§ 1961. Definitions

Footnotes

1. 1 So in original.
2. 2 See References in Text note below.

Legislative history

Reconstructed from this section’s Code source credit and amendment notes, resolved against the local Statutes at Large. Editorial notes are evidence, not the law that made the change.

1. 1970

   Organized Time Control Act of 1970

   Pub. L. 91–452 title IX § 901(a) · 84 Stat. 922

   Enacted · 18 U.S.C. § 1961

   Added Pub. L. 91–452, title IX, § 901(a), Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 941

   Source evidence

   Code source credit
   Added Pub. L. 91–452, title IX, § 901(a), Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 941

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (a) Title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding immediately after chapter 95 thereof the following new chapter: 62 Stat. 683. “Chapter 96.— RACKETEER INFLUENCED AND CORRUPT ORGANIZATIONS “Sec. “1961. Definitions. “1962. Prohibited racketeering activities. “1963. Criminal penalties. “1964. Civil remedies. “1965. Venue anti process. “1966. Expedition of actions. “1967. Evidence. “1968. Civil investigative demand. “§ 1961. Definitions “As used in this chapter— “(1) ‘racketeering activity’ means (A) any act or threat involving murder, kidnaping, gambling, arson, robbery, bribery, extortion, or dealing in narcotic or other dangerous drugs, which is chargeable under State law and punishable by imprisonment for more than one year; (B) any act which is indictable under any of the following provisions of title 18, United States Code: Section 201 (relating to bribery), section 224 (relating to sports bribery), 76 Stat. 1119. 78 Stat. 203. 62 Stat. 705. 80 Stat. 904. sections 471, 472, and 4m, relating to counterfeiting), section 659 (relating to theft from interstate shipment) if the act indictable under section 659 is felonious, section 664 (relating to embezzlement 76 Stat. 41. from pension and welfare funds), sections 891–894 (relating 82 Stat. 160. to extortionate credit transactions), section 1084 (relating to the 75 Stat. 491. transmission of gambling information), section 1341 (relating to 62 Stat. 763. mail fraud), section 1343 (relating to wire fraud), 70 Stat. 523. 62 Stat. 769. 81 Stat. 362. Ante, p. 936. section 1503 (relating to obstruction of justice), section 1510 (relating to obstruction of criminal investigations), section 1511 (relating to the obstruction of State or local law enforcement), section 1951 62 Stat. 793. (relating to interference with commerce, robbery, or extortion), section 1952 (relating to racketeering), section 1953 (relating to 75 Stat. 498, 492. interstate transportation of wagering paraphernalia), section 1954 (relating to unlawful welfare fund payments), section 1955 76 Stat. 42. Ante, p. 937. (relating to the prohibition of illegal gambling businesses), sections 2314 and 2315 (relating to interstate transportation of stolen 62 Stat. 806. property), sections 2421–24 (relating to white slave traffic), (C) any act which is indictable under title 29, United States Code, section 186 (dealing with restrictions on payments and loans to 61 Stat. 157; 73 Stat. 537, 535. labor organizations) or section 501 (c) (relating to embezzlement from union funds), or (D) any offense involving bankruptcy fraud, fraud in the sale of securities, or the felonious manufacture, importation, receiving, concealment, buying, selling, or otherwise dealing in narcotic or other dangerous drugs, punishable under any law of the United States; “(2) ‘State’ means any State of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, any territory or possession of the United States, any political subdivision, or any department, agency, or instrumentality thereof; “(3) ‘person’ includes any individual or entity capable of holding a legal or beneficial interest in property; ‘ “(4) ‘enterprise’ includes any individual, partnership, corporation, association, or other legal entity, and any union or group of individuals associated in fact although not a legal entity; “(5) ‘pattern of racketeering activity’ requires at least, two acts of racketeering activity, one of which occurred after the effective date of this chapter and the last of which occurred within ten years (excluding any period of imprisonment) after the commission of a prior act of racketeering activity; “(6) ‘unlawful debt’ means a debt (A) incurred or contracted in gambling activity which was in violation of the law of the United States, a State or political subdivision thereof, or which is unenforceable under State or Federal law in whole or in part as to principal or interest because of the laws relating to usury, and (B) which was incurred in connection with the business of gambling in violation of the law of the United States, a State or political subdivision thereof, or the business of lending money or a thing of value at a rate usurious under State or Federal law, where the usurious rate is at least twice the enforceable rate; “(7) ‘racketeering investigator’ means any attorney or investigator so designated by the Attorney General and charged with the duty of enforcing or carrying into effect this chapter; “(8) ‘racketeering investigation’ means any inquiry conducted by any racketeering investigator for the purpose of ascertaining whether any person has been involved in any violation of this chapter or of any final order, judgment, or decree of any court of the United States, duly entered in any case or proceeding arising under this chapter; “(9) ‘documentary material’ includes any book, paper, document, record, recording, or other material; and “(10) ‘Attorney General’ includes the Attorney General of the United States, the Deputy Attorney General of the United States, any Assistant Attorney General of the United States, or any employee of the Department of Justice or any employee of any department or agency of the United States so designated by the Attorney General to carry out the powers conferred on the Attorney General by this chapter. Any department or agency so designated may use in investigations authorized by this chapter either the investigative provisions of this chapter or the investigative power of such department or agency otherwise conferred by law. “§ 1962. Prohibited activities “(a) It shall be unlawful for any person who has received any income derived, directly or indirectly, from a pattern of racketeering activity or through collection of an unlawful debt in which such person has participated as a principal within the meaning of section 2, title 18, 65 Stat. 717. United States Code, to use or invest, directly or indirectly, any part of such income, or the proceeds of such income, in acquisition of any interest in, or the establishment or operation of, any enterprise which is engaged in, or the activities of which affect, interstate or foreign commerce, A purchase of securities on the open market for purposes of investment, and without the intention of controlling or participating in the control of the issuer, or of assisting another to do so, shall not be unlawful under this subsection if the securities of the issuer held by the purchaser, the members of his immediate family, and his or their accomplices m any pattern or racketeering activity or the collection of an unlawful debt after such purchase do not amount in the aggregate to one percent of the outstanding securities of any one class, and do not confer, either in law or in fact, the power to elect one or more directors of the issuer. “(b) It shall be unlawful for any person through a pattern of racketeering activity or through collection of an unlawful debt to acquire or maintain, directly or indirectly, any interest in or control of any enterprise which is engaged in, or the activities of which affect, interstate or foreign commerce. “(c) It shall be unlawful for any person employed by or associated with any enterprise engaged in, or the activities of which affect, interstate or foreign commerce, to conduct or participate, directly or indirectly, in the conduct of such enterprise’s affairs through a pattern of racketeering activity or collection of unlawful debt. “(d) It shall be unlawful for any person to conspire to violate any of the provisions of subsections (a), (b), or (c) of this section. “§ 1963. Criminal penalties “(a) Whoever violates any provision of section 1962 of this chapter shall be fined not more than $25,000 or imprisoned not more than, twenty years, or both, and shall forfeit to the United States (1) any interest he has acquired or maintained in violation of section 1962, and (2) any interest in, security of, claim against, or property or contractual right of any kind affording a source of influence over, any enterprise which he has established, operated, controlled, conducted, or participated in the conduct of, in violation of section 1962. “(b) In any action brought by the United States under this section, Court restraining orders. the district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction to enter such restraining orders or prohibitions, or to take such other actions, including, but not limited to, the acceptance of satisfactory performance bonds, in connection with any property or other interest subject to forfeiture under this section, as it shall deem proper. “(c) Upon conviction of a person under this section, the court shall Property, seizure and disposition. authorize the Attorney General to seize all property or other interest declared forfeited under this section upon such terms and conditions as the court shall deem proper. If a property right or other interest is not exercisable or transferable for value by the United States, it shall expire, and shall not revert to the convicted person. All provisions of law relating to the disposition of property, or the proceeds from the sale thereof, or the remission or mitigation of forfeitures for violation of the customs laws, and the compromise of claims and the award of compensation to informers in respect of such forfeitures shall apply to forfeitures incurred, or alleged to have been incurred, under the provisions of this section, insofar as applicable and not inconsistent with the provisions hereof. Such duties as are imposed upon the collector of customs or any other person with respect to the disposition of property under the customs laws shall be performed under this chapter by the Attorney General. The United States shall dispose of all such property as soon as commercially feasible, making due provision for the rights of innocent persons. “§ 1964. Civil remedies “(a) The district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction Jurisdiction. to prevent and restrain violations of section 1962 of this chapter by issuing appropriate orders, including, but not limited to: ordering any person to divest himself of any interest, direct or indirect, in any enterprise; imposing reasonable restrictions on the future activities or investments of any person, including, but not limited to, prohibiting any person from engaging in the same type of endeavor as the enterprise engaged in, the activities of which affect interstate or foreign commerce; or ordering dissolution or reorganization of any enterprise, making due provision for the rights of innocent persons. “(b) The Attorney General may institute proceedings under this section. In any action brought by the United States under this section, the court shall proceed as soon as practicable to the hearing and determination thereof. Pending final determination thereof, the court may at any time enter such restraining orders or prohibitions, or take such other actions, including the acceptance of satisfactory performance bonds, as it shall deem proper. “(c) Any person injured in his business or properly by reason of a violation of section 1962 of this chapter may sue therefor in any appropriate United States district court and shall recover threefold the damages he sustains and the cost of the suit, including a reasonable attorney’s fee. “(d) A final judgment or decree rendered in favor of the United States in any criminal proceeding brought by the United States under this chapter shall estop the defendant from denying the essential allegations of the criminal offense in any subsequent civil proceeding brought by the United States. “§ 1965. Venue and process “(a) Any civil action or proceeding under this chapter against any person may be instituted in the district court of the United States for any district in which such person resides, is found, has an agent, or transacts his affairs. “(b) In any action under section 1964 of this chapter in any district court of the United States in which it is shown that the ends of justice require that other parties residing in any other district be brought before the court, the court may cause such parties to be summoned, and process for that purpose may be served in any judicial district of the United States by the marshal thereof. “(c) In any civil or criminal action or proceeding instituted by the United States under this chapter in the district court of the United States for any judicial district, subpenas issued by such court to compel the attendance of witnesses may be served in any other judicial district, except that in any civil action or proceeding no such subpena shall be issued for service upon any individual who resides in another district at a place more than one hundred miles from the place at which such court is held without approval given by a judge of such court upon a showing of good cause. “(d) All other process in any action or proceeding under this chapter may be served on any person in any judicial district in which such person resides, is found, has an agent, or transacts his affairs. “§ 1966. Expedition of actions “In any civil action instituted under this chapter by the United States in any district court of the United States, the Attorney General may file with the clerk of such court a certificate stating that in his opinion the case is of general public importance. A copy of that certificate shall be furnished immediately by such clerk to the chief judge or in his absence to the presiding district judge of the district in which such action is pending. Upon receipt of such copy, such judge shall designate immediately a judge of that district to hear and determine action. The judge so designated shall assign such action for hearing as soon as practicable, participate in the hearings and determination thereof, and cause such action to be expedited in every way. “§ 1967. Evidence “In any proceeding ancillary to or in any civil action instituted by the United States under this chapter the proceedings may be open or closed to the public at the discretion of the court after consideration of the rights of affected persons. “§ 1968. Civil investigative demand “(a) Whenever the Attorney General has reason to believe that any person or enterprise may be in possession, custody, or control of any documentary materials relevant to a racketeering investigation, he may, prior to the institution of a civil or criminal proceeding thereon, issue in writing, and cause to be served upon such person, a civil investigative demand requiring such person to produce such material for examination. “(b) Each such demand shall— “(1) state the nature of the conduct constituting the alleged racketeering violation which is under investigation and the provision of law applicable thereto; “(2) describe the class or classes of documentary material produced thereunder with such definiteness and certainty as to permit such material to be fairly identified; “(3) state that the demand is returnable forthwith or prescribe a return date which will provide a reasonable period of time within which the material so demanded may be assembled and made available for inspection and copying or reproduction; and “(4) identify the custodian to whom such material shall be made available. “(c) No such demand shall— “(1) contain any requirement which would be held to be unreasonable if contained in a subpena duces tecum issued by a court of the United States in aid of a grand jury investigation of such alleged racketeering violation; or “(2) require the production of any documentary evidence which would be privileged from disclosure if demanded by a subpena duces tecum issued by a court of the United States in aid of a grand jury investigation of such alleged racketeering violation. “(d) Service of any such demand or any petition filed under this section may be made upon a person by— “(1) delivering a duly executed copy thereof to any partner, executive officer, managing agent, or general agent thereof, or to any agent thereof authorized by appointment or by law to receive service of process on behalf of such person, or upon any individual person; “(2) delivering a duly executed copy thereof to the principal office or place of business of the person to be served; or “(3) depositing such copy in the United States mail, by registered or certified mail duly addressed to such person at its principal office or place of business. “(e) A verified return by the individual serving any such demand or petition setting forth the manner of such service shall be prima facie proof of such service. In the case of service by registered or certified mail, such return shall be accompanied by the return post office receipt of delivery of such demand. “(f) (1) The Attorney General shall designate a racketeering investigator to serve as racketeer document custodian, and such additional racketeering investigators as he shall determine from time to time to be necessary to serve as deputies to such officer. “(2) Any person upon whom any demand issued under this section has been duly served shall make such material available for inspection and copying or reproduction to the custodian designated therein at the principal place of business of such person, or at such other place as such custodian and such person thereafter may agree and prescribe in writing or as the court may direct, pursuant to this section on the return date specified in such demand, or on such later date as such custodian may prescribe in writing. Such person may upon written agreement between such person and the custodian substitute for copies of all or any part of such material originals thereof. “(3) The custodian to whom any documentary material is so delivered shall take physical possession thereof, and shall be responsible for the use made thereof and for the return thereof pursuant to this chapter. The custodian may cause the preparation of such copies of such documentary material as may be required for official use under regulations which shall be promulgated by the Attorney General. While in the possession of the custodian, no material so produced shall be available for examination, without the consent of the person who produced such material, by any individual other than the Attorney General Under such reasonable terms and conditions as the Attorney General shall prescribe, documentary material while in the possession of the custodian shall be available for examination by the person who produced such material or any duly authorized representatives of such person. “(4) Whenever any attorney has been designated to appear on behalf of the United States before any court or grand jury in any case or proceeding involving any alleged violation of this chapter, the custodian may deliver to such attorney such documentary material in the possession of the custodian as such attorney determines to be required for use in the presentation of such case or proceeding on behalf of the United States. Upon the conclusion of any such case or proceeding, such attorney shall return to the custodian any documentary material so withdrawn which has not passed into the control of such court, or grand jury through the introduction thereof into the record of such case or proceeding. “(5) Upon the completion of— “(i) the racketeering investigation for which any documentary material was produced under this chapter, and “(ii) any case or proceeding arising from such investigation, the custodian shall return to the person who produced such material all such material other than copies thereof made by the Attorney General pursuant to this subsection which has not passed into the control of any court or grand jury through the introduction thereof into the record of such case or proceeding. “(6) When any documentary material has been produced by any person under this section for use in any racketeering investigation, and no such case or proceeding arising therefrom has been instituted within a reasonable time after completion of the examination and analysis of all evidence assembled in the course of such investigation such person shall be entitled, upon written demand made upon the Attorney General, to the return of all documentary material other than copies thereof made pursuant to this subsection so produced by such person. “(7) In the event of the death, disability, or separation from service of the custodian of any documentary material produced under any demand issued under this section or the official relief of such custodian from responsibility for the custody and control of such material, the Attorney General shall promptly— “(i) designate another racketeering investigator to serve as custodian thereof, and “(ii) transmit notice in writing to the person who produced such material as to the identity and address of the successor so designated. Any successor so designated shall have with regard to such materials all duties and responsibilities imposed by this section upon his predecessor in office with regard thereto, except that he shall not be held responsible for any default or dereliction which occurred before his designation as custodian. “(g) Whenever any person fails to comply with any civil investigative demand duly served upon him under this section or whenever satisfactory copying or reproduction of any such material cannot be done and such person refuses to surrender such material, the Attorney General may file, in the district court of the United States for any judicial district in which such person resides, is found, or transacts business, and serve upon such person a petition for an order of such court for the enforcement of this section, except that if such person transacts business in more than one such district such petition shall be filed in the district in which such person maintains his principal place of business, or in such other district in which such person transacts business as may be agreed upon by the parties to such petition. “(h) Within twenty days after the service of any such demand upon any person, or at any time before the return date specified in the demand, whichever period is shorter, such person may file, in the district court of the United States for the judicial district within which such person resides, is found, or transacts business, and serve upon such custodian a petition for an order of such court modifying or setting aside such demand. The time allowed for compliance with the demand in whole or in part as deemed proper and ordered by the court shall not run during the pendency of such petition in the court. Such petition shall specify each ground upon which the petitioner relies in seeking such relief, and may be based upon any failure of such demand to comply with the provisions of this section or upon any constitutional or other legal right or privilege of such person. “(i) At any time during which any custodian is in custody or control of any documentary material delivered by any person in compliance with any such demand, such person may file, in the district court of the United States for the judicial district within which the office of such custodian is situated, and serve upon such custodian a petition for an order of such court, requiring the performance by such custodian of any duty imposed upon him by this section. “(j) Whenever any petition is filed in any district court of the United States under this section, such court shall have jurisdiction to hear and determine the matter so presented, and to enter such order or orders as may be required to carry into effect the provisions of this section.”

2. 1978

   Pub. L. 95–575 § 3(c) · 92 Stat. 2463

   Inserted · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(B)

   Pub. L. 95–575 inserted “sections 2341–2346 (relating to trafficking in contraband cigarettes),”

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Par. (1)(B). Pub. L. 95–575 inserted “sections 2341–2346 (relating to trafficking in contraband cigarettes),”.

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (c) Section 1961(1)(B) of title 18, United States Code, is amended by inserting after “sections 2314 and 2315 (relating to interstate trans-portation of stolen property),” the following: “sections 2341–2346 (relating to trafficking in contraband cigarettes),”.

3. 1978

   Pub. L. 95–598 title III § 314(g) · 92 Stat. 2549

   Substituted · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(D)

   Pub. L. 95–598 substituted “fraud connected with a case under title 11” for “bankruptcy fraud”

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Par. (1)(D). Pub. L. 95–598 substituted “fraud connected with a case under title 11” for “bankruptcy fraud”.

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (g) Section 1961(1)(D) of title 18 of the United States Code is amended by striking out “bankruptcy fraud” and inserting “fraud connected with a case under title 11” in lieu thereof.

4. 1984

   Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984

   Pub. L. 98–473 § 1020(1) · 98 Stat. 1837

   Inserted · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(A)

   Pub. L. 98–473, § 1020(1), inserted “dealing in obscene matter,” after “extortion,”

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Par. (1)(A). Pub. L. 98–473, § 1020(1), inserted “dealing in obscene matter,” after “extortion,”.

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (1) in clause (A) by inserting after “extortion,” the following: “dealing in obscene matter,”; and

5. 1984

   Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984

   Pub. L. 98–473 § 1020(2) · 98 Stat. 1837

   Inserted · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(B)

   Pub. L. 98–473, § 1020(2), inserted “sections 1461–1465 (relating to obscene matter),”

   Target inherited from the preceding amendment note.

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Pub. L. 98–473, § 1020(2), inserted “sections 1461–1465 (relating to obscene matter),”.

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (2) in clause (B) by inserting after “section 1343 (relating to wire fraud),” the following: “sections 1461–1465 (relating to obscene matter),”.

6. 1984

   Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984

   Pub. L. 98–473 § 901(g) · 98 Stat. 1837

   Added · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(E)

   Pub. L. 98–473, § 901(g), added cl. (E)

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Par. (1)(E). Pub. L. 98–473, § 901(g), added cl. (E).

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (g) Section 1961(1) of title 18, United States Code, is amended— (1) by striking out “or” after “(relating to embezzlement from union funds),”; and (2) by inserting before the semicolon at the end thereof the following: “, or (E) any act which is indictable under the Currency 31 USC 321, 5311–5314, 5316–5322. Crimes and misdemeanors. Penalties. and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act”.

7. 1984

   Motor Vehicle Theft Law Enforcement Act of 1984

   Pub. L. 98–547 title II § 205 · 98 Stat. 2754

   Inserted · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(B)

   Pub. L. 98–547 inserted “sections 2312 and 2313 (relating to interstate transportation of stolen motor vehicles),” and “section 2320 (relating to trafficking in certain motor vehicles or motor vehicle parts),”

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Par. (1)(B). Pub. L. 98–547 inserted “sections 2312 and 2313 (relating to interstate transportation of stolen motor vehicles),” and “section 2320 (relating to trafficking in certain motor vehicles or motor vehicle parts),”.

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   Sec. 205. definition of racketeering activity Section 1961(1) of title 18, United States Code, is amended— (1) by inserting “sections 2312 and 2313 (relating to interstate transportation of stolen motor vehicles),” after “section 1955 (relating to the prohibition of illegal gambling businesses),”; and (2) by inserting “section 2320 (relating to trafficking in certain motor vehicles or motor vehicle parts),” after “sections 2314 and 2315 (relating to interstate transportation of stolen property),”.

8. 1986

   Money Laundering Control Act of 1986

   Pub. L. 99–570 title I § 1365(b) · 100 Stat. 3207

   Inserted · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(B)

   Pub. L. 99–570 inserted “section 1956 (relating to the laundering of monetary instruments), section 1957 (relating to engaging in monetary transactions in property derived from specified unlawful activity),”

   Target inherited from the preceding amendment note.

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Pub. L. 99–570 inserted “section 1956 (relating to the laundering of monetary instruments), section 1957 (relating to engaging in monetary transactions in property derived from specified unlawful activity),”.

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (b) Subsection (1) of section 1961 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by inserting “section 1956 (relating to the laundering of monetary instruments), section 1957 (relating to engaging in monetary transactions in property derived from specified unlawful activity),” after “section 1955 (relating to the prohibition of illegal gambling businesses),”.

9. 1986

   Criminal Law and Procedure Technical Amendments Act of 1986

   Pub. L. 99–646 § 50(a) · 100 Stat. 3592

   1. Amended · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(B)

      Pub. L. 99–646, as amended by Pub. L. 100–690, § 7013

   2. Inserted · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(B)

      Pub. L. 99–646, as inserted “section 1512 (relating to tampering with a witness, victim, or an informant), section 1513 (relating to retaliating against a witness, victim, or an informant),” after “section 1511 (relating to the obstruction of State or local law enforcement),”

   Source evidence

   Code amendment note
   Par. (1)(B). Pub. L. 99–646, as amended by Pub. L. 100–690, § 7013, inserted “section 1512 (relating to tampering with a witness, victim, or an informant), section 1513 (relating to retaliating against a witness, victim, or an informant),” after “section 1511 (relating to the obstruction of State or local law enforcement),”.

   Enacted provision · exact public law section
   (a) New Predicate Offenses.— Section 1961(a) of title 18, United State and local governments. States Code, is amended by inserting “section 1512 (relating to tampering with a witness, victim, or an informant), section 1513 (relating to retaliating against a witness, victim, or an informant),” after “section 1511 (relating to the obstruction of State or local law enforcement),”.

10. 1988

    Child Protection and Obscenity Enforcement Act of 1988

    Pub. L. 100–690 § 7514 · 102 Stat. 4181

    Inserted · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(B)

    Pub. L. 100–690, § 7514, inserted “sections 2251 through 2252 (relating to sexual exploitation of children),”

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Par. (1)(B). Pub. L. 100–690, § 7514, inserted “sections 2251 through 2252 (relating to sexual exploitation of children),”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    SEC. 7514. R.I.C.O. AMENDMENT. Subsection 1961(1)(B) of title 18, United States Code, is amended by inserting after “section 1957 (relating to engaging in monetary transactions in property derived from specified unlawful activity)” the following: “sections 2251 through 2252 (relating to sexual exploitation of children),”.

11. 1988

    Minor and Technical Criminal Law Amendments Act of 1988

    Pub. L. 100–690 § 7054 · 102 Stat. 4181

    Inserted · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(B)

    Pub. L. 100–690, § 7054, inserted “, section 1029 (relative to fraud and related activity in connection with access devices)” and “, section 1958 (relating to use of interstate commerce facilities in the commission of murder-for-hire), sections 2251–2252 (relating to sexual exploitation of children)”

    Target inherited from the preceding amendment note.

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Pub. L. 100–690, § 7054, inserted “, section 1029 (relative to fraud and related activity in connection with access devices)” and “, section 1958 (relating to use of interstate commerce facilities in the commission of murder-for-hire), sections 2251–2252 (relating to sexual exploitation of children)”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    SEC. 7054. ADDITION OF RICO PREDICATE. Section 1961(1)(B) of title 18, United States Code, is amended— (1) by inserting after “section 1957 (relating to engaging in monetary transactions in property derived from specified unlawful activity)” the following: “, section 1958 (relating to use of interstate commerce facilities in the commission of murder-for-hire), sections 2251–2252 (relating to sexual exploitation of children)”; and (2) by inserting after “sections 891–894 (relating to extortionate credit transactions)” the following: “, section 1029 (relative to fraud and related activity in connection with access devices)”.

12. 1988

    Minor and Technical Criminal Law Amendments Act of 1988

    Pub. L. 100–690 § 7032 · 102 Stat. 4181

    Substituted · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(B)

    Pub. L. 100–690, § 7032, substituted “section 2321” for “section 2320”

    Target inherited from the preceding amendment note.

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Pub. L. 100–690, § 7032, substituted “section 2321” for “section 2320”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    SEC. 7032. CROSS REFERENCE CORRECTION AND ADDITIONS. Section 1961(1) of title 18, United States Code, is amended by striking “section 2320” and inserting “section 2321”.

13. 1988

    Minor and Technical Criminal Law Amendments Act of 1988

    Pub. L. 100–690 § 7013 · 102 Stat. 4181

    Changed · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(B)

    Pub. L. 100–690, § 7013, made technical amendment to directory language of Pub. L. 99–646. See 1986 Amendment note below

    Target inherited from the preceding amendment note.

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Pub. L. 100–690, § 7013, made technical amendment to directory language of Pub. L. 99–646. See 1986 Amendment note below.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    SEC. 7013. CORRECTION OF ERRONEOUS REFERENCE. Section 50(a) of the Criminal Law and Procedure Technical Amendments Act of 1986 is amended by striking “1961(a)” and 18 USC 1961. inserting “1961(l)”.

14. 1988

    Minor and Technical Criminal Law Amendments Act of 1988

    Pub. L. 100–690 § 7020(c) · 102 Stat. 4181

    Inserted · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(10)

    Pub. L. 100–690, § 7020(c), inserted “the Associate Attorney General of the United States,” after “Deputy Attorney General of the United States,”

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Par. (10). Pub. L. 100–690, § 7020(c), inserted “the Associate Attorney General of the United States,” after “Deputy Attorney General of the United States,”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (c) Definition of “Attorney General” for Purposes of Certain Racketeering Proceedings.— Section 1961(10) of title 18, United States Code, is amended by inserting “the Associate Attorney General of the United States,” after “Deputy Attorney General of the United States,”.

15. 1989

    Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989

    Pub. L. 101–73 title IX § 968 · 103 Stat. 183

    Inserted · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)

    Pub. L. 101–73 inserted “section 1344 (relating to financial institution fraud),” after “section 1343 (relating to wire fraud),”

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Par. (1). Pub. L. 101–73 inserted “section 1344 (relating to financial institution fraud),” after “section 1343 (relating to wire fraud),”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    SEC. 968. RACKETEER INFLUENCED AND CORRUPT ORGANIZATIONS. Section 1961(1) of title 18, United States Code, is amended by inserting “section 1344 (relating to financial institution fraud)”, after “(relating to wire fraud),”.

16. 1990

    Crime Control Act of 1990

    Pub. L. 101–647 title XXXV § 3560 · 104 Stat. 4789

    1. Substituted · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(B)

       Pub. L. 101–647 substituted “section 1029 (relating to” for “section 1029 (relative to”

    2. Struck · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(B)

       Pub. L. 101–647 struck out “sections 2251 through 2252 (relating to sexual exploitation of children),” before “, section 1958”

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Par. (1)(B). Pub. L. 101–647 substituted “section 1029 (relating to” for “section 1029 (relative to” and struck out “sections 2251 through 2252 (relating to sexual exploitation of children),” before “, section 1958”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    SEC. 3560. CORRECTION TO SECTION 1961. Section 1961(1) of title 18, United States Code, is amended— (1) by striking “section 1029 (relative” and inserting “section 1029 (relating”; and (2) by striking “sections 2251 through 2252 (relating to sexual exploitation of children),”.

17. 1994

    Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994

    Pub. L. 103–322 § 330021(1) · 108 Stat. 1796

    Substituted · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(A)

    Pub. L. 103–322, § 330021(1), substituted “kidnapping” for “kidnaping”

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Par. (1)(A). Pub. L. 103–322, § 330021(1), substituted “kidnapping” for “kidnaping”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (1) by striking “kidnaping” each place it appears and inserting “kidnapping”; and

18. 1994

    Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994

    Pub. L. 103–322 § 90104 · 108 Stat. 1796

    Substituted · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(A)

    Pub. L. 103–322, § 90104, substituted “a controlled substance or listed chemical (as defined in section 102 of the Controlled Substances Act)” for “narcotic or other dangerous drugs”

    Target inherited from the preceding amendment note.

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Pub. L. 103–322, § 90104, substituted “a controlled substance or listed chemical (as defined in section 102 of the Controlled Substances Act)” for “narcotic or other dangerous drugs”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    SEC. 90104. CLARIFICATION OF NARCOTIC OR OTHER DANGEROUS DRUGS UNDER RICO. Section 1961(1) of title 18, United States Code, is amended by striking “narcotic or other dangerous drugs” each place it appears and inserting “a controlled substance or listed chemical (as defined in section 102 of the Controlled Substances Act)”.

19. 1994

    Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994

    Pub. L. 103–322 § 160001(f) · 108 Stat. 1796

    1. Amended · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(B)

       Pub. L. 103–322, § 160001(f), as amended by Pub. L. 104–294, § 604(b)(6)

    2. Substituted · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(B)

       Pub. L. 103–322, § 160001(f), as substituted “2251, 2251A, 2252, and 2258” for “2251–2252”

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Par. (1)(B). Pub. L. 103–322, § 160001(f), as amended by Pub. L. 104–294, § 604(b)(6), substituted “2251, 2251A, 2252, and 2258” for “2251–2252”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (f) RICO Amendment.— Section 1961(1) of title 18, United States Code, is amended by striking “2251–2252” and inserting “2251, 2251A, 2252, and 2258”.

20. 1994

    Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994

    Pub. L. 103–322 § 90104 · 108 Stat. 1796

    Substituted · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(D)

    Pub. L. 103–322, § 90104, substituted “a controlled substance or listed chemical (as defined in section 102 of the Controlled Substances Act)” for “narcotic or other dangerous drugs”

    Target inherited from the preceding amendment note.

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Pub. L. 103–322, § 90104, substituted “a controlled substance or listed chemical (as defined in section 102 of the Controlled Substances Act)” for “narcotic or other dangerous drugs”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    SEC. 90104. CLARIFICATION OF NARCOTIC OR OTHER DANGEROUS DRUGS UNDER RICO. Section 1961(1) of title 18, United States Code, is amended by striking “narcotic or other dangerous drugs” each place it appears and inserting “a controlled substance or listed chemical (as defined in section 102 of the Controlled Substances Act)”.

21. 1994

    Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1994

    Pub. L. 103–394 title III § 312(b) · 108 Stat. 4106

    Inserted · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(D)

    Pub. L. 103–394 inserted “(except a case under section 157 of that title)” after “title 11”

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Par. (1)(D). Pub. L. 103–394 inserted “(except a case under section 157 of that title)” after “title 11”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (b) Rico.— Section 1961(1)(D) of title 18, United States Code, is amended by inserting “(except a case under section 157 of that title)” after “title 11”.

22. 1996

    Pub. L. 104–132 § 433(1) · 110 Stat. 1214

    Inserted · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(B)

    Pub. L. 104–132, § 433(1), (2), inserted “section 1028 (relating to fraud and related activity in connection with identification documents) if the act indictable under section 1028 was committed for the purpose of financial gain,” before “section 1029” and “section 1542 (relating to false statement in application and use of passport) if the act indictable under section 1542 was committed for the purpose of financial gain, section 1543 (relating to forgery or false use of passport) if the act indictable under section 1543 was committed for the purpose of financial gain, section 1544 (relating to misuse of passport) if the act indictable under section 1544 was committed for the purpose of financial gain, section 1546 (relating to fraud and misuse of visas, permits, and other documents) if the act indictable under section 1546 was committed for the purpose of financial gain, sections 1581–1588 (relating to peonage and slavery),” after “section 1513 (relating to retaliating against a witness, victim, or an informant),”

    Target inherited from the preceding amendment note.

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Pub. L. 104–132, § 433(1), (2), inserted “section 1028 (relating to fraud and related activity in connection with identification documents) if the act indictable under section 1028 was committed for the purpose of financial gain,” before “section 1029” and “section 1542 (relating to false statement in application and use of passport) if the act indictable under section 1542 was committed for the purpose of financial gain, section 1543 (relating to forgery or false use of passport) if the act indictable under section 1543 was committed for the purpose of financial gain, section 1544 (relating to misuse of passport) if the act indictable under section 1544 was committed for the purpose of financial gain, section 1546 (relating to fraud and misuse of visas, permits, and other documents) if the act indictable under section 1546 was committed for the purpose of financial gain, sections 1581–1588 (relating to peonage and slavery),” after “section 1513 (relating to retaliating against a witness, victim, or an informant),”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (1) by inserting “section 1028 (relating to fraud and related activity in connection with identification documents) if the act indictable under section 1028 was committed for the purpose of financial gain,” before “section 1029”;

23. 1996

    Pub. L. 104–132 § 433(3) · 110 Stat. 1214

    Changed · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(F)

    Pub. L. 104–132, § 433(3), (4), which directed addition of cl. (F) before period at end, was executed by making the addition before the semicolon at end to reflect the probable intent of Congress

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Par. (1)(F). Pub. L. 104–132, § 433(3), (4), which directed addition of cl. (F) before period at end, was executed by making the addition before the semicolon at end to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (3) by striking “or” before “(E)”; and

24. 1996

    Pub. L. 104–153 § 3 · 110 Stat. 1386

    Inserted · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(B)

    Pub. L. 104–153 inserted “, section 2318 (relating to trafficking in counterfeit labels for phonorecords, computer programs or computer program documentation or packaging and copies of motion pictures or other audiovisual works), section 2319 (relating to criminal infringement of a copyright), section 2319A (relating to unauthorized fixation of and trafficking in sound recordings and music videos of live musical performances), section 2320 (relating to trafficking in goods or services bearing counterfeit marks)” after “sections 2314 and 2315 (relating to interstate transportation of stolen property)”

    Target inherited from the preceding amendment note.

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Pub. L. 104–153 inserted “, section 2318 (relating to trafficking in counterfeit labels for phonorecords, computer programs or computer program documentation or packaging and copies of motion pictures or other audiovisual works), section 2319 (relating to criminal infringement of a copyright), section 2319A (relating to unauthorized fixation of and trafficking in sound recordings and music videos of live musical performances), section 2320 (relating to trafficking in goods or services bearing counterfeit marks)” after “sections 2314 and 2315 (relating to interstate transportation of stolen property)”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    SEC. 3. COUNTERFEITING AS RACKETEERING. Section 1961(1)(B) of title 18, United States Code, is amended by inserting “, section 2318 (relating to trafficking in counterfeit labels for phonorecords, computer programs or computer program documentation or packaging and copies of motion pictures or other audiovisual works), section 2319 (relating to criminal infringement of a copyright), section 2319A (relating to unauthorized fixation of and trafficking in sound recordings and music videos of live musical performances), section 2320 (relating to trafficking in goods or services bearing counterfeit marks)” after “sections 2314 and 2315 (relating to interstate transportation of stolen property)”.

25. 1996

    Department of Commerce and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1997

    Pub. L. 104–208 div. C title II § 202 · 110 Stat. 3009

    1. Struck · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(B)

       Pub. L. 104–208 struck out “if the act indictable under section 1028 was committed for the purpose of financial gain” before “, section 1029”

    2. Inserted · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(B)

       Pub. L. 104–208 inserted “section 1425 (relating to the procurement of citizenship or nationalization unlawfully), section 1426 (relating to the reproduction of naturalization or citizenship papers), section 1427 (relating to the sale of naturalization or citizenship papers),” after “section 1344 (relating to financial institution fraud),”

    3. Struck · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(B)

       Pub. L. 104–208 struck out “if the act indictable under section 1542 was committed for the purpose of financial gain” before “, section 1543”, “if the act indictable under section 1543 was committed for the purpose of financial gain” before “, section 1544”, “if the act indictable under section 1544 was committed for the purpose of financial gain” before “, section 1546”, and “if the act indictable under section 1546 was committed for the purpose of financial gain” before “, sections 1581–1588”

    Target inherited from the preceding amendment note.

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Pub. L. 104–208 struck out “if the act indictable under section 1028 was committed for the purpose of financial gain” before “, section 1029”, inserted “section 1425 (relating to the procurement of citizenship or nationalization unlawfully), section 1426 (relating to the reproduction of naturalization or citizenship papers), section 1427 (relating to the sale of naturalization or citizenship papers),” after “section 1344 (relating to financial institution fraud),”, struck out “if the act indictable under section 1542 was committed for the purpose of financial gain” before “, section 1543”, “if the act indictable under section 1543 was committed for the purpose of financial gain” before “, section 1544”, “if the act indictable under section 1544 was committed for the purpose of financial gain” before “, section 1546”, and “if the act indictable under section 1546 was committed for the purpose of financial gain” before “, sections 1581–1588”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    Sec. 202. During the current fiscal year, appropriations made available to the Department of Commerce by this Act for salaries and expenses shall be available for hire of passenger motor vehicles as authorized by 31 U.S.C. 1343 and 1344; services as authorized by 5 U.S.C. 3109; and uniforms or allowances therefor, as authorized by law (5 U.S.C. 5901–5902).

26. 1996

    Economic Espionage Act of 1996

    Pub. L. 104–294 § 604(b)(6) · 110 Stat. 3488

    Amended · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(B)

    Pub. L. 104–294, § 604(b)(6), amended directory language of Pub. L. 103–322, § 160001(f). See 1994 Amendment note below

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Par. (1)(B). Pub. L. 104–294, § 604(b)(6), amended directory language of Pub. L. 103–322, § 160001(f). See 1994 Amendment note below.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (6) Section 160001(f) of Public Law 103–322 is amended by striking “1961(1)” and inserting “1961(1)”.

27. 1996

    Economic Espionage Act of 1996

    Pub. L. 104–294 § 601(i)(3) · 110 Stat. 3488

    Substituted · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(B)

    Pub. L. 104–294, § 601(i)(3), substituted “2260” for “2258”

    Target inherited from the preceding amendment note.

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Pub. L. 104–294, § 601(i)(3), substituted “2260” for “2258”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (3) Conforming amendment to cross-reference.— Section 1961(1XB) of title 18, United States Code, is amended by striking “2258” and inserting “2260”.

28. 1996

    Economic Espionage Act of 1996

    Pub. L. 104–294 § 601(b)(3) · 110 Stat. 3488

    Substituted · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(D)

    Pub. L. 104–294, § 601(b)(3), substituted “section 157 of this title” for “section 157 of that title”

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Par. (1)(D). Pub. L. 104–294, § 601(b)(3), substituted “section 157 of this title” for “section 157 of that title”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (3) Section 1961(1)(D) of title 18, United States Code, is amended by striking “that title” and inserting “this title”.

29. 2001

    Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001

    Pub. L. 107–56 title VIII § 813 · 115 Stat. 272

    Amended · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(G)

    Pub. L. 107–56, as amended by Pub. L. 107–273, which directed addition of cl. (G) before period at end, was executed by making the addition before the semicolon at end to reflect the probable intent of Congress

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Par. (1)(G). Pub. L. 107–56, as amended by Pub. L. 107–273, which directed addition of cl. (G) before period at end, was executed by making the addition before the semicolon at end to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    SEC. 813. INCLUSION OF ACTS OF TERRORISM AS RACKETEERING ACTIVITY. Section 1961(1) of title 18, United States Code, is amended— (1) by striking “or (F)” and inserting “(F)”; and (2) by inserting before the semicolon at the end the following: “, or (G) any act that is indictable under any provision listed in section 2332b(g)(5)(B)”.

30. 2002

    Criminal Law Technical Amendments Act of 2002

    Pub. L. 107–273 div. B title IV § 4005(f)(1) · 116 Stat. 1758

    Changed · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(G)

    Pub. L. 107–273 made technical amendment to directory language of Pub. L. 107–56. See 2001 Amendment note below

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Par. (1)(G). Pub. L. 107–273 made technical amendment to directory language of Pub. L. 107–56. See 2001 Amendment note below.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (1) Effective on the date of its enactment, section 813(2) of Public Law 107-56 is amended by striking “semicolon” and inserting “period”.

    Effective date note
    Pub. L. 107–273, div. B, title IV, § 4005(f)(1), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1813, provided that the amendment made by section 4005(f)(1) is effective Oct. 26, 2001.

31. 2003

    Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2003

    Pub. L. 108–193 § 5(b) · 117 Stat. 2875

    Substituted · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(B)

    Pub. L. 108–193, which directed amendment of par. (1)(A) of this section by substituting “sections 1581–1591 (relating to peonage, slavery, and trafficking in persons).” for “sections 1581–1588 (relating to peonage and slavery)”, was executed by making the substitution in par. (1)(B) to reflect the probable intent of Congress

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Par. (1)(B). Pub. L. 108–193, which directed amendment of par. (1)(A) of this section by substituting “sections 1581–1591 (relating to peonage, slavery, and trafficking in persons).” for “sections 1581–1588 (relating to peonage and slavery)”, was executed by making the substitution in par. (1)(B) to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (b) Definition of Racketeering Activity.— Section 1961(1)(A) of title 18, United States Code, is amended by striking “sections 1581–1588 (relating to peonage and slavery)” and inserting “sections 1581–1591 (relating to peonage, slavery, and trafficking in persons).”.

32. 2004

    Weapons of Mass Destruction Prohibition Improvement Act of 2004

    Pub. L. 108–458 title VI § 6802(e) · 118 Stat. 3638

    Inserted · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(B)

    Pub. L. 108–458 inserted “sections 175–178 (relating to biological weapons), sections 229–229F (relating to chemical weapons), section 831 (relating to nuclear materials),” before “(C) any act which is indictable under title 29”

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Par. (1)(B). Pub. L. 108–458 inserted “sections 175–178 (relating to biological weapons), sections 229–229F (relating to chemical weapons), section 831 (relating to nuclear materials),” before “(C) any act which is indictable under title 29”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (e) Enhancing Prosecution of Weapons of Mass Destruction Offenses.— Section 1961(1)(B) of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following: “sections 175–178 (relating to biological weapons), sections 229–229F (relating to chemical weapons), section 831 (relating to nuclear materials),”.

33. 2006

    Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2005

    Pub. L. 109–164 title I § 103(c) · 119 Stat. 3558

    Substituted · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(B)

    Pub. L. 109–164 substituted “1581–1592” for “1581–1591”

    Target inherited from the preceding amendment note.

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Pub. L. 109–164 substituted “1581–1592” for “1581–1591”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (c) Definition of Racketeering Activity.— Section 1961(1)(B) of title 18, United States Code, is amended by striking “1581–1591” and inserting “1581–1592”.

34. 2006

    Combating Terrorism Financing Act of 2005

    Pub. L. 109–177 title IV § 403(a) · 120 Stat. 192

    Inserted · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(B)

    Pub. L. 109–177 inserted “section 1960 (relating to illegal money transmitters),” before “sections 2251”

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Par. (1)(B). Pub. L. 109–177 inserted “section 1960 (relating to illegal money transmitters),” before “sections 2251”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (a) Amendments to RICO.— Section 1961(1) of title 18, United States Code, is amended in subparagraph (B), by inserting “section 1960 (relating to illegal money transmitters),” before “sections 2251”.

35. 2013

    Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013

    Pub. L. 113–4 title XII § 1211(a) · 127 Stat. 54

    Inserted · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(B)

    Pub. L. 113–4 inserted “section 1351 (relating to fraud in foreign labor contracting),” before “section 1425”

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Par. (1)(B). Pub. L. 113–4 inserted “section 1351 (relating to fraud in foreign labor contracting),” before “section 1425”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (a) RICO Amendment.— Section 1961(1)(B) of title 18, United States Code, is amended by inserting “section 1351 (relating to fraud in foreign labor contracting),” before “section 1425”.

36. 2016

    Defend Trade Secrets Act of 2016

    Pub. L. 114–153 § 3(b) · 130 Stat. 376

    Inserted · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)

    Pub. L. 114–153 inserted “sections 1831 and 1832 (relating to economic espionage and theft of trade secrets),” before “section 1951”

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Par. (1). Pub. L. 114–153 inserted “sections 1831 and 1832 (relating to economic espionage and theft of trade secrets),” before “section 1951”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (b) RICO Predicate Offenses.— Section 1961(1) of title 18, United States Code, is amended by inserting “sections 1831 and 1832 (relating to economic espionage and theft of trade secrets),” before “section 1951”.

37. 2022

    Bipartisan Safer Communities Act

    Pub. L. 117–159 div. A title II § 12004(a)(3) · 136 Stat. 1313

    Inserted · 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(B)

    Pub. L. 117–159 inserted “section 932 (relating to straw purchasing), section 933 (relating to trafficking in firearms),” before “section 1028”

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Par. (1)(B). Pub. L. 117–159 inserted “section 932 (relating to straw purchasing), section 933 (relating to trafficking in firearms),” before “section 1028”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (3) Racketeering amendment.— Section 1961(1)(B) of title 18, United States Code, is amended by inserting “section 932 (relating to straw purchasing), section 933 (relating to trafficking in firearms),” before “section 1028”.

42 of 42 references resolved to an enrolled provision