Title 38 — Veterans’ Benefits

Part II · Chapter 19 — Insurance

§ 1970. Beneficiaries; payment of insurance

Statutory text

Any amount of insurance under this subchapter in force on any member or former member on the date of the insured’s death shall be paid, upon the establishment of a valid claim therefor, to the person or persons surviving at the date of the insured’s death, in the following order of precedence:

First, to the beneficiary or beneficiaries as the member or former member may have designated by a writing received prior to death (1) in the uniformed services if insured under Servicemembers’ Group Life Insurance, or (2) in the administrative office established under section 1966(b) of this title if separated or released from service, or if assigned to the Retired Reserve, and insured under Servicemembers’ Group Life Insurance, or if insured under Veterans’ Group Life Insurance;

Second, if there be no such beneficiary, to the widow or widower of such member or former member;

Third, if none of the above, to the child or children of such member or former member and descendants of deceased children by representation;

Fourth, if none of the above, to the parents of such member or former member or the survivor of them;

Fifth, if none of the above, to the duly appointed executor or administrator of the estate of such member or former member;

Sixth, if none of the above, to other next of kin of such member or former member entitled under the laws of domicile of such member or former member at the time of the insured’s death.

If any person otherwise entitled to payment under this section does not make claim therefor within one year after the death of the member or former member, or if payment to such person within that period is prohibited by Federal statute or regulation, payment may be made in the order of precedence as if such person had predeceased the member or former member, and any such payment shall be a bar to recovery by any other person.

If, within two years after the death of the member or former member, no claim for payment has been filed by any person entitled under the order of precedence set forth in this section, and neither the Secretary nor the administrative office established by the insurance company or companies pursuant to section 1966(b) of this title has received any notice that any such claim will be made, payment may be made to a claimant as may in the judgment of the Secretary be equitably entitled thereto, and such payment shall be a bar to recovery by any other person.

The member may elect settlement of insurance under this subchapter either in a lump sum or in thirty-six equal monthly installments. If no such election is made by the member the beneficiary or beneficiaries may elect settlement either in a lump sum or in thirty-six equal monthly installments. If the member has elected settlement in a lump sum, the beneficiary or beneficiaries may elect settlement in thirty-six equal monthly installments.

Until and unless otherwise changed, a beneficiary designation and settlement option filed by a member with the member’s uniformed service under prior provisions of law will be effective with respect to the increased insurance authorized under the Veterans’ Insurance Act of 1974 and the insurance shall be settled in the same proportionate amount as the portion designated for such beneficiary or beneficiaries bore to the amount of insurance heretofore in effect.

Notwithstanding the provisions of any other law, payment of matured Servicemembers’ Group Life Insurance or Veterans’ Group Life Insurance benefits may be made directly to a minor widow or widower on his or her own behalf, and payment in such case shall be a complete acquittance to the insurer.

Any payments due or to become due under Servicemembers’ Group Life Insurance or Veterans’ Group Life Insurance made to, or on account of, an insured or a beneficiary shall be exempt from taxation, shall be exempt from the claims of creditors, and shall not be liable to attachment, levy, or seizure by or under any legal or equitable process whatever, either before or after receipt by the beneficiary. The preceding sentence shall not apply to (1) collection of amounts not deducted from the member’s pay, or collected from him by the Secretary concerned under section 1969(a) of this title, (2) levy under subchapter D of chapter 64 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 6331 et seq.) (relating to the seizure of property for collection of taxes), and (3) the taxation of any property purchased in part or wholly out of such payments.

Insurance payable under this subchapter may not be paid in any amount to the extent that such amount would escheat to a State. Payment of insurance under this subchapter may not be made to the estate of the insured or the estate of any beneficiary of the insured unless it is affirmatively shown that any amount to be paid will not escheat to a State. Any amount to be paid under this subchapter shall be reduced to the extent necessary to comply with this subsection.

Any amount of insurance in force on an insurable dependent of a member under this subchapter on the date of the dependent’s death shall be paid, upon the establishment of a valid claim therefor, to the member or, in the event of the member’s death before payment to the member can be made, then to the person or persons entitled to receive payment of the proceeds of insurance on the member’s life under this subchapter.

Legislative history

Reconstructed from this section’s Code source credit and amendment notes, resolved against the local Statutes at Large. Editorial notes are evidence, not the law that made the change.

1965
Pub. L. 89–214 § 1(a) · 79 Stat. 880
Enacted · 38 U.S.C. § 1970
Added Pub. L. 89–214, § 1(a), Sept. 29, 1965, 79 Stat. 883, § 770
Source evidence
Code source credit
Added Pub. L. 89–214, § 1(a), Sept. 29, 1965, 79 Stat. 883, § 770
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(1) as a direct result of actions of hostile forces;
1970
Pub. L. 91–291 § 5 · 84 Stat. 326
Added · 38 U.S.C. § 1970(e)(g)
Pub. L. 91–291 added subsecs. (e) to (g)
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsecs. (e) to (g). Pub. L. 91–291 added subsecs. (e) to (g).
Enacted provision · exact public law section
Sec. 5. Section 770 of title 38, United States Code, is amended by adding the following new subsections thereto: “(e) Until and unless otherwise changed, a beneficiary designation and settlement option filed by a member with his uniformed service under prior provisions of law will be effective with respect to the increased insurance authorized under this amendatory Act and the insurance shall be settled in the same proportionate amount as the portion designated for such beneficiary or beneficiaries bore to the amount of insurance heretofore in effect. “(f) Notwithstanding the provisions of any other law, payment of Payments to minor widow. matured Servicemen Payments to minor widow. s Group Life Insurance benefits may be made directly to a minor widow or widower on his or her own behalf, and payment in such case shall be a complete acquittance to the insurer. “(g) Payments of benefits due or to become due under Servicemen’s Benefits exempt from taxation, etc. Group Life Insurance made to, or on account of, a beneficiary shall be exempt from taxation, shall be exempt from the claims of creditors, and shall not be liable to attachment, levy, or seizure by or under any legal or equitable process whatever, either before or after receipt by the beneficiary. The “receding sentence shall not apply to (1) collection of amounts not deducted from the members pay, or collected from him by the Secretary concerned under section 769(a) of this title, (2) levy Ante, p. 329. under subchapter 1) of chapter 64 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 68A Stat. 783; 80 Stat. 1135. 26 USC 6331–6344. (relating tn the seizure of property for collection of taxes), and (3) the taxation of any property purchased in part or wholly out of such payments.”
1974
Pub. L. 93–289 § 7(1) · 88 Stat. 165
Changed · 38 U.S.C. § 1970(a)
Pub. L. 93–289, § 7(1), included in par. First writings received in the administrative office established under section 766(b) of this title if separated or released from service, or if assigned to the Retired Reserve, and insured under Servicemen’s Group Life Insurance, or if insured under Veterans’ Group Life Insurance
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 93–289, § 7(1), included in par. First writings received in the administrative office established under section 766(b) of this title if separated or released from service, or if assigned to the Retired Reserve, and insured under Servicemen’s Group Life Insurance, or if insured under Veterans’ Group Life Insurance.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(1) The first clause following the colon in subsection (a) is amended to read as follows: “First, to the beneficiary or beneficiaries as the member or former member may have designated by a writing received prior to death (1) in the uniformed services if insured under Servicemen’s Group Life Insurance, or (2) in the administrative office established under section 766(b) of this title if separated or released from service, or if assigned to the Retired Reserve, and insured under Servicemen’s Group Life Insurance, or if insured under Veterans’ Group Life Insurance;”.
1974
Pub. L. 93–289 § 7(2) · 88 Stat. 165
Substituted · 38 U.S.C. § 1970(e)
Pub. L. 93–289, § 7(2), substituted “the Veterans’ Insurance Act of 1974” for “this amendatory Act”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 93–289, § 7(2), substituted “the Veterans’ Insurance Act of 1974” for “this amendatory Act”.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(2) Subsection (e) is amended by deleting therefrom the words “this amendatory Act” and inserting in lieu thereof “the Veterans’ Insurance Act of 1974”. Ante, p. 165.
1974
Pub. L. 93–289 § 7(3) · 88 Stat. 165
Changed · 38 U.S.C. § 1970(f); 38 U.S.C. § 1970(g)
Pub. L. 93–289, § 7(3), included payment of benefits under Veterans’ Group Life Insurance
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsecs. (f), (g). Pub. L. 93–289, § 7(3), included payment of benefits under Veterans’ Group Life Insurance.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(3) Subsections (f) and (g) are amended by adding after “Servicemen’s Group Life Insurance” wherever it appears therein “or Veterans’ Group Life Insurance”.
1982
Public Law not identified
Struck · 38 U.S.C. § 1970(c)
Subsec. (c). Pub L. 97–306, § 401(a)(1), struck out provision that if, within four years after the death of the member or former member, payment had not been made pursuant to this section and no claim for payment by any person entitled under this section was pending, the amount payable would escheat to the credit of the revolving fund referred to in section 769(d) of this title
Unresolved: No Public Law or Statutes at Large citation in the Code source.
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (c). Pub L. 97–306, § 401(a)(1), struck out provision that if, within four years after the death of the member or former member, payment had not been made pursuant to this section and no claim for payment by any person entitled under this section was pending, the amount payable would escheat to the credit of the revolving fund referred to in section 769(d) of this title.
1982
Pub. L. 97–295 § 4(31) · 96 Stat. 1287
Inserted · 38 U.S.C. § 1970(g)
Pub. L. 97–295 inserted “(26 U.S.C. 6331 et seq.)” after “Code of 1954”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 97–295 inserted “(26 U.S.C. 6331 et seq.)” after “Code of 1954”.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(31) Section 770(g) is amended by inserting “(26 U.S.C. 6331 et 38 USC 770. seq.)” after “the Internal Revenue Code of 1954”.
1982
Veterans’ Compensation, Education, and Employment Amendments of 1982
Pub. L. 97–306 § 401(a)(2) · 96 Stat. 1429
Added · 38 U.S.C. § 1970(h)
Pub. L. 97–306, § 401(a)(2), added subsec. (h)
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 97–306, § 401(a)(2), added subsec. (h).
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(a) Section 770 is amended— (1) by striking out the second sentence of subsection (c); and (2) by adding at the end the following new subsection: “(h) Insurance payable under this subchapter may not be paid in any amount to the extent that such amount would escheat to a State. Payment of insurance under this subchapter may not be made to the estate of the insured or the estate of any beneficiary of the insured unless it is affirmatively shown that any amount to be paid will not escheat to a State. Any amount to be paid under this subchapter shall be reduced to the extent necessary to comply with this subsection.”.
1986
Pub. L. 99–576 § 701(40)(A) · 100 Stat. 3248
Substituted · 38 U.S.C. § 1970(a)
Pub. L. 99–576, § 701(40)(A), substituted “the insured’s” for “his” in two places in introductory text and in one place in par. Sixth
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–576, § 701(40)(A), substituted “the insured’s” for “his” in two places in introductory text and in one place in par. Sixth.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(A) by striking out “his” each place it appears in subsection (a) and inserting in lieu thereof “the insured’s”; and
1986
Pub. L. 99–576 § 701(40)(B) · 100 Stat. 3248
Substituted · 38 U.S.C. § 1970(e)
Pub. L. 99–576, § 701(40)(B), substituted “the member’s” for “his”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 99–576, § 701(40)(B), substituted “the member’s” for “his”.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(B) by striking out “his” in subsection (e) and inserting in lieu thereof “the member’s”.
1991
Pub. L. 102–54 § 14(b)(17) · 105 Stat. 267
Substituted · 38 U.S.C. § 1970(g)(2)
Pub. L. 102–54 substituted “Internal Revenue Code of 1986” for “Internal Revenue Code of 1954”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 102–54 substituted “Internal Revenue Code of 1986” for “Internal Revenue Code of 1954”.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(17) Section 770(g) is amended by striking out “the Internal Revenue Code of 1954” in clause (2) of the second sentence and inserting in lieu thereof “the Internal Revenue Code of 1986”.
1991
Pub. L. 102–83 § 5(a) · 105 Stat. 378
Changed · 38 U.S.C. § 1970
Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(a), renumbered section 770 of this title as this section
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(a), renumbered section 770 of this title as this section.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(a) Redesignation of Sections to Conform to Chapter Numbers.— Each section contained in any of chapters 11 through 23 is redesignated by replacing the first digit of the section number with the number of the chapter containing that section. Each section contained in any of chapters 24 through 42 is redesignated so that the first two digits of the section number of that section are the same as the chapter number of the chapter containing that section.
1991
Pub. L. 102–83 § 5(c)(1) · 105 Stat. 378
Substituted · 38 U.S.C. § 1970(a)
Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(c)(1), substituted “1966(b)” for “766(b)”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(c)(1), substituted “1966(b)” for “766(b)”.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(1) Each provision of title 38, United States Code, that contains a reference to a section redesignated by subsection (a) is amended so that the reference refers to the section as redesignated.
1991
Pub. L. 102–83 § 5(c)(1) · 105 Stat. 378
Substituted · 38 U.S.C. § 1970(c)
Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(c)(1), substituted “1966(b)” for “766(b)”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(c)(1), substituted “1966(b)” for “766(b)”.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(1) Each provision of title 38, United States Code, that contains a reference to a section redesignated by subsection (a) is amended so that the reference refers to the section as redesignated.
1991
Pub. L. 102–83 § 4(b)(1) · 105 Stat. 378
Substituted · 38 U.S.C. § 1970(c)
Pub. L. 102–83, § 4(b)(1), (2)(E), substituted “Secretary” for “Administrator” in two places
Target inherited from the preceding amendment note.
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Pub. L. 102–83, § 4(b)(1), (2)(E), substituted “Secretary” for “Administrator” in two places.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(1) Title 38 is further amended by striking out “Administrator” and “Administrator’s” each place they appear (except as provided in paragraphs (2) and (9) and including where they appear in section headings and tables of sections) and inserting in lieu thereof “Secretary” and “Secretary’s”, respectively.
1991
Pub. L. 102–83 § 5(c)(1) · 105 Stat. 378
Substituted · 38 U.S.C. § 1970(g)(1)
Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(c)(1), substituted “1969(a)” for “769(a)”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(c)(1), substituted “1969(a)” for “769(a)”.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(1) Each provision of title 38, United States Code, that contains a reference to a section redesignated by subsection (a) is amended so that the reference refers to the section as redesignated.
1996
Veterans’ Insurance Reform Act of 1996
Pub. L. 104–275 title IV § 405(b)(1)(D) · 110 Stat. 3322
Substituted · 38 U.S.C. § 1970(a); 38 U.S.C. § 1970(f); 38 U.S.C. § 1970(g)
Pub. L. 104–275 substituted “Servicemembers’ Group” for “Servicemen’s Group” wherever appearing
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsecs. (a), (f), (g). Pub. L. 104–275 substituted “Servicemembers’ Group” for “Servicemen’s Group” wherever appearing.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(D) Subsections (a), (f), and (g) of section 1970.
1998
Pub. L. 105–368 title III § 302(b) · 112 Stat. 3315
1. Substituted · 38 U.S.C. § 1970(g)
  Pub. L. 105–368, in first sentence, substituted “Any payments” for “Payments of benefits”
2. Inserted · 38 U.S.C. § 1970(g)
  Pub. L. 105–368, in first sentence, inserted “an insured or” after “or on account of,”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 105–368, in first sentence, substituted “Any payments” for “Payments of benefits” and inserted “an insured or” after “or on account of,”.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(b) Conforming Amendments.— Section 1970(g) is amended in the first sentence— (1) by striking “Payments of benefits” and inserting “Any payments”; and (2) by inserting “an insured or” after “or on account of,”.
2001
Veterans’ Survivor Benefits Improvements Act of 2001
Pub. L. 107–14 § 4(e) · 115 Stat. 25
Added · 38 U.S.C. § 1970(i)
Pub. L. 107–14 added subsec. (i)
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 107–14 added subsec. (i).
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(e) Payments of Insurance Proceeds.— Section 1970 is amended by adding at the end the following new subsection: “(i) Any amount of insurance in force on an insurable dependent of a member under this subchapter on the date of the dependent’s death shall be paid, upon the establishment of a valid claim therefor, to the member or, in the event of the member’s death before payment to the member can be made, then to the person or persons entitled to receive payment of the proceeds of insurance on the member’s life under this subchapter. ” .
2005
Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense, the Global War on Terror, and Tsunami Relief, 2005
Pub. L. 109–13 § 1012(g) · 119 Stat. 231
Repealed · 38 U.S.C. § 1970(j)
Pub. L. 109–13, § 1012(g), which directed addition of subsec. (j), was repealed by Pub. L. 109–80. See Effective and Termination Dates of 2005 Amendments note below. Subsec. (j) read as follows: “A member with a spouse may not modify the beneficiary or beneficiaries designated by the member under subsection (a) without providing written notice of such modification to the spouse.”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 109–13, § 1012(g), which directed addition of subsec. (j), was repealed by Pub. L. 109–80. See Effective and Termination Dates of 2005 Amendments note below. Subsec. (j) read as follows: “A member with a spouse may not modify the beneficiary or beneficiaries designated by the member under subsection (a) without providing written notice of such modification to the spouse.”
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(g) Requirement Regarding Redesignation of Beneficiaries.— Section 1970 of such title is amended by adding at the end the following new subsection: “(j) A member with a spouse may not modify the beneficiary or beneficiaries designated by the member under subsection (a) without providing written notice of such modification to the spouse.” .
Effective date note
Amendment by Pub. L. 109–80 effective Aug. 31, 2005, and this section shall be applied as if section 1012 of Pub. L. 109–13 had not been enacted, see section 2 of Pub. L. 109–80, set out as a note under section 1967 of this title. Amendment by Pub. L. 109–13 effective through the earlier of Dec. 31, 2005, or, with respect to certain sections of Public Law 109–13, the date of the enactment into law of legislation that supersedes the provisions of, or the amendments made by, those sections, see section 115 of Pub. L. 109–77, set out as a note under section 1967 of this title.

20 of 21 references resolved to an enrolled provision · 1 unresolved

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Veterans’ Insurance Act of 1974, referred to in subsec. (e), is Pub. L. 93–289, May 24, 1974, 88 Stat. 165, which enacted sections 777, 778, and 779 [now 1977, 1978, and 1979] of this title, section 707 of Title 37, Pay and Allowances of the Uniformed Services, amended sections 723, 765, 767 to 771, and 774 [now 1923, 1965, 1967 to 1971, and 1974] of this title, and enacted provisions set out as notes under sections 723, 765, 767, and 768 [now 1923, 1965, 1967, and 1968] of this title and section 707 of Title 37. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.

Subchapter D of chapter 64 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, referred to in subsec. (g)(3), is classified to subchapter D (§ 6331 et seq.) of chapter 64 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.

Amendments1970–2005 · 9 rounds

2005

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 109–13, § 1012(g), which directed addition of subsec. (j), was repealed by Pub. L. 109–80. See Effective and Termination Dates of 2005 Amendments note below. Subsec. (j) read as follows: “A member with a spouse may not modify the beneficiary or beneficiaries designated by the member under subsection (a) without providing written notice of such modification to the spouse.”

2001

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 107–14 added subsec. (i).

1998

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 105–368, in first sentence, substituted “Any payments” for “Payments of benefits” and inserted “an insured or” after “or on account of,”.

1996

Subsecs. (a), (f), (g). Pub. L. 104–275 substituted “Servicemembers’ Group” for “Servicemen’s Group” wherever appearing.

1991

Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(a), renumbered section 770 of this title as this section.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(c)(1), substituted “1966(b)” for “766(b)”.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(c)(1), substituted “1966(b)” for “766(b)”.

Pub. L. 102–83, § 4(b)(1), (2)(E), substituted “Secretary” for “Administrator” in two places.

Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(c)(1), substituted “1969(a)” for “769(a)”.

Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 102–54 substituted “Internal Revenue Code of 1986” for “Internal Revenue Code of 1954”.

1986

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–576, § 701(40)(A), substituted “the insured’s” for “his” in two places in introductory text and in one place in par. Sixth.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 99–576, § 701(40)(B), substituted “the member’s” for “his”.

1982

Subsec. (c). Pub L. 97–306, § 401(a)(1), struck out provision that if, within four years after the death of the member or former member, payment had not been made pursuant to this section and no claim for payment by any person entitled under this section was pending, the amount payable would escheat to the credit of the revolving fund referred to in section 769(d) of this title.

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 97–295 inserted “(26 U.S.C. 6331 et seq.)” after “Code of 1954”.

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 97–306, § 401(a)(2), added subsec. (h).

1974

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 93–289, § 7(1), included in par. First writings received in the administrative office established under section 766(b) of this title if separated or released from service, or if assigned to the Retired Reserve, and insured under Servicemen’s Group Life Insurance, or if insured under Veterans’ Group Life Insurance.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 93–289, § 7(2), substituted “the Veterans’ Insurance Act of 1974” for “this amendatory Act”.

Subsecs. (f), (g). Pub. L. 93–289, § 7(3), included payment of benefits under Veterans’ Group Life Insurance.

1970

Subsecs. (e) to (g). Pub. L. 91–291 added subsecs. (e) to (g).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective and Termination Dates of 2005 Amendments

Amendment by Pub. L. 109–80 effective Aug. 31, 2005, and this section shall be applied as if section 1012 of Pub. L. 109–13 had not been enacted, see section 2 of Pub. L. 109–80, set out as a note under section 1967 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 109–13 effective through the earlier of Dec. 31, 2005, or, with respect to certain sections of Public Law 109–13, the date of the enactment into law of legislation that supersedes the provisions of, or the amendments made by, those sections, see section 115 of Pub. L. 109–77, set out as a note under section 1967 of this title.

Effective Date of 2001 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–14 effective on the first day of the first month that begins more than 120 days after June 5, 2001, see section 4(g)(1) of Pub. L. 107–14, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1998 Amendment

Pub. L. 105–368, title III, § 302(c), Nov. 11, 1998, 112 Stat. 3333, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [enacting section 1980 of this title and amending this section] shall take effect 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 11, 1998].”

Effective Date of 1982 Amendment

Pub. L. 97–306, title IV, § 401(b), Oct. 14, 1982, 96 Stat. 1442, provided that: “The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect on October 1, 1982.”

Effective Date of 1970 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 91–291 effective June 25, 1970, see section 14(a) of Pub. L. 91–291, set out as a note under section 1317 of this title.