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Title 35 — Patents

Part III · Chapter 29 — Remedies for Infringement of Patent, and Other Actions

§ 295. Presumption: Product made by patented process

Statutory text

In actions alleging infringement of a process patent based on the importation, sale, offer for sale, or use of a product which is made from a process patented in the United States, if the court finds—

(1)

that a substantial likelihood exists that the product was made by the patented process, and

(2)

that the plaintiff has made a reasonable effort to determine the process actually used in the production of the product and was unable to so determine,

the product shall be presumed to have been so made, and the burden of establishing that the product was not made by the process shall be on the party asserting that it was not so made.

Legislative history

Reconstructed from this section’s Code source credit and amendment notes, resolved against the local Statutes at Large. Editorial notes are evidence, not the law that made the change.

  1. Process Patent Amendments Act of 1988

    Pub. L. 100–418 title IX § 9005(a) · 102 Stat. 1107

    Enacted · 35 U.S.C. § 295

    Added Pub. L. 100–418, title IX, § 9005(a), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1566

    Source evidence

    Code source credit
    Added Pub. L. 100–418, title IX, § 9005(a), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1566

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (a) Presumption That Product Made by Patented Process.— Chapter 29 of title 35, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following: “§ 295. Presumption: Product made by patented process “In actions alleging infringement of a process patent based on the importation, sale, or use of a product which is made from a process patented in the United States, if the court finds— “(1) that a substantial likelihood exists that the product was made by the patented process, and “(2) that the plaintiff has made a reasonable effort to determine the process actually used in the production of the product and was unable to so determine, the product shall be presumed to have been so made, and the burden of establishing that the product was not made by the process shall be on the party asserting that it was not so made.”.

  2. Pub. L. 103–465 title V § 533(b)(7) · 108 Stat. 4809

    Substituted · 35 U.S.C. § 295

    Pub. L. 103–465 substituted “sale, offer for sale, or use” for “sale, or use” in introductory provisions

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Pub. L. 103–465 substituted “sale, offer for sale, or use” for “sale, or use” in introductory provisions.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (7) Section 295 of title 35, United States Code, is amended by striking “sale, or use” and inserting “sale, offer for sale, or use”.

    Effective date note
    Amendment by Pub. L. 103–465 effective on date that is one year after date on which the WTO Agreement enters into force with respect to the United States [Jan. 1, 1995], with provisions relating to earliest filed patent application, see section 534(a), (b)(3) of Pub. L. 103–465, set out as a note under section 154 of this title.

2 of 2 references resolved to an enrolled provision

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1994—Pub. L. 103–465 substituted “sale, offer for sale, or use” for “sale, or use” in introductory provisions.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1994 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–465 effective on date that is one year after date on which the WTO Agreement enters into force with respect to the United States [], with provisions relating to earliest filed patent application, see section 534(a), (b)(3) of Pub. L. 103–465, set out as a note under section 154 of this title.

Effective Date

Section effective 6 months after , and, subject to enumerated exceptions, applicable only with respect to products made or imported after such effective date, see section 9006 of Pub. L. 100–418, set out as an Effective Date of 1988 Amendment note under section 271 of this title.

Credits

1988–1994 · 2 acts
  1. 1988Added Pub. L. 100–418, title IX, § 9005(a), , 102 Stat. 1566
  2. 1994amended Pub. L. 103–465, title V, § 533(b)(7), , 108 Stat. 4990.
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(Added Pub. L. 100–418, title IX, § 9005(a), , 102 Stat. 1566; amended Pub. L. 103–465, title V, § 533(b)(7), , 108 Stat. 4990.)

Parsed from the official OLRC USLM XML in data/usc_all/usc35.xml · release point 119-108 · OLRC build 2026-09-09

USLM identifier /us/usc/t35/s295