Title 19 — Customs Duties

Part 1 · Chapter 12 — Trade Act of 1974

§ 2436. Market disruption

Statutory text

Investigation by International Trade Commission; report; publication

Upon the filing of a petition by an entity described in section 2252(a) of this title, upon request of the President or the United States Trade Representative, upon resolution of either the Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives or the Committee on Finance of the Senate, or on its own motion, the International Trade Commission (hereafter in this section referred to as the “Commission”) shall promptly make an investigation to determine, with respect to imports of an article which is the product of a Communist country, whether market disruption exists with respect to an article produced by a domestic industry.

The provisions of subsections (a)(3), (b)(4),1 and (c)(4) of section 2252 of this title shall apply with respect to investigations by the Commission under paragraph (1).

The Commission shall report to the President its determination with respect to each investigation under paragraph (1) and the basis therefor and shall include in each report any dissenting or separate views. If the Commission finds, as a result of its investigation, that market disruption exists with respect to an article produced by a domestic industry, it shall find the amount of the increase in, or imposition of, any duty or other import restriction on such article which is necessary to prevent or remedy such market disruption and shall include such finding in its report to the President. The Commission shall furnish to the President a transcript of the hearings and any briefs which may have been submitted in connection with each investigation.

The report of the Commission of its determination with respect to an investigation under paragraph (1) shall be made at the earliest practicable time, but not later than 3 months after the date on which the petition is filed (or the date on which the request or resolution is received or the motion is adopted, as the case may be). Upon making such report to the President, the Commission shall also promptly make public such report (with the exception of information which the Commission determines to be confidential) and shall cause a summary thereof to be published in the Federal Register.

Affirmative determination

With respect to any affirmative determination of the Commission under subsection (a)—

such determination shall be treated as an affirmative determination made under section 2251(b) of this title (as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988); and

sections 2252 and 2253 of this title (as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of such Act of 1988), rather than the provisions of part 1 of subchapter II of this chapter as amended by section 1401 of such Act of 1988, shall apply with respect to the taking of subsequent action, if any, by the President in response to such affirmative determination;

except that—

the President may take action under such sections 2252 and 2253 of this title only with respect to imports from the country or countries involved of the article with respect to which the affirmative determination was made; and

if such action consists of, or includes, an orderly marketing agreement, such agreement shall be entered into within 60 days after the import relief determination date.

Products of Communist countries

If, at any time, the President finds that there are reasonable grounds to believe, with respect to imports of an article which is the product of a Communist country, that market disruption exists with respect to an article produced by a domestic industry, he shall request the Commission to initiate an investigation under subsection (a). If the President further finds that emergency action is necessary, he may take action under sections 2252 and 2253 of this title referred to in subsection (b) as if an affirmative determination of the Commission had been made under subsection (a). Any action taken by the President under the preceding sentence shall cease to apply (1) if a negative determination is made by the Commission under subsection (a) with respect to imports of such article, on the day on which the Commission’s report of such determination is submitted to the President, or (2) if an affirmative determination is made by the Commission under subsection (a) with respect to imports of such article, on the day on which the action taken by the President pursuant to such determination becomes effective.

Petitions to initiate consultations as provided for by safeguard arrangements

A petition may be filed with the President by an entity described in section 2252(a) of this title requesting the President to initiate consultations provided for by the safeguard arrangements of any agreement entered into under section 2435 of this title with respect to imports of an article which is the product of the country which is the other party to such agreement.

If the President determines that there are reasonable grounds to believe, with respect to imports of such article, that market disruption exists with respect to an article produced by a domestic industry, he shall initiate consultations with such country with respect to such imports.

Definitions; factors determining existence of market disruption

For purposes of this section—

The term “Communist country” means any country dominated or controlled by communism.

Market disruption exists within a domestic industry whenever imports of an article, like or directly competitive with an article produced by such domestic industry, are increasing rapidly, either absolutely or relatively, so as to be a significant cause of material injury, or threat thereof, to such domestic industry.

For purposes of subparagraph (A):

Imports of an article shall be considered to be increasing rapidly if there has been a significant increase in such imports (either actual or relative to domestic production) during a recent period of time.

The term “significant cause” refers to a cause which contributes significantly to the material injury of the domestic industry, but need not be equal to or greater than any other cause.

The Commission, in determining whether market disruption exists, shall consider, among other factors—

the volume of imports of the merchandise which is the subject of the investigation;

the effect of imports of the merchandise on prices in the United States for like or directly competitive articles;

the impact of imports of such merchandise on domestic producers of like or directly competitive articles; and

evidence of disruptive pricing practices, or other efforts to unfairly manage trade patterns.

Footnotes

1 See References in Text note below.

Legislative history

Reconstructed from this section’s Code source credit and amendment notes, resolved against the local Statutes at Large. Editorial notes are evidence, not the law that made the change.

1975
Trade Act of 1974
Pub. L. 93–618 title IV § 406 · 88 Stat. 1978
Enacted · 19 U.S.C. § 2436
Pub. L. 93–618, title IV, § 406, Jan. 3, 1975, 88 Stat. 2062
Source evidence
Code source credit
Pub. L. 93–618, title IV, § 406, Jan. 3, 1975, 88 Stat. 2062
Enacted provision · exact public law section
19 USC 2436.SEC. 406. MARKET DISRUPTION. (a) (1) Upon the filing of a petition by an entity described in section Ante, p. 2011. 201(a)(1), upon request of the President or the Special Representative for Trade Negotiations, upon resolution of either the Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives or the Committee on Finance of the Senate, or on its own motion, the International Trade Commission (hereafter in this section referred to as the “Commission”) shall promptly make an investigation to determine, with respect to imports of an article which is the product of a Communist country, whether market disruption exists with respect to an article produced by a domestic industry. (2) The provisions of subsections (a)(2), (b)(3), and (c) of section 201 shall apply with respect to investigations by the Commission under paragraph (1). Report to President.(3) The Commission shall report to the President its determination with respect to each investigation under paragraph (1) and the basis therefor and shall include in each report any dissenting or separate views. If the Commission finds, as a result of its investigation, that market disruption exists with respect to an article producer! by a domestic industry, it shall find the amount of the increase in, or imposition of, any duty or other import restriction on such article which is necessary to prevent or remedy such market disruption and shall include such finding in its report to the President. The Commission shall furnish to the President a transcript of the hearings and any briefs which may have been submitted in connection with each investigation. (4) The report of the Commission of its determination with respect to an investigation under paragraph (1) shall be made at the earliest practicable time, but not later than 3 months after the date on which the petition is filed (or the date on which the request or resolution is received or the motion is adopted, as the case may be). Upon making such report to the President, the Commission shall also promptly make public such report (with the exception of information which the Commission Publication in Federal Register. determines to be confidential) and shall cause a summary thereof to be published in the Federal Register. Ante, pp. 2014, 2015.(b) For purposes of sections 202 and 203, an affirmative determination of the Commission under subsection (a) shall be treated as an affirmative determination under section 201(b), except that— (1) the President may take action under sections 202 and 203 only with respect to imports from the country or countries involved of the article with respect to which the affirmative determination was made, and (2) if such action consists of, or includes, an orderly marketing agreement, such agreement shall be entered into within 60 days after the import relief determination date. Investigation.(c) If, at any time, the President finds that there are reasonable grounds to believe, with respect to imports of an article which is the product of a Communist country, that market disruption exists with respect to an article produced by a domestic industry, he shall request Emergency action. the Commission to initiate an investigation under subsection (a). If the President further finds that emergency action is necessary, he may take action under sections 202 and 203 as if an affirmative determination of the Commission had been made under subsection (a). Any action taken by the President under the preceding sentence shall cease to apply (1) if a negative determination is made by the Commission under subsection (a) with respect to imports of such article, on the day on which the Commission’s report or such determination is submitted to the President, or (2) if an affirmative determination is made by the Commission under subsection (a) with respect to imports of such article, on the day on which the action taken by the President pursuant to such determination becomes effective. (d) (1) A petition may be filed with the President by an entity described in section 201(a)(1) requesting the President to initiate Ante, p. 2011. consultations provided for by the safeguard arrangements of any agreement entered into under section 405 with respect to imports of an article which is the product of the country which is the other party to such agreement. (2) If the President determines that there are reasonable grounds to believe, with respect to imports of such article, that market disruption exists with respect to an article produced by a domestic industry, he shall initiate consultations with such country with respect to such imports. (e) For purposes of this section— (1) The term “Communist country” means any country dominated “Communist country.” or controlled by communism. (2) Market disruption exists within a domestic industry whenever imports of an article, like or directly competitive with an article produced by such domestic industry, are increasing rapidly, either absolutely or relatively, so as to be a significant cause of material injury, or threat thereof, to such domestic industry.
1988
Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988
Pub. L. 100–418 § 1411(b)(1) · 102 Stat. 1107
Substituted · 19 U.S.C. § 2436(a)(1)
Pub. L. 100–418, § 1411(b)(1), substituted “section 2252(a)” for “section 2251(a)(1)”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 100–418, § 1411(b)(1), substituted “section 2252(a)” for “section 2251(a)(1)”.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(1) by striking out “201(a)(1)” in subsection (a)(1) and subsection (d) and inserting “202(a)”; and
Effective date note
Pub. L. 100–418, title I, § 1411(c), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1242, provided that: “The amendments made by subsections (a) and (b) [amending this section] apply with respect to investigations initiated under section 406(a) of the Trade Act of 1974 [19 U.S.C. 2436(a)] on or after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 23, 1988].”
1988
Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988
Pub. L. 100–418 § 1411(b)(2) · 102 Stat. 1107
Substituted · 19 U.S.C. § 2436(a)(2)
Pub. L. 100–418, § 1411(b)(2), substituted “subsections (a)(3), (b)(4), and (c)(4) of section 2252” for “subsections (a)(2), (b)(3), and (c) of section 2251”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 100–418, § 1411(b)(2), substituted “subsections (a)(3), (b)(4), and (c)(4) of section 2252” for “subsections (a)(2), (b)(3), and (c) of section 2251”.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(2) by striking out “subsections (a)(2), (b)(3), and (c) of section 201” in subsection (a)(2) and inserting “subsections (a)(3), (b)(4), and (c)(4) of section 202”.
Effective date note
Pub. L. 100–418, title I, § 1411(c), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1242, provided that: “The amendments made by subsections (a) and (b) [amending this section] apply with respect to investigations initiated under section 406(a) of the Trade Act of 1974 [19 U.S.C. 2436(a)] on or after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 23, 1988].”
1988
Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988
Pub. L. 100–418 § 1411(a)(1) · 102 Stat. 1107
Amended · 19 U.S.C. § 2436(b)
Pub. L. 100–418, § 1411(a)(1), amended subsec. (b) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (b) read as follows: “For purposes of sections 2252 and 2253 of this title, an affirmative determination of the Commission under subsection (a) of this section shall be treated as an affirmative determination under section 2251(b) of this title, except that—
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 100–418, § 1411(a)(1), amended subsec. (b) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (b) read as follows: “For purposes of sections 2252 and 2253 of this title, an affirmative determination of the Commission under subsection (a) of this section shall be treated as an affirmative determination under section 2251(b) of this title, except that—
“(1) the President may take action under sections 2252 and 2253 of this title only with respect to imports from the country or countries involved of the article with respect to which the affirmative determination was made, and “(2) if such action consists of, or includes, an orderly marketing agreement, such agreement shall be entered into within 60 days after the import relief determination date.”
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(1) Subsection (b) is amended to read as follows: “(b) With respect to any affirmative determination of the Commission under subsection (a)— “(1) such determination shall be treated as an affirmative determination made under section 201(b) of this Act (as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988); and “(2) sections 202 and 203 of this Act (as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of such Act of 1988), rather than the provisions of chapter 1 of title II of this Act as amended by section 1401 of such Act of 1988, shall apply with respect to the taking of subsequent action, if any, by the President in response to such affirmative determination; except that— “(A) the President may take action under such sections 202 and 203 only with respect to imports from the country or countries involved of tne article with respect to which the affirmative determination was made; and “(B) if such action consists of, or includes, an orderly marketing agreement, such agreement shall be entered into within 60 days after the import relief determination date.”.
Effective date note
Pub. L. 100–418, title I, § 1411(c), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1242, provided that: “The amendments made by subsections (a) and (b) [amending this section] apply with respect to investigations initiated under section 406(a) of the Trade Act of 1974 [19 U.S.C. 2436(a)] on or after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 23, 1988].”
1988
Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988
Pub. L. 100–418 § 1411(a)(2) · 102 Stat. 1107
Inserted · 19 U.S.C. § 2436(c)
Pub. L. 100–418, § 1411(a)(2), inserted “referred to in subsection (b)” after “sections 2252 and 2253 of this title”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 100–418, § 1411(a)(2), inserted “referred to in subsection (b)” after “sections 2252 and 2253 of this title”.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(2) Subsection (c) is amended by inserting “referred to in subsection (b)” after “sections 202 and 203”.
Effective date note
Pub. L. 100–418, title I, § 1411(c), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1242, provided that: “The amendments made by subsections (a) and (b) [amending this section] apply with respect to investigations initiated under section 406(a) of the Trade Act of 1974 [19 U.S.C. 2436(a)] on or after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 23, 1988].”
1988
Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988
Pub. L. 100–418 § 1411(b)(1) · 102 Stat. 1107
Substituted · 19 U.S.C. § 2436(d)(1)
Pub. L. 100–418, § 1411(b)(1), substituted “section 2252(a)” for “section 2251(a)(1)”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 100–418, § 1411(b)(1), substituted “section 2252(a)” for “section 2251(a)(1)”.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(1) by striking out “201(a)(1)” in subsection (a)(1) and subsection (d) and inserting “202(a)”; and
Effective date note
Pub. L. 100–418, title I, § 1411(c), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1242, provided that: “The amendments made by subsections (a) and (b) [amending this section] apply with respect to investigations initiated under section 406(a) of the Trade Act of 1974 [19 U.S.C. 2436(a)] on or after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 23, 1988].”
1988
Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988
Pub. L. 100–418 § 1411(a)(3) · 102 Stat. 1107
1. Amended · 19 U.S.C. § 2436(e)(2)
  Pub. L. 100–418, § 1411(a)(3), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A)
2. Added · 19 U.S.C. § 2436(e)(2)
  Pub. L. 100–418, § 1411(a)(3), added subpars. (B) and (C)
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 100–418, § 1411(a)(3), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A) and added subpars. (B) and (C).
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(3) Subsection (e)(2) is amended— (A) by inserting “(A)” after “(2)”; and (B) by inserting at the end thereof the following new subparagraphs: “(B) For purposes of subparagraph (A): “(i) Imports of an article shall be considered to be increasing rapidly if there has been a significant in-crease in such imports (either actual or relative to domestic production) during a recent period of time. “(ii) The term ‘significant cause’ refers to a cause which contributes significantly to the material injury of the domestic industry, but need not be equal to or greater than any other cause. “(C) The Commission, in determining whether market disruption exists, shall consider, among other factors— “(i) the volume of imports of the merchandise which is the subject of the investigation; “(ii) the effect of imports of the merchandise on prices in the United States for like or directly competitive articles; “(iii) the impact of imports of such merchandise on domestic producers of like or directly competitive articles; and “(iv) evidence of disruptive pricing practices, or other efforts to unfairly manage trade patterns.”.
Effective date note
Pub. L. 100–418, title I, § 1411(c), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1242, provided that: “The amendments made by subsections (a) and (b) [amending this section] apply with respect to investigations initiated under section 406(a) of the Trade Act of 1974 [19 U.S.C. 2436(a)] on or after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 23, 1988].”
1999
Miscellaneous Trade and Technical Corrections Act of 1999
Pub. L. 106–36 title I § 1001(a)(6) · 113 Stat. 127
Changed · 19 U.S.C. § 2436(e)(2)(B); 19 U.S.C. § 2436(e)(2)(C)
Pub. L. 106–36 realigned margins
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (e)(2)(B), (C). Pub. L. 106–36 realigned margins.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(6) Section 406(e)(2) of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. 2436(e)(2)) is amended by moving subparagraphs (B) and (C) 2 ems to the left.

9 of 9 references resolved to an enrolled provision

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Subsection (b)(4) of section 2252 of this title, referred to in subsec. (a)(2), was repealed by Pub. L. 103–465, title III, § 301(c), Dec. 8, 1994, 108 Stat. 4932. See section 2252(b)(3) of this title.

The date of the enactment of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, referred to in subsec. (b), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 100–418, which was approved Aug. 23, 1988.

Section 1401 of such Act of 1988, referred to in subsec. (b)(2), is section 1401 of Pub. L. 100–418, known as the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, which enacted section 2254 of this title, amended sections 1330, 2133, 2251 to 2253, 2274, 2354, and 2703 of this title, enacted a provision set out as a note under section 2251 of this title, and amended a provision set out as a note under section 2112 of this title.

Amendments1988–1999 · 2 rounds

1999

Subsec. (e)(2)(B), (C). Pub. L. 106–36 realigned margins.

1988

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 100–418, § 1411(b)(1), substituted “section 2252(a)” for “section 2251(a)(1)”.

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 100–418, § 1411(b)(2), substituted “subsections (a)(3), (b)(4), and (c)(4) of section 2252” for “subsections (a)(2), (b)(3), and (c) of section 2251”.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 100–418, § 1411(a)(1), amended subsec. (b) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (b) read as follows: “For purposes of sections 2252 and 2253 of this title, an affirmative determination of the Commission under subsection (a) of this section shall be treated as an affirmative determination under section 2251(b) of this title, except that—

“(1) the President may take action under sections 2252 and 2253 of this title only with respect to imports from the country or countries involved of the article with respect to which the affirmative determination was made, and

“(2) if such action consists of, or includes, an orderly marketing agreement, such agreement shall be entered into within 60 days after the import relief determination date.”

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 100–418, § 1411(a)(2), inserted “referred to in subsection (b)” after “sections 2252 and 2253 of this title”.

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 100–418, § 1411(b)(1), substituted “section 2252(a)” for “section 2251(a)(1)”.

Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 100–418, § 1411(a)(3), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A) and added subpars. (B) and (C).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1988 Amendment

Pub. L. 100–418, title I, § 1411(c), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1242, provided that: “The amendments made by subsections (a) and (b) [amending this section] apply with respect to investigations initiated under section 406(a) of the Trade Act of 1974 [19 U.S.C. 2436(a)] on or after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 23, 1988].”

Executive Documents

Change of Name

“United States Trade Representative” substituted for “Special Representative for Trade Negotiations” in subsec. (a)(1), pursuant to Reorg. Plan No. 3 of 1979, § 1(b)(1), 44 F.R. 69273, 93 Stat. 1381, eff. Jan. 2, 1980, as provided by section 1–107(a) of Ex. Ord. No. 12188, Jan. 2, 1980, 45 F.R. 993, set out as notes under section 2171 of this title. See, also, section 2171 of this title as amended by Pub. L. 97–456.

Credits

1975–1999 · 4 acts

1975Pub. L. 93–618, title IV, § 406, Jan. 3, 1975, 88 Stat. 2062
19801979 Reorg. Plan No. 3, § 1(b)(1), eff. Jan. 2, 1980, 44 F.R. 69273, 93 Stat. 1381
1988Pub. L. 100–418, title I, § 1411(a), (b), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1241, 1242
1999Pub. L. 106–36, title I, § 1001(a)(6), June 25, 1999, 113 Stat. 130.

Show as published

(Pub. L. 93–618, title IV, § 406, Jan. 3, 1975, 88 Stat. 2062; 1979 Reorg. Plan No. 3, § 1(b)(1), eff. Jan. 2, 1980, 44 F.R. 69273, 93 Stat. 1381; Pub. L. 100–418, title I, § 1411(a), (b), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1241, 1242; Pub. L. 106–36, title I, § 1001(a)(6), June 25, 1999, 113 Stat. 130.)