shall provide for the fair and equitable distribution of such units throughout the Nation, except that more than one such unit may be established and maintained at any military institute.”, to reflect the probable intent of Congress

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 118–31, § 551(1)(B), which directed substitution of “maintained.” for “ ‘maintained, and shall provide’ and all that follows through the period at the end”, was executed by making the substitution for “maintained and shall provide for the fair and equitable distribution of such units throughout the Nation, except that more than one such unit may be established and maintained at any military institute.”, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (B) by striking “maintained, and shall provide” and all that follows through the period at the end and inserting “maintained.”; and

26. 2023

    National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024

    Pub. L. 118–31 § 551(1)(A) · 137 Stat. 136

    Substituted · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(a)(1)

    Pub. L. 118–31, § 551(1)(A), substituted “The Secretary of Defense shall promulgate” for “The President shall promulgate”

    Target inherited from the preceding amendment note.

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Pub. L. 118–31, § 551(1)(A), substituted “The Secretary of Defense shall promulgate” for “The President shall promulgate”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (A) by striking “The President shall promulgate” and inserting “The Secretary of Defense shall promulgate”; and

27. 2023

    National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024

    Pub. L. 118–31 § 552 · 137 Stat. 136

    1. Amended · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(b)

       Pub. L. 118–31, § 552, designated existing provisions as par. (1)

    2. Redesignated · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(b)

       Pub. L. 118–31, § 552, redesignated former pars. (1) to (5) as subpars. (A) to (E), respectively, of par. (1)

    3. Redesignated · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(b)

       Pub. L. 118–31, § 552, redesignated subpars. (A) and (B) of former par. (1) as cls. (i) and (ii) respectively, of subpar. (A), in subpar. (E)

    4. Substituted · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(b)

       Pub. L. 118–31, § 552, substituted “as the Secretary of the military department concerned prescribes in the memorandum of understanding required under paragraph (2).” for “as may be established by the Secretary of the military department concerned”

    5. Added · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(b)

       Pub. L. 118–31, § 552, added par. (2)

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 118–31, § 552, designated existing provisions as par. (1), redesignated former pars. (1) to (5) as subpars. (A) to (E), respectively, of par. (1), redesignated subpars. (A) and (B) of former par. (1) as cls. (i) and (ii) respectively, of subpar. (A), in subpar. (E), substituted “as the Secretary of the military department concerned prescribes in the memorandum of understanding required under paragraph (2).” for “as may be established by the Secretary of the military department concerned”, and added par. (2).

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    SEC. 552. REQUIREMENT FOR MEMORANDA OF UNDERSTANDING ADDRESSING CERTAIN MATTERS PERTAINING TO UNITS OF THE JUNIOR RESERVE OFFICERS’ TRAINING CORPS.   Section 2031(b) of title 10, United States Code, is amended— (1) by redesignating paragraphs (1) through (5) as subparagraphs (A) through (E); (2) by inserting “(1)” after “(b)”; (3) in subparagraph (A), as redesignated by paragraph (1)— (A) by striking “(A)” and inserting “(i)”; and (B) by striking “(B)” and inserting “(ii)”; (4) in subparagraph (E), as so redesignated, by striking “as may be established by the Secretary of the military department concerned” and inserting “as the Secretary of the military department concerned prescribes in the memorandum of understanding required under paragraph (2).”; and (5) by adding at the end the following new paragraph: “(2) The Secretary of Defense shall prescribe in regulations a memorandum of understanding to be signed by the Secretary of the military department concerned and each institution operating a unit under this section. The Processes. memorandum shall be standardized to the extent practicable and include the following elements: “(A) A requirement that an institution notify the Secretary of the military department concerned of allegations of misconduct (including sexual misconduct and harassment) against an instructor who is receiving retired or other pay, not later than 48 hours after such institution learns of such allegations. “(B) A process by which the Secretary of the military department concerned certifies an instructor, including the conduct of appropriate background checks by such Secretary and the institution concerned. “(C) A process by which the Secretary of the military department concerned shall conduct oversight of instructors certified by such Secretary, including a requirement that such certification shall expire after not more than five years. “(D) Processes by which such institution’s program will be inspected by the military department concerned prior to establishment of a new unit, or not less often than once every four years in the case of units existing as of January 1, 2024, staggered as the Secretary determines appropriate. “(E) A requirement that each institution certifies it— “(i) has created a process for students to report violations of their rights under title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (20 U.S.C. 1681 et seq.), as applicable, and title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 U.S.C. 2000d et seq.), including the rights of students to not be subject to discrimination or subject to retaliation for reporting a violation of those laws, if such laws apply to the public or private institution; “(ii) has implemented policies ensuring students and instructors are notified of those rights, as well as the process for reporting violations of those rights, including information on available mandatory reporters, if such laws apply to the institution; “(iii) has implemented annual training to inform students of methods to prevent, respond to, and report sexual assault and harassment; “(iv) agrees to report all allegations of violations described in this subparagraph to the military department concerned and, if subject to the jurisdiction of the Department of Education, the Office of Civil Rights of the Department of Education not less often than annually; “(v) has developed processes to ensure that each student enrolled in a unit under this section has done so voluntarily; and “(vi) agrees to provide the data necessary to compile the report required under subsection (i).” .

28. 2023

    National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024

    Pub. L. 118–31 § 553(a)(1) · 137 Stat. 136

    Amended · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(d)

    Pub. L. 118–31, § 553(a)(1), amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (d) authorized employment of retired officers and noncommissioned officers who are in receipt of retired pay and members of the Fleet Reserve and Fleet Marine Corps Reserve as administrators and instructors

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 118–31, § 553(a)(1), amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (d) authorized employment of retired officers and noncommissioned officers who are in receipt of retired pay and members of the Fleet Reserve and Fleet Marine Corps Reserve as administrators and instructors.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (1) by amending subsection (d) to read as follows: “(d) (1) Instead of, or in addition to, detailing officers and noncommissioned officers on active duty under subsection (c)(1), the Secretary of the military department concerned may authorize qualified institutions to employ, as administrators and instructors in the program— “(A) retired officers and noncommissioned officers whose qualifications are approved by the Secretary and the institution concerned and who request such employment; “(B) officers and noncommissioned officers who are separated with an honorable discharge within the past 5 years with at least 8 years of service and are approved by the Secretary and the institution concerned and who request such employment; or “(C) officers and noncommissioned officers who are active participating members of the selected reserve at the time of application, for purposes of section 101(d) of this title, and have not yet reached retirement eligibility and are approved by the Secretary and the institution concerned and who request such employment. “(2) Employment under this subsection shall be subject to the following conditions: “(A) The Secretary concerned shall pay to the institution an amount equal to one-half of the Department’s prescribed JROTC Standardized Instructor Pay Scale amount paid to the member by the institution for any period. “(B) The Secretary concerned may pay to the institution more than one-half of the amount paid to the member by the institution if (as determined by the Secretary)— “(i) the institution is in an educationally and economically deprived area; and “(ii) the Secretary determines that such action is in the national interest. “(C) Payments by the Secretary concerned under this subsection shall be made from funds appropriated for that purpose. “(D) The Secretary concerned may require successful applicants to transfer to the Individual Ready Reserve.” ;

29. 2023

    National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024

    Pub. L. 118–31 § 553(a)(2) · 137 Stat. 136

    1. Redesignated · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(e); 10 U.S.C. § 2031(f)

       Pub. L. 118–31, § 553(a)(2), (3), redesignated subsecs. (g) and (h) as (e) and (f), respectively

    2. Struck · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(e); 10 U.S.C. § 2031(f)

       Pub. L. 118–31, § 553(a)(2), (3), struck out former subsecs. (e) and (f) which authorized employment as administrators and instructors officers or noncommissioned officers who are under 60 years of age and who, but for age, would be eligible for retired pay for non-regular service and officers or noncommissioned officers who receive certain honorable discharges and are in active status

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 118–31, § 553(a)(2), (3), redesignated subsecs. (g) and (h) as (e) and (f), respectively, and struck out former subsecs. (e) and (f) which authorized employment as administrators and instructors officers or noncommissioned officers who are under 60 years of age and who, but for age, would be eligible for retired pay for non-regular service and officers or noncommissioned officers who receive certain honorable discharges and are in active status.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (2) by striking subsections (e) and (f); and

30. 2023

    National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024

    Pub. L. 118–31 § 554 · 137 Stat. 136

    Redesignated · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(g)

    Pub. L. 118–31, § 554, which directed the addition of subsec. (g) at the end of this section, was executed by adding subsec. (g) after subsec. (f) to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the addition of subsec. (i), relating to number of units of the Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps required to be established and supported, by section 551(2) of Pub. L. 118–31. Former subsec. (g) redesignated (e)

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 118–31, § 554, which directed the addition of subsec. (g) at the end of this section, was executed by adding subsec. (g) after subsec. (f) to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the addition of subsec. (i), relating to number of units of the Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps required to be established and supported, by section 551(2) of Pub. L. 118–31. Former subsec. (g) redesignated (e).

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    SEC. 554. PROHIBITION OF ESTABLISHMENT OR MAINTENANCE OF A UNIT OF THE JUNIOR RESERVE OFFICERS’ TRAINING CORPS AT AN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OWNED, OPERATED, OR CONTROLLED BY THE CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY.   Section 2031 of title 10, United States Code, as amended by sections 551, 552, and 553, is further amended by adding at the end the following new subsection: “(g) No unit may be established or maintained at an educational institution that is owned, operated, or controlled by a person that— “(1) is the People’s Republic of China; “(2) is a member of the Chinese Communist Party; “(3) is a member of the People’s Liberation Army; “(4) is identified by the Secretary of Defense under section 1260H(a) of the William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 (10 U.S.C. 113 note) as a Chinese military company; “(5) is included in the Non-SDN Chinese Military-Industrial Complex Companies List published by the Department of the Treasury; or “(6) is owned by or controlled by or is an agency or instrumentality of any person described in paragraphs (1) through (5).” .

31. 2023

    National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024

    Pub. L. 118–31 § 555(a) · 137 Stat. 136

    Redesignated · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(h)

    Pub. L. 118–31, § 555(a), which directed the addition of subsec. (h) at the end of this section, was executed by adding subsec. (h) after subsec. (g) to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the addition of subsec. (i), relating to number of units of the Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps required to be established and supported, by section 551(2) of Pub. L. 118–31. Former subsec. (h) redesignated (f)

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 118–31, § 555(a), which directed the addition of subsec. (h) at the end of this section, was executed by adding subsec. (h) after subsec. (g) to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the addition of subsec. (i), relating to number of units of the Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps required to be established and supported, by section 551(2) of Pub. L. 118–31. Former subsec. (h) redesignated (f).

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (a) In General.— Section 2031 of title 10, United States Code, as amended by sections 551 through 554, is further amended by adding at the end the following new subsection: “(h) (1) The Secretary of Defense may suspend or place on probation a unit of the Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps that fails to comply with the provisions of the memorandum of understanding required pursuant to subsection (b) or any other requirement of this section. “(2) A unit may be placed on probation under paragraph (1) for a period of up to three years. “(3) A unit may be suspended under paragraph (1) if, after the three-year probationary period, such unit remains out of compliance with the requirements of this section and the Secretary of the military department concerned determines that such suspension is necessary to mitigate program deficiencies or to protect the safety of program participants.” .

32. 2023

    National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024

    Pub. L. 118–31 § 556 · 137 Stat. 136

    Added · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(i)

    Pub. L. 118–31, § 556, added subsec. (i) relating to annual report on allegations of sexual misconduct, sexual harassment, and sex discrimination in Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps programs

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 118–31, § 556, added subsec. (i) relating to annual report on allegations of sexual misconduct, sexual harassment, and sex discrimination in Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps programs.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    SEC. 556. ANNUAL REPORT ON ALLEGATIONS OF SEXUAL MISCONDUCT IN JUNIOR RESERVE OFFICERS’ TRAINING CORPS PROGRAMS.   Section 2031 of title 10, United States Code, as amended by sections 551 through 555, is further amended, by adding at the end the following new subsection: “(i) (1) Not later than March 31, 2024, and annually thereafter through March 31, 2029, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and the House of Representatives a report on allegations of sexual misconduct, sexual harassment, and sex discrimination in Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps programs during the preceding year. “(2) Each report required under paragraph (1) shall set forth the following: “(A) The number of reported allegations of violations under title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (20 U.S.C. 1681 et seq.) in school-affiliated Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps programs, including— “(i) the number of such reported allegations that were investigated; “(ii) the outcome of those investigations; and “(iii) the number of such reported allegations by State, the District of Columbia, or overseas location where these reports occurred. “(B) The number of reports that the Department of Defense or armed forces have received during the reporting period involving allegations of acts of violence, including sexual abuse or harassment, by instructors against students in Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps programs, including— “(i) the offense involved; “(ii) the armed force involved; “(iii) the number of instructors and number of allegations each instructor received; “(iv) the number of reports of sexual misconduct and harassment that have been investigated; “(v) the number of reports or investigations that have led to the removal of an instructor from a Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps program; and “(vi) the number of such reported allegations by State, the District of Columbia, or overseas location where these reports occurred. “(C) Any steps the Department of Defense has taken to mitigate sexual misconduct and harassment in Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps programs during the preceding year. “(3) Each report required under paragraph (1) shall be submitted in unclassified form and may not be designated as controlled unclassified information. “(4) The Secretary shall annually report to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and the House of Representatives regarding compliance with this subsection by the Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps programs, including an up-to-date report on the Secretary’s monitoring of such compliance.” .

33. 2023

    National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024

    Pub. L. 118–31 § 551(2) · 137 Stat. 136

    Added · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(i)

    Pub. L. 118–31, § 551(2), added subsec. (i) relating to number of units of the Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps required to be established and supported

    Target inherited from the preceding amendment note.

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Pub. L. 118–31, § 551(2), added subsec. (i) relating to number of units of the Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps required to be established and supported.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (2) by adding at the end the following new subsection: “(i) (1) The Secretary of Defense shall establish and support not fewer than 3,400, and not more than 4,000, units of the Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps. “(2) The requirement under paragraph (1) shall not apply— “(A) if the Secretary fails to receive an adequate number of requests for Junior Reserve Officer’s Training Corps units by public and private secondary educational institutions; and “(B) during a time of national emergency when the Secretaries of the military departments determine that funding must be allocated elsewhere.” .

34. 2024

    Pub. L. 118–159 § 542(1) · 138 Stat. 1892

    Inserted · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(a)(1)

    Pub. L. 118–159, § 542(1), inserted “, including Job Corps centers as defined in section 147 of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (29 U.S.C. 3197),” after “secondary educational institutions”

    Unresolved: Pub. L. 118–159 was not found in the local Statutes at Large index.

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 118–159, § 542(1), inserted “, including Job Corps centers as defined in section 147 of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (29 U.S.C. 3197),” after “secondary educational institutions”.

35. 2024

    Pub. L. 118–159 § 543 · 138 Stat. 1892

    1. Substituted · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(b)(1)(A)

       Pub. L. 118–159, § 543, substituted “is—” for “is not less than (i) 10 percent of the number of students enrolled in the institution who are in a grade above the 7th grade and physically co-located with the 9th grade participating unit, or (ii) 100, whichever is less;”

    2. Added · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(b)(1)(A)

       Pub. L. 118–159, § 543, added cls. (i) and (ii)

    Unresolved: Pub. L. 118–159 was not found in the local Statutes at Large index.

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (b)(1)(A). Pub. L. 118–159, § 543, substituted “is—” for “is not less than (i) 10 percent of the number of students enrolled in the institution who are in a grade above the 7th grade and physically co-located with the 9th grade participating unit, or (ii) 100, whichever is less;” and added cls. (i) and (ii).

36. 2024

    Pub. L. 118–159 § 542(2) · 138 Stat. 1892

    Inserted · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(b)(1)(C)

    Pub. L. 118–159, § 542(2), inserted “, or is a Job Corps center as defined in section 147 of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (29 U.S.C. 3197)” after “military department concerned”

    Unresolved: Pub. L. 118–159 was not found in the local Statutes at Large index.

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (b)(1)(C). Pub. L. 118–159, § 542(2), inserted “, or is a Job Corps center as defined in section 147 of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (29 U.S.C. 3197)” after “military department concerned”.

37. 2024

    Pub. L. 118–159 § 1701(a)(25)(A)(i) · 138 Stat. 1892

    Struck · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(b)(1)(E)

    Pub. L. 118–159, § 1701(a)(25)(A)(i), struck out second period at end

    Unresolved: Pub. L. 118–159 was not found in the local Statutes at Large index.

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (b)(1)(E). Pub. L. 118–159, § 1701(a)(25)(A)(i), struck out second period at end.

38. 2024

    Pub. L. 118–159 § 1701(a)(25)(A)(ii) · 138 Stat. 1892

    Substituted · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(b)(2)(E)(vi)

    Pub. L. 118–159, § 1701(a)(25)(A)(ii), which directed substitution of “report under subsection (j)” for “report under subsection (i)”, was executed by making the substitution for “report required under subsection (i)”, to reflect the probable intent of Congress

    Unresolved: Pub. L. 118–159 was not found in the local Statutes at Large index.

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (b)(2)(E)(vi). Pub. L. 118–159, § 1701(a)(25)(A)(ii), which directed substitution of “report under subsection (j)” for “report under subsection (i)”, was executed by making the substitution for “report required under subsection (i)”, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

39. 2024

    Pub. L. 118–159 § 544 · 138 Stat. 1892

    Added · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(c)(4)

    Pub. L. 118–159, § 544, added par. (4)

    Unresolved: Pub. L. 118–159 was not found in the local Statutes at Large index.

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 118–159, § 544, added par. (4).

40. 2024

    Pub. L. 118–159 § 545(a) · 138 Stat. 1892

    Repealed · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(i)

    Pub. L. 118–159, § 545(a), which directed the substitution of “support not fewer than 3,500, and not more than 4,100, units” for “support not fewer than 3,400, and not more than 4,000, units”, was repealed by Pub. L. 119–60, § 542(c)

    Unresolved: Pub. L. 118–159 was not found in the local Statutes at Large index.

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 118–159, § 545(a), which directed the substitution of “support not fewer than 3,500, and not more than 4,100, units” for “support not fewer than 3,400, and not more than 4,000, units”, was repealed by Pub. L. 119–60, § 542(c).

41. 2024

    Pub. L. 118–159 § 1701(a)(25)(B) · 138 Stat. 1892

    Redesignated · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(j)

    Pub. L. 118–159, § 1701(a)(25)(B), redesignated second subsec. (i), relating to Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps programs, as (j)

    Unresolved: Pub. L. 118–159 was not found in the local Statutes at Large index.

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 118–159, § 1701(a)(25)(B), redesignated second subsec. (i), relating to Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps programs, as (j).

42. 2025

    Pub. L. 119–60 § 541 · 139 Stat. 872

    Added · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(d)(3)

    Pub. L. 119–60, § 541, added par. (3)

    Unresolved: Pub. L. 119–60 was not found in the local Statutes at Large index.

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 119–60, § 541, added par. (3).

    Effective date note
    Pub. L. 119–60, div. A, title V, § 542(b), Dec. 18, 2025, 139 Stat. 873, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect on October 1, 2027.”

43. 2025

    Pub. L. 119–60 § 542(c) · 139 Stat. 872

    Repealed · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(i)

    Pub. L. 119–60, § 542(c), repealed Pub. L. 118–159, § 545(a). See 2024 Amendment note below

    Unresolved: Pub. L. 119–60 was not found in the local Statutes at Large index.

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 119–60, § 542(c), repealed Pub. L. 118–159, § 545(a). See 2024 Amendment note below.

    Effective date note
    Pub. L. 119–60, div. A, title V, § 542(b), Dec. 18, 2025, 139 Stat. 873, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect on October 1, 2027.”

44. 2025

    Pub. L. 119–60 § 542(a) · 139 Stat. 872

    Substituted · 10 U.S.C. § 2031(i)

    Pub. L. 119–60, § 542(a), substituted “support not fewer than 3,600, and not more than 4,200, units” for “support not fewer than 3,400, and not more than 4,000, units”

    Unresolved: Pub. L. 119–60 was not found in the local Statutes at Large index.

    Target inherited from the preceding amendment note.

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Pub. L. 119–60, § 542(a), substituted “support not fewer than 3,600, and not more than 4,200, units” for “support not fewer than 3,400, and not more than 4,000, units”.

    Effective date note
    Pub. L. 119–60, div. A, title V, § 542(b), Dec. 18, 2025, 139 Stat. 873, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect on October 1, 2027.”

40 of 54 references resolved to an enrolled provision · 2 partial · 12 unresolved