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Title 42 — The Public Health and Welfare

Part I · Chapter 129 — National and Community Service

§ 12653. Additional Corporation activities to support national service

Statutory text

(a)

Methods of conducting activities

The Corporation may carry out this section directly (except as provided in subsection (g)) or through grants, contracts, and cooperative agreements with other entities.

(b)

Innovation and quality improvement

The Corporation may undertake activities to address emergent needs through summer programs and other activities, and to support service-learning programs and national service programs, including—

(1)

programs, including programs for rural youth, under division B or C;

(2)

employer-based retiree programs;

(3)

intergenerational programs;

(4)

programs involving individuals with disabilities as participants providing service; and

(5)

programs sponsored by Governors.

(c)

Conferences and materials

The Corporation may organize and hold conferences, and prepare and publish materials, to disseminate information and promote the sharing of information among programs for the purpose of improving the quality of programs and projects.

(d)

Research

The Corporation may support research on national service, including service-learning.

(e)

Youth leadership

The Corporation may support activities to enhance the ability of youth and young adults to play leadership roles in national service.

(f)

National program identity

The Corporation may support the development and dissemination of materials, including training materials, and arrange for uniforms and insignia, designed to promote unity and shared features among programs that receive assistance under the national service laws.

(g)

Global Youth Service Day

(1)

Designation

, and , are each designated as “Global Youth Service Days”. The President is authorized and directed to issue a proclamation calling on the people of the United States to observe the day with appropriate youth-led community improvement and service-learning activities.

(2)

Federal activities

In order to observe Global Youth Service Day at the Federal level, the Corporation and other Federal departments and agencies may organize and carry out appropriate youth-led community improvement and service-learning activities.

(3)

Activities

The Corporation and other Federal departments and agencies may make grants to public or private nonprofit organizations with demonstrated ability to carry out appropriate activities, in order to support such activities on Global Youth Service Day.

(h)

Assistance for Head Start

The Corporation may make grants to, and enter into contracts and cooperative agreements with, public or nonprofit private agencies and organizations that receive grants or contracts under the Foster Grandparent Program (part B of title II of the Domestic Volunteer Service Act of 1973 [42 U.S.C. 5011 et seq.]), for projects of the type described in section 211(a) of such Act [42 U.S.C. 5011] operating under memoranda of agreement with the Corporation, for the purpose of increasing the number of low-income individuals who provide services under such program to children who participate in Head Start programs under the Head Start Act (42 U.S.C 9831 et seq).

(i)

Martin Luther King, Jr., Service Day

(1)

Assistance

The Corporation may make grants to eligible entities described in paragraph (2) to pay for the Federal share of the cost of planning and carrying out service opportunities in conjunction with the Federal legal holiday honoring the birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr. Such service opportunities shall consist of activities reflecting the life and teachings of Martin Luther King, Jr., such as cooperation and understanding among racial and ethnic groups, nonviolent conflict resolution, equal economic and educational opportunities, and social justice.

(2)

Eligible entities

Any entity otherwise eligible for assistance under the national services laws shall be eligible to receive a grant under this subsection.

(3)

Repealed. Pub. L. 105–354, § 2(b), , 112 Stat. 3244

(4)

Federal share

Grants provided under this subsection to an eligible entity to support the planning and carrying out of a service opportunity in conjunction with the Federal legal holiday honoring the birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr., together with all other Federal funds used to plan or carry out the service opportunity, may not exceed 30 percent of the cost of planning and carrying out the service opportunity.

(5)

Calculation of entity contributions

In determining the non-Federal share of the costs of planning and carrying out a service opportunity supported by a grant under this subsection, the Corporation shall consider in-kind contributions (including facilities, equipment, and services) made to plan or carry out the service opportunity.

(j)

Call to Service Campaign

Not later than 180 days after , the Corporation shall conduct a nationwide “Call To Service” campaign, to encourage all people of the United States, regardless of age, race, ethnicity, religion, or economic status, to engage in full- or part-time national service, long- or short-term public service in the nonprofit sector or government, or volunteering. In conducting the campaign, the Corporation may collaborate with other Federal agencies and entities, State Commissions, Governors, nonprofit and faith-based organizations, businesses, institutions of higher education, elementary schools, and secondary schools.

(k)

September 11th Day of Service

(1)

Federal activities

The Corporation may organize and carry out appropriate ceremonies and activities, which may include activities that are part of the broader Call to Service Campaign under subsection (j), in order to observe the September 11th National Day of Service and Remembrance at the Federal level.

(2)

Activities

The Corporation may make grants and provide other support to community-based organizations to assist in planning and carrying out appropriate service, charity, and remembrance opportunities in conjunction with the September 11th National Day of Service and Remembrance.

(3)

Consultation

The Corporation may consult with and make grants or provide other forms of support to nonprofit organizations with expertise in representing families of victims of the terrorist attacks and other impacted constituencies, and in promoting the establishment of September 11 as an annually recognized National Day of Service and Remembrance.

Legislative history

Reconstructed from this section’s Code source credit and amendment notes, resolved against the local Statutes at Large. Editorial notes are evidence, not the law that made the change.

  1. National and Community Service Act of 1990

    Pub. L. 101–610 title I § 198 · 104 Stat. 3127

    Enacted · 42 U.S.C. § 12653

    Pub. L. 101–610, title I, § 198, as added and amended Pub. L. 103–82, title I, § 104(c), title IV, § 405(p)(2), Sept. 21, 1993, 107 Stat. 840, 922

    Source evidence

    Code source credit
    Pub. L. 101–610, title I, § 198, as added and amended Pub. L. 103–82, title I, § 104(c), title IV, § 405(p)(2), Sept. 21, 1993, 107 Stat. 840, 922

  2. National and Community Service Trust Act of 1993

    Pub. L. 103–82 § 405(p)(2) · 107 Stat. 785

    Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 12653(r)

    Pub. L. 103–82, § 405(p)(2), substituted “Corporation” for “ACTION Agency”

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (r). Pub. L. 103–82, § 405(p)(2), substituted “Corporation” for “ACTION Agency”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (2) Subsection (r) of section 198 of such Act (as amended by section 104(c) of this Act) is further amended by striking “ACTION Agency” and inserting “Corporation”.

  3. Pub. L. 103–304 § 3(b)(6) · 108 Stat. 1565

    Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 12653(q)(1)

    Pub. L. 103–304, § 3(b)(6), substituted “1995,” for “1995”

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (q)(1). Pub. L. 103–304, § 3(b)(6), substituted “1995,” for “1995”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (6) Punctuation.— Section 198(q)(l) of the National and Community Service Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. 12653(q)(l)), as added by section 104(c) of the National and Community Service Trust Act of 1993 (Public Law 103–82; 107 Stat. 840), is amended by striking “1995” and inserting “1995,”.

  4. Pub. L. 103–304 § 3(a) · 108 Stat. 1565

    Added · 42 U.S.C. § 12653(s)

    Pub. L. 103–304, § 3(a), added subsec. (s)

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (s). Pub. L. 103–304, § 3(a), added subsec. (s).

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (a) Additional Corporation Activity to Support National Service.— Section 198 of the National and Community Service Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. 12653) is amended by adding at the end the following new subsection: “(s) Martin Luther King, Jr., Service Day.— “(1) Assistance.— The Corporation may make grants to eligible entities described in paragraph (2) to pay for the Federal share of the cost of planning and carr3dng out service opportunities in conjunction with the Federal legal holiday honoring the birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr. Such service opportunities shall consist of activities reflecting the life and teachings of Martin Luther King, Jr., such as cooperation and understanding among racial and ethnic groups, nonviolent conflict resolution, equal economic and educational opportunities, and social justice. “(2) Eligible Entities.— Any entity otherwise eligible for assistance under the national services laws shall be eligible to receive a grant under this subsection. “(3) Consultation.— In making grants under this subsection, the Corporation shall consult with the Martin Luther King, Jr. Federal Holiday Commission established under section 2 of Public Law 98–399 (36 U.S.C. 169J-1). “(4) Federal Share.— Grants provided under this subsection to an eligible entity to support the planning and carrying out of a service opportunity in conjunction with the Federal legal holiday honoring the birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr., together with all other Federal funds used to plan or carry out the service opportunity, may not exceed 30 percent of the cost of planning and carrying out the service opportunity. “(5) Calculation of Entity Contributions.— In determining the non-Federal share of the costs of planning and carrying out a service opportunity supported by a grant under this subsection, the Corporation shall consider in-kind contributions (including facilities, equipment, and services) made to plan or carry out the service opportunity.”.

  5. Pub. L. 105–354 § 2(b) · 112 Stat. 3238

    Struck · 42 U.S.C. § 12653(s)(3)

    Pub. L. 105–354 struck out heading and text of par. (3). Text read as follows: “In making grants under this subsection, the Corporation shall consult with the Martin Luther King, Jr. Federal Holiday Commission established under section 169j–1 of title 36.”

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (s)(3). Pub. L. 105–354 struck out heading and text of par. (3). Text read as follows: “In making grants under this subsection, the Corporation shall consult with the Martin Luther King, Jr. Federal Holiday Commission established under section 169j–1 of title 36.”

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (b) Paragraph (3) of section 198(s) of the National and Community Service Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. 12653(s)(3)) is repealed.

  6. Serve America Act

    Pub. L. 111–13 § 1802(a)(3) · 123 Stat. 1460

    1. Redesignated · 42 U.S.C. § 12653

      Pub. L. 111–13, § 1802(a)(3), redesignated subsecs. (g), (k), (n), (o), (q), (r), and (s) as (c) to (i), respectively

    2. Struck · 42 U.S.C. § 12653

      Pub. L. 111–13, § 1802(a)(3), struck out former subsecs. (c) to (f), (h) to (j), (l), (m), and (p), which related to summer programs, community-based agencies, improving ability to apply for assistance, national service fellowships, Peace Corps and VISTA training, promotion and recruitment, training, intergenerational support, planning coordination, and service-learning, respectively

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Pub. L. 111–13, § 1802(a)(3), redesignated subsecs. (g), (k), (n), (o), (q), (r), and (s) as (c) to (i), respectively, and struck out former subsecs. (c) to (f), (h) to (j), (l), (m), and (p), which related to summer programs, community-based agencies, improving ability to apply for assistance, national service fellowships, Peace Corps and VISTA training, promotion and recruitment, training, intergenerational support, planning coordination, and service-learning, respectively.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (3) by striking subsections (c), (d), (e), (f), (h), (i), (j), (l), (m), and (p) and redesignating subsections (g), (k), (n), (o), (q), (r), and (s) as subsections (c), (d), (e), (f), (g), (h), and (i), respectively.

    Effective date note
    Amendment by Pub. L. 111–13 effective Oct. 1, 2009, see section 6101(a) of Pub. L. 111–13, set out as a note under section 4950 of this title.

  7. Serve America Act

    Pub. L. 111–13 § 1802(a)(1) · 123 Stat. 1460

    Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 12653(a)

    Pub. L. 111–13, § 1802(a)(1), substituted “subsection (g)” for “subsection (r) of this section”

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 111–13, § 1802(a)(1), substituted “subsection (g)” for “subsection (r) of this section”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (1) in subsection (a), by striking “subsection (r)” and inserting “subsection (g)”;

    Effective date note
    Amendment by Pub. L. 111–13 effective Oct. 1, 2009, see section 6101(a) of Pub. L. 111–13, set out as a note under section 4950 of this title.

  8. Serve America Act

    Pub. L. 111–13 § 1802(a)(2) · 123 Stat. 1460

    Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 12653(b)

    Pub. L. 111–13, § 1802(a)(2), substituted “to address emergent needs through summer programs and other activities, and to support service-learning programs and national service programs, including—” for “to improve the quality of national service programs, including service-learning programs, and to support innovative and model programs, including—” in introductory provisions

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 111–13, § 1802(a)(2), substituted “to address emergent needs through summer programs and other activities, and to support service-learning programs and national service programs, including—” for “to improve the quality of national service programs, including service-learning programs, and to support innovative and model programs, including—” in introductory provisions.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (2) in the matter preceding paragraph (1) of subsection (b), by striking “to improve the quality” and all that follows through “including—” and inserting “to address emergent needs through summer programs and other activities, and to support service-learning programs and national service programs, including—”;

    Effective date note
    Amendment by Pub. L. 111–13 effective Oct. 1, 2009, see section 6101(a) of Pub. L. 111–13, set out as a note under section 4950 of this title.

  9. Serve America Act

    Pub. L. 111–13 § 1802(b)(1)(A) · 123 Stat. 1460

    Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 12653(g)

    Pub. L. 111–13, § 1802(b)(1)(A), substituted “Global” for “National” in heading

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 111–13, § 1802(b)(1)(A), substituted “Global” for “National” in heading.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (A) in the subsection heading, by striking “National” and inserting “Global”;

    Effective date note
    Amendment by Pub. L. 111–13 effective Oct. 1, 2009, see section 6101(a) of Pub. L. 111–13, set out as a note under section 4950 of this title.

  10. Serve America Act

    Pub. L. 111–13 § 1802(b)(1)(B) · 123 Stat. 1460

    1. Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 12653(g)(1)

      Pub. L. 111–13, § 1802(b)(1)(B), (C), substituted “April 24, 2009, and April 23, 2010, are each designated as ‘Global Youth Service Days’.” for “April 19, 1994, and April 18, 1995, are each designated as ‘National Youth Service Day’.”

    2. Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 12653(g)(1)

      Pub. L. 111–13, § 1802(b)(1)(B), (C), substituted “appropriate youth-led community improvement and service-learning activities” for “appropriate ceremonies and activities”

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 111–13, § 1802(b)(1)(B), (C), substituted “April 24, 2009, and April 23, 2010, are each designated as ‘Global Youth Service Days’.” for “April 19, 1994, and April 18, 1995, are each designated as ‘National Youth Service Day’.” and “appropriate youth-led community improvement and service-learning activities” for “appropriate ceremonies and activities”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (B) by striking “National Youth” each place it appears and inserting “Global Youth”;

    Effective date note
    Amendment by Pub. L. 111–13 effective Oct. 1, 2009, see section 6101(a) of Pub. L. 111–13, set out as a note under section 4950 of this title.

  11. Serve America Act

    Pub. L. 111–13 § 1802(b)(1)(B) · 123 Stat. 1460

    1. Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 12653(g)(2)

      Pub. L. 111–13, § 1802(b)(1)(B), (D), substituted “Global Youth” for “National Youth”

    2. Inserted · 42 U.S.C. § 12653(g)(2)

      Pub. L. 111–13, § 1802(b)(1)(B), (D), inserted “and other Federal departments and agencies” after “Corporation”

    3. Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 12653(g)(2)

      Pub. L. 111–13, § 1802(b)(1)(B), (D), substituted “youth-led community improvement and service-learning activities” for “ceremonies and activities”

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 111–13, § 1802(b)(1)(B), (D), substituted “Global Youth” for “National Youth”, inserted “and other Federal departments and agencies” after “Corporation”, and substituted “youth-led community improvement and service-learning activities” for “ceremonies and activities”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (B) by striking “National Youth” each place it appears and inserting “Global Youth”;

    Effective date note
    Amendment by Pub. L. 111–13 effective Oct. 1, 2009, see section 6101(a) of Pub. L. 111–13, set out as a note under section 4950 of this title.

  12. Serve America Act

    Pub. L. 111–13 § 1802(b)(1)(B) · 123 Stat. 1460

    1. Inserted · 42 U.S.C. § 12653(g)(3)

      Pub. L. 111–13, § 1802(b)(1)(B), (E), inserted “and other Federal departments and agencies” after “Corporation”

    2. Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 12653(g)(3)

      Pub. L. 111–13, § 1802(b)(1)(B), (E), substituted “Global Youth” for “National Youth”

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 111–13, § 1802(b)(1)(B), (E), inserted “and other Federal departments and agencies” after “Corporation” and substituted “Global Youth” for “National Youth”.

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (B) by striking “National Youth” each place it appears and inserting “Global Youth”;

    Effective date note
    Amendment by Pub. L. 111–13 effective Oct. 1, 2009, see section 6101(a) of Pub. L. 111–13, set out as a note under section 4950 of this title.

  13. Serve America Act

    Pub. L. 111–13 § 1802(c) · 123 Stat. 1460

    Added · 42 U.S.C. § 12653(j); 42 U.S.C. § 12653(k)

    Pub. L. 111–13, § 1802(c), added subsecs. (j) and (k)

    Source evidence

    Code amendment note
    Subsecs. (j), (k). Pub. L. 111–13, § 1802(c), added subsecs. (j) and (k).

    Enacted provision · exact public law section
    (c) Call to Service Campaign and September 11th Day of Service.— Section 198 (42 U.S.C. 12653), as amended by subsection (a), is further amended by adding at the end the following: “(j) Call to Service Campaign.— Not Deadline. later than 180 days after the date of enactment of the Serve America Act, the Corporation shall conduct a nationwide ‘Call To Service’ campaign, to encourage all people of the United States, regardless of age, race, ethnicity, religion, or economic status, to engage in full- or part-time national service, long- or short-term public service in the nonprofit sector or government, or volunteering. In conducting the campaign, the Corporation may collaborate with other Federal agencies and entities, State Commissions, Governors, nonprofit and faith-based organizations, businesses, institutions of higher education, elementary schools, and secondary schools. “(k) September 11th Day of Service.— “(1) Federal activities.— The Corporation may organize and carry out appropriate ceremonies and activities, which may include activities that are part of the broader Call to Service Campaign under subsection (j), in order to observe the September 11th National Day of Service and Remembrance at the Federal level. “(2) Activities.— The Corporation may make grants and provide other support to community-based organizations to assist in planning and carrying out appropriate service, charity, and remembrance opportunities in conjunction with the September 11th National Day of Service and Remembrance. “(3) Consultation.— The Corporation may consult with and make grants or provide other forms of support to nonprofit organizations with expertise in representing families of victims of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and other impacted constituencies, and in promoting the establishment of September 11 as an annually recognized National Day of Service and Remembrance.” .

    Effective date note
    Amendment by Pub. L. 111–13 effective Oct. 1, 2009, see section 6101(a) of Pub. L. 111–13, set out as a note under section 4950 of this title.

17 of 18 references resolved to an enrolled provision · 1 partial

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Domestic Volunteer Service Act of 1973, referred to in subsec. (h), is Pub. L. 93–113, , 87 Stat. 394. Title I and part B of title II of the Act are classified generally to subchapter I (§ 4951 et seq.) and part B (§ 5011 et seq.) of subchapter II, respectively, of chapter 66 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4950 of this title and Tables.

The Head Start Act, referred to in subsec. (h), is subchapter B (§§ 635–657) of chapter 8 of subtitle A of title VI of Pub. L. 97–35, , 95 Stat. 499, which is classified generally to subchapter II (§ 9831 et seq.) of chapter 105 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 9801 of this title and Tables.

Prior Provisions

A prior section 12653, Pub. L. 101–610, title I, § 195, as added Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title X, § 1092(a)(1), , 106 Stat. 2522, which stated purpose of Civilian Community Corps, was renumbered section 151 of Pub. L. 101–610 by Pub. L. 103–82, § 104(b), and transferred to section 12611 of this title.

Amendments1993–2009 · 4 rounds

2009

Pub. L. 111–13, § 1802(a)(3), redesignated subsecs. (g), (k), (n), (o), (q), (r), and (s) as (c) to (i), respectively, and struck out former subsecs. (c) to (f), (h) to (j), (l), (m), and (p), which related to summer programs, community-based agencies, improving ability to apply for assistance, national service fellowships, Peace Corps and VISTA training, promotion and recruitment, training, intergenerational support, planning coordination, and service-learning, respectively.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 111–13, § 1802(a)(1), substituted “subsection (g)” for “subsection (r) of this section”.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 111–13, § 1802(a)(2), substituted “to address emergent needs through summer programs and other activities, and to support service-learning programs and national service programs, including—” for “to improve the quality of national service programs, including service-learning programs, and to support innovative and model programs, including—” in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 111–13, § 1802(b)(1)(A), substituted “Global” for “National” in heading.

Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 111–13, § 1802(b)(1)(B), (C), substituted “, and , are each designated as ‘Global Youth Service Days’.” for “, and , are each designated as ‘National Youth Service Day’.” and “appropriate youth-led community improvement and service-learning activities” for “appropriate ceremonies and activities”.

Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 111–13, § 1802(b)(1)(B), (D), substituted “Global Youth” for “National Youth”, inserted “and other Federal departments and agencies” after “Corporation”, and substituted “youth-led community improvement and service-learning activities” for “ceremonies and activities”.

Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 111–13, § 1802(b)(1)(B), (E), inserted “and other Federal departments and agencies” after “Corporation” and substituted “Global Youth” for “National Youth”.

Subsecs. (j), (k). Pub. L. 111–13, § 1802(c), added subsecs. (j) and (k).

1998

Subsec. (s)(3). Pub. L. 105–354 struck out heading and text of par. (3). Text read as follows: “In making grants under this subsection, the Corporation shall consult with the Martin Luther King, Jr. Federal Holiday Commission established under section 169j–1 of title 36.”

1994

Subsec. (q)(1). Pub. L. 103–304, § 3(b)(6), substituted “1995,” for “1995”.

Subsec. (s). Pub. L. 103–304, § 3(a), added subsec. (s).

1993

Subsec. (r). Pub. L. 103–82, § 405(p)(2), substituted “Corporation” for “ACTION Agency”.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2009 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–13 effective , see section 6101(a) of Pub. L. 111–13, set out as a note under section 4950 of this title.

Effective Date of 1993 Amendment

Amendment by section 405(p)(2) of Pub. L. 103–82 effective , see section 406(b) of Pub. L. 103–82, set out as a note under section 8332 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Effective Date

Section effective , see section 123 of Pub. L. 103–82, set out as an Effective Date of 1993 Amendment note under section 1701 of Title 16, Conservation.

Executive Documents

Executive Order No. 13560

Ex. Ord. No. 13560, , 75 F.R. 78875, which established the White House Council for Community Solutions, was superseded and revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 13748, § 5, , 81 F.R. 83621, set out as a note under section 601 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Credits

1993–2009 · 4 acts
  1. 1993Pub. L. 101–610, title I, § 198, as added and amended Pub. L. 103–82, title I, § 104(c), title IV, § 405(p)(2), , 107 Stat. 840, 922
  2. 1994Pub. L. 103–304, § 3(a), (b)(6), , 108 Stat. 1566, 1568
  3. 1998Pub. L. 105–354, § 2(b), , 112 Stat. 3244
  4. 2009Pub. L. 111–13, title I, § 1802, , 123 Stat. 1552.
Show as published

(Pub. L. 101–610, title I, § 198, as added and amended Pub. L. 103–82, title I, § 104(c), title IV, § 405(p)(2), , 107 Stat. 840, 922; Pub. L. 103–304, § 3(a), (b)(6), , 108 Stat. 1566, 1568; Pub. L. 105–354, § 2(b), , 112 Stat. 3244; Pub. L. 111–13, title I, § 1802, , 123 Stat. 1552.)

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