Title 26 — Internal Revenue Code
Part III · Chapter 1 — Normal Taxes and Surtaxes
§ 481. Adjustments required by changes in method of accounting
Statutory text
General rule
In computing the taxpayer’s taxable income for any taxable year (referred to in this section as the “year of the change”)—
if such computation is under a method of accounting different from the method under which the taxpayer’s taxable income for the preceding taxable year was computed, then
there shall be taken into account those adjustments which are determined to be necessary solely by reason of the change in order to prevent amounts from being duplicated or omitted, except there shall not be taken into account any adjustment in respect of any taxable year to which this section does not apply unless the adjustment is attributable to a change in the method of accounting initiated by the taxpayer.
Limitation on tax where adjustments are substantial
Three year allocation
If—
the method of accounting from which the change is made was used by the taxpayer in computing his taxable income for the 2 taxable years preceding the year of the change, and
the increase in taxable income for the year of the change which results solely by reason of the adjustments required by subsection (a)(2) exceeds $3,000,
then the tax under this chapter attributable to such increase in taxable income shall not be greater than the aggregate increase in the taxes under this chapter (or under the corresponding provisions of prior revenue laws) which would result if one-third of such increase in taxable income were included in taxable income for the year of the change and one-third of such increase were included for each of the 2 preceding taxable years.
Allocation under new method of accounting
If—
the increase in taxable income for the year of the change which results solely by reason of the adjustments required by subsection (a)(2) exceeds $3,000, and
the taxpayer establishes his taxable income (under the new method of accounting) for one or more taxable years consecutively preceding the taxable year of the change for which the taxpayer in computing taxable income used the method of accounting from which the change is made,
then the tax under this chapter attributable to such increase in taxable income shall not be greater than the net increase in the taxes under this chapter (or under the corresponding provisions of prior revenue laws) which would result if the adjustments required by subsection (a)(2) were allocated to the taxable year or years specified in subparagraph (B) to which they are properly allocable under the new method of accounting and the balance of the adjustments required by subsection (a)(2) was allocated to the taxable year of the change.
Special rules for computations under paragraphs (1) and (2)
For purposes of this subsection—
There shall be taken into account the increase or decrease in tax for any taxable year preceding the year of the change to which no adjustment is allocated under paragraph (1) or (2) but which is affected by a net operating loss (as defined in section 172) or by a capital loss carryback or carryover (as defined in section 1212), determined with reference to taxable years with respect to which adjustments under paragraph (1) or (2) are allocated.
The increase or decrease in the tax for any taxable year for which an assessment of any deficiency, or a credit or refund of any overpayment, is prevented by any law or rule of law, shall be determined by reference to the tax previously determined (within the meaning of section 1314(a)) for such year.
Adjustments under regulations
In the case of any change described in subsection (a), the taxpayer may, in such manner and subject to such conditions as the Secretary may by regulations prescribe, take the adjustments required by subsection (a)(2) into account in computing the tax imposed by this chapter for the taxable year or years permitted under such regulations.
Adjustments attributable to conversion from S corporation to C corporation
In general
In the case of an eligible terminated S corporation, any adjustment required by subsection (a)(2) which is attributable to such corporation’s revocation described in paragraph (2)(A)(ii) shall be taken into account ratably during the 6-taxable year period beginning with the year of change.
Eligible terminated S corporation
For purposes of this subsection, the term “eligible terminated S corporation” means any C corporation—
which—
was an S corporation on the day before the date of the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, and
during the 2-year period beginning on the date of such enactment makes a revocation of its election under section 1362(a), and
the owners of the stock of which, determined on the date such revocation is made, are the same owners (and in identical proportions) as on the date of such enactment.
Legislative history
Reconstructed from this section’s Code source credit and amendment notes, resolved against the local Statutes at Large. Editorial notes are evidence, not the law that made the change.
Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 160 · 68A Stat. 160
Enacted · 26 U.S.C. § 481
Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 160
Source evidence
Code source credit
Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 160Technical Amendments Act of 1958
Pub. L. 85–866 § 29(a)(1) · 72 Stat. 1606
Inserted · 26 U.S.C. § 481(a)(2)
Pub. L. 85–866, § 29(a)(1), inserted “unless the adjustment is attributable to a change in the method of accounting initiated by the taxpayer”, after “does not apply”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 85–866, § 29(a)(1), inserted “unless the adjustment is attributable to a change in the method of accounting initiated by the taxpayer”, after “does not apply”.Enacted provision · exact public law section
(1) Adjustments taken into account.— Paragraph (2) of 26 USC 481. section 481 (a) (relating to adjustments required by changes in method of accounting) is amended to read as follows: “(2) there shall be taken into account those adjustments which are determined to be necessary solely by reason of the change in order to prevent amounts from being duplicated or omitted, except there shall not be taken into account any adjustment in respect of any taxable year to which this section does not apply unless the adjustment is attributable to a change in the method of accounting initiated by the taxpayer.”Technical Amendments Act of 1958
Pub. L. 85–866 § 29(b)(1) · 72 Stat. 1606
Inserted · 26 U.S.C. § 481(b)(1)
Pub. L. 85–866, § 29(b)(1)–(3), inserted “, other than the amount of such adjustments to which paragraph (4) or (5) applies,” after “subsection (a)(2)”
Substituted · 26 U.S.C. § 481(b)(1)
Pub. L. 85–866, § 29(b)(1)–(3), substituted “the aggregate increase in the taxes” for “the aggregate of the taxes”
Substituted · 26 U.S.C. § 481(b)(1)
Pub. L. 85–866, § 29(b)(1)–(3), substituted “which would result if one-third of such increase in taxable income” for “which would result if one-third of such increase”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 85–866, § 29(b)(1)–(3), inserted “, other than the amount of such adjustments to which paragraph (4) or (5) applies,” after “subsection (a)(2)” and substituted “the aggregate increase in the taxes” for “the aggregate of the taxes” and “which would result if one-third of such increase in taxable income” for “which would result if one-third of such increase”.Enacted provision · exact public law section
(1) By inserting after “subsection (a) (2)” each place it appears in paragraph (1) or (2) the following: “, other than the amount of such adjustments to which paragraph (4) or (5) applies,”.Technical Amendments Act of 1958
Pub. L. 85–866 § 29(b)(1) · 72 Stat. 1606
Inserted · 26 U.S.C. § 481(b)(2)
Pub. L. 85–866, § 29(b)(1), (4), inserted “other than the amount of such adjustments to which paragraph (4) or (5) applies,” after “subsection (a)(2)”, wherever appearing and “(or under the corresponding provisions of prior revenue laws)” after “the net increase in the taxes under this Chapter”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 85–866, § 29(b)(1), (4), inserted “other than the amount of such adjustments to which paragraph (4) or (5) applies,” after “subsection (a)(2)”, wherever appearing and “(or under the corresponding provisions of prior revenue laws)” after “the net increase in the taxes under this Chapter”.Enacted provision · exact public law section
(1) By inserting after “subsection (a) (2)” each place it appears in paragraph (1) or (2) the following: “, other than the amount of such adjustments to which paragraph (4) or (5) applies,”.Technical Amendments Act of 1958
Pub. L. 85–866 § 29(b)(5) · 72 Stat. 1606
Substituted · 26 U.S.C. § 481(b)(3)(A)
Pub. L. 85–866, § 29(b)(5), substituted “paragraph (1) or (2)” for “paragraph (2)”, wherever appearing
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (b)(3)(A). Pub. L. 85–866, § 29(b)(5), substituted “paragraph (1) or (2)” for “paragraph (2)”, wherever appearing.Enacted provision · exact public law section
(5) By striking out “paragraph (2)” each place it appears in paragraph (3) (A) and inserting in lieu thereof “paragraph (1) or (2)”.Technical Amendments Act of 1958
Pub. L. 85–866 § 29(a)(2) · 72 Stat. 1606
Added · 26 U.S.C. § 481(b)(4)(6)
Pub. L. 85–866, § 29(a)(2), added pars. (4) to (6)
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (b)(4) to (6). Pub. L. 85–866, § 29(a)(2), added pars. (4) to (6).Enacted provision · exact public law section
(2) Special rule where adjustments are substantial.— Section 481 (b) (relating to limitation on tax where adjustments are substantial) is amended by adding at the end thereof the following new paragraphs:Tax Reform Act of 1969
Pub. L. 91–172 title V § 512(f)(4) · 83 Stat. 487
Substituted · 26 U.S.C. § 481(b)(3)(A)
Pub. L. 91–172 substituted “loss carryback or carryover” for “loss carryover”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (b)(3)(A). Pub. L. 91–172 substituted “loss carryback or carryover” for “loss carryover”.Enacted provision · exact public law section
(4) Section 481(b)(3)(A) (relating to changes in method of accounting) is amended by striking out “loss carryover” and inserting in lieu thereof “loss carryback or carryover”.Pub. L. 94–455 § 1901(a)(70)(B) · 90 Stat. 1520
Struck · 26 U.S.C. § 481(b)(1); 26 U.S.C. § 481(b)(2)
Pub. L. 94–455, § 1901(a)(70)(B), struck out “, other than the amount of such adjustments to which paragraph (4) or (5) applies,” after “required by subsection (a)(2)”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsecs. (b)(1), (2). Pub. L. 94–455, § 1901(a)(70)(B), struck out “, other than the amount of such adjustments to which paragraph (4) or (5) applies,” after “required by subsection (a)(2)”.Enacted provision · exact public law section
(B) Section 481(b)(1) and (2) are each amended by striking out “, other than the amount of such adjustments to which paragraph (4) or (5) applies,” each place it appears.Pub. L. 94–455 § 1901(a)(70)(A) · 90 Stat. 1520
Struck · 26 U.S.C. § 481(b)(4); 26 U.S.C. § 481(b)(5); 26 U.S.C. § 481(b)(6)
Pub. L. 94–455, § 1901(a)(70)(A), struck out par. (4) which related to special rule for pre-1954 general adjustments, par. (5) which related to special rule for pre-1954 adjustments in case of certain decedents, and par. (6) which related to the application of the special rule for pre-1954 general adjustments
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (b)(4), (5), (6). Pub. L. 94–455, § 1901(a)(70)(A), struck out par. (4) which related to special rule for pre-1954 general adjustments, par. (5) which related to special rule for pre-1954 adjustments in case of certain decedents, and par. (6) which related to the application of the special rule for pre-1954 general adjustments.Enacted provision · exact public law section
(A) Section 481(b) (relating to limitation on tax where substantial adjustments are required by a change in accounting method) is amended by striking out paragraphs (4), (5), and (6) (relating to pre–1954 adjustments).Pub. L. 94–455 § 1906(b)(13)(A) · 90 Stat. 1520
Struck · 26 U.S.C. § 481(c)
Pub. L. 94–455, § 1906(b)(13)(A), struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 94–455, § 1906(b)(13)(A), struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary”.Enacted provision · exact public law section
(A) The Internal Revenue Code of 1954, as amended by this Act, is amended by striking out “Secretary or his delegate” each place it appears and inserting in lieu thereof “Secretary”.Pub. L. 96–471 § 2(b)(3) · 94 Stat. 2247
Struck · 26 U.S.C. § 481(d)
Pub. L. 96–471 struck out subsec. (d) which provided that this section was not to apply to a change to which section 453 of this title, relating to change to installment method, applied
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 96–471 struck out subsec. (d) which provided that this section was not to apply to a change to which section 453 of this title, relating to change to installment method, applied.Enacted provision · exact public law section
(3) Subsection (d) of section 481 is hereby repealed.Tax Technical Corrections Act of 2014
Pub. L. 113–295 div. A title II § 221(a)(61) · 128 Stat. 4010
Struck · 26 U.S.C. § 481(b)(3)(C)
Pub. L. 113–295 struck out subpar. (C) which read as follows: “In applying section 7807(b)(1), the provisions of chapter 1 (other than subchapter E, relating to self-employment income) and chapter 2 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939 shall be treated as the corresponding provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939.”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (b)(3)(C). Pub. L. 113–295 struck out subpar. (C) which read as follows: “In applying section 7807(b)(1), the provisions of chapter 1 (other than subchapter E, relating to self-employment income) and chapter 2 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939 shall be treated as the corresponding provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939.”Enacted provision · exact public law section
(61) Adjustments required by changes in method of accounting.— Section 481(b)(3) is amended by striking subparagraph (C).Effective date note
Amendment by Pub. L. 113–295 effective Dec. 19, 2014, subject to a savings provision, see section 221(b) of Pub. L. 113–295, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.Pub. L. 115–97 title I § 13543(a) · 131 Stat. 2054
Added · 26 U.S.C. § 481(d)
Pub. L. 115–97 added subsec. (d)
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–97 added subsec. (d).Enacted provision · exact public law section
(a) Adjustments Attributable to Conversion From S Corporation to C Corporation.— Section 481 26 USC 481. is amended by adding at the end the following new subsection: “(d) Adjustments Attributable to Conversion From S Corporation to C Corporation.— “(1) In general.— In the case of an eligible terminated S corporation, any adjustment required by subsection (a)(2) which is attributable to such corporation’s revocation described in paragraph (2)(A)(ii) shall be taken into account ratably during the 6-taxable year period beginning with the year of change. “(2) Eligible terminated s corporation.— For purposes of this subsection, the term ‘eligible terminated S corporation’ means any C corporation— “(A) which— “(i) was an S corporation on the day before the date of the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, and “(ii) during the 2-year period beginning on the date of such enactment makes a revocation of its election under section 1362(a), and “(B) the owners of the stock of which, determined on the date such revocation is made, are the same owners (and in identical proportions) as on the date of such enactment.” .
14 of 15 references resolved to an enrolled provision · 1 partial
Editorial Notes
References in Text
The date of the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and the date of such enactment, referred to in subsec. (d)(2), probably mean the date of enactment of title I of Pub. L. 115–97, which was approved . Prior versions of the bill that was enacted into law as Pub. L. 115–97 included such Short Title, but it was not enacted as part of title I of Pub. L. 115–97.
Amendments1958–2017 · 6 rounds
2017
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–97 added subsec. (d).
2014
Subsec. (b)(3)(C). Pub. L. 113–295 struck out subpar. (C) which read as follows: “In applying section 7807(b)(1), the provisions of chapter 1 (other than subchapter E, relating to self-employment income) and chapter 2 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939 shall be treated as the corresponding provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939.”
1980
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 96–471 struck out subsec. (d) which provided that this section was not to apply to a change to which section 453 of this title, relating to change to installment method, applied.
1976
Subsecs. (b)(1), (2). Pub. L. 94–455, § 1901(a)(70)(B), struck out “, other than the amount of such adjustments to which paragraph (4) or (5) applies,” after “required by subsection (a)(2)”.
Subsec. (b)(4), (5), (6). Pub. L. 94–455, § 1901(a)(70)(A), struck out par. (4) which related to special rule for pre-1954 general adjustments, par. (5) which related to special rule for pre-1954 adjustments in case of certain decedents, and par. (6) which related to the application of the special rule for pre-1954 general adjustments.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 94–455, § 1906(b)(13)(A), struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary”.
1969
Subsec. (b)(3)(A). Pub. L. 91–172 substituted “loss carryback or carryover” for “loss carryover”.
1958
Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 85–866, § 29(a)(1), inserted “unless the adjustment is attributable to a change in the method of accounting initiated by the taxpayer”, after “does not apply”.
Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 85–866, § 29(b)(1)–(3), inserted “, other than the amount of such adjustments to which paragraph (4) or (5) applies,” after “subsection (a)(2)” and substituted “the aggregate increase in the taxes” for “the aggregate of the taxes” and “which would result if one-third of such increase in taxable income” for “which would result if one-third of such increase”.
Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 85–866, § 29(b)(1), (4), inserted “other than the amount of such adjustments to which paragraph (4) or (5) applies,” after “subsection (a)(2)”, wherever appearing and “(or under the corresponding provisions of prior revenue laws)” after “the net increase in the taxes under this Chapter”.
Subsec. (b)(3)(A). Pub. L. 85–866, § 29(b)(5), substituted “paragraph (1) or (2)” for “paragraph (2)”, wherever appearing.
Subsec. (b)(4) to (6). Pub. L. 85–866, § 29(a)(2), added pars. (4) to (6).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2014 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 113–295 effective , subject to a savings provision, see section 221(b) of Pub. L. 113–295, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Effective Date of 1980 Amendment
For effective date of amendment by Pub. L. 96–471, see section 6(a)(1) of Pub. L. 96–471, set out as an Effective Date note under section 453 of this title.
Effective Date of 1976 Amendment
Amendment by section 1901(a)(70) of Pub. L. 94–455 effective for taxable years beginning after , see section 1901(d) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 2 of this title.
Effective Date of 1969 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 91–172 applicable with respect to net capital losses sustained in taxable years beginning after , see section 512(g) of Pub. L. 91–172, set out as a note under section 1212 of this title.
Effective Date of 1958 Amendment
Pub. L. 85–866, title I, § 29(d), , 72 Stat. 1629, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, § 2, , 100 Stat. 2095, provided that:
“(1) In general.—
The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 381 of this title] shall apply with respect to any change in a method of accounting where the year of the change (within the meaning of section 481 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954]) is a taxable year beginning after , and ending after .
“(2) Exception for certain agreements.—
The amendments made by subsections (a), (b)(I), and (c) [amending this section and section 381 of this title] shall not apply if before the date of the enactment of this Act []—
“(A) the taxpayer applied for a change in the method of accounting in the manner provided by regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate, and
“(B) the taxpayer and the Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate agreed to the terms and conditions for making the change.”
Changes in Treatment of Policyholder Dividends by Qualified Group Self-Insurers’ Funds
Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, § 7816(m), , 103 Stat. 2421, provided that: “If, for the 1st taxable year beginning on or after , a qualified group self-insurers’ fund changes its treatment of policyholder dividends to take into account such dividends no earlier than the date that the State regulatory authority determines the amount of the policyholder dividend that may be paid, then such change shall be treated as a change in a method of accounting and no adjustment under section 481(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 shall be made with respect to such change in method of accounting.”
Transitional Provisions for Income Tax Treatment of Dealer Reserve Income
Pub. L. 86–459, , 74 Stat. 124, authorized any person who computed taxable income under the accrual method of accounting for his most recent taxable year ending on or before , and who treated dealer reserve income for such taxable year as accruable for a subsequent taxable year, to elect before , to have section 481 of this title apply to the treatment for income tax purposes of dealer reserve income.
Election To Return to Former Method of Accounting
Pub. L. 85–866, title I, § 29(e), , 72 Stat. 1629, authorized an election by certain taxpayers, who, for any taxable years beginning after , and ending after , and before , computed their taxable incomes using different accounting methods in succeeding taxable years, to return to their first method of accounting, where the election was made within six months after . Claims for refunds of overpayments of tax resulting from the election were to be filed within one year after the date of the election. Such an election was to be considered a consent to an assessment of a deficiency resulting from the election, where the assessment is made within one year after the date of the election.
Credits
1954–2017 · 7 acts
- 1954Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 160
- 1958Pub. L. 85–866, title I, § 29(a), (b), , 72 Stat. 1626–1628
- 1969Pub. L. 91–172, title V, § 512(f)(4), , 83 Stat. 641
- 1976Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §§ 1901(a)(70), 1906(b)(13)(A), , 90 Stat. 1776, 1834
- 1980Pub. L. 96–471, § 2(b)(3), , 94 Stat. 2254
- 2014Pub. L. 113–295, div. A, title II, § 221(a)(61), , 128 Stat. 4048
- 2017Pub. L. 115–97, title I, § 13543(a), , 131 Stat. 2155.
Show as published
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 160; Pub. L. 85–866, title I, § 29(a), (b), , 72 Stat. 1626–1628; Pub. L. 91–172, title V, § 512(f)(4), , 83 Stat. 641; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §§ 1901(a)(70), 1906(b)(13)(A), , 90 Stat. 1776, 1834; Pub. L. 96–471, § 2(b)(3), , 94 Stat. 2254; Pub. L. 113–295, div. A, title II, § 221(a)(61), , 128 Stat. 4048; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, § 13543(a), , 131 Stat. 2155.)