Title 42 — The Public Health and Welfare

Part A · Chapter 85 — Air Pollution Prevention and Control

§ 7545. Regulation of fuels

Statutory text

Authority of Administrator to regulate

The Administrator may by regulation designate any fuel or fuel additive (including any fuel or fuel additive used exclusively in nonroad engines or nonroad vehicles) and, after such date or dates as may be prescribed by him, no manufacturer or processor of any such fuel or additive may sell, offer for sale, or introduce into commerce such fuel or additive unless the Administrator has registered such fuel or additive in accordance with subsection (b) of this section.

Registration requirement

For the purpose of registration of fuels and fuel additives, the Administrator shall require—

the manufacturer of any fuel to notify him as to the commercial identifying name and manufacturer of any additive contained in such fuel; the range of concentration of any additive in the fuel; and the purpose-in-use of any such additive; and

the manufacturer of any additive to notify him as to the chemical composition of such additive.

For the purpose of registration of fuels and fuel additives, the Administrator shall, on a regular basis, require the manufacturer of any fuel or fuel additive—

to conduct tests to determine potential public health and environmental effects of the fuel or additive (including carcinogenic, teratogenic, or mutagenic effects); and

to furnish the description of any analytical technique that can be used to detect and measure any additive in such fuel, the recommended range of concentration of such additive, and the recommended purpose-in-use of such additive, and such other information as is reasonable and necessary to determine the emissions resulting from the use of the fuel or additive contained in such fuel, the effect of such fuel or additive on the emission control performance of any vehicle, vehicle engine, nonroad engine or nonroad vehicle, or the extent to which such emissions affect the public health or welfare.

Tests under subparagraph (A) shall be conducted in conformity with test procedures and protocols established by the Administrator. The result of such tests shall not be considered confidential.

Upon compliance with the provision of this subsection, including assurances that the Administrator will receive changes in the information required, the Administrator shall register such fuel or fuel additive.

Study on certain fuel additives and blendstocks.—

In general.—

Not later than 2 years after August 8, 2005, the Administrator shall—

conduct a study on the effects on public health (including the effects on children, pregnant women, minority or low-income communities, and other sensitive populations), air quality, and water resources of increased use of, and the feasibility of using as substitutes for methyl tertiary butyl ether in gasoline—

ethyl tertiary butyl ether;

tertiary amyl methyl ether;

di-isopropyl ether;

tertiary butyl alcohol;

other ethers and heavy alcohols, as determined by then 1 Administrator;

ethanol;

iso-octane; and

alkylates; and

conduct a study on the effects on public health (including the effects on children, pregnant women, minority or low-income communities, and other sensitive populations), air quality, and water resources of the adjustment for ethanol-blended reformulated gasoline to the volatile organic compounds performance requirements that are applicable under paragraphs (1) and (3) of subsection (k); and

submit to the Committee on Environment and Public Works of the Senate and the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives a report describing the results of the studies under clauses (i) and (ii).

Contracts for study.—

In carrying out this paragraph, the Administrator may enter into one or more contracts with nongovernmental entities such as—

the national energy laboratories; and

institutions of higher education (as defined in section 1001 of title 20).

Offending fuels and fuel additives; control; prohibition

The Administrator may, from time to time on the basis of information obtained under subsection (b) of this section or other information available to him, by regulation, control or prohibit the manufacture, introduction into commerce, offering for sale, or sale of any fuel or fuel additive for use in a motor vehicle, motor vehicle engine, or nonroad engine or nonroad vehicle if, in the judgment of the Administrator, any fuel or fuel additive or any emission product of such fuel or fuel additive causes, or contributes, to air pollution or water pollution (including any degradation in the quality of groundwater) that may reasonably be anticipated to endanger the public health or welfare, or (B) 2 if emission products of such fuel or fuel additive will impair to a significant degree the performance of any emission control device or system which is in general use, or which the Administrator finds has been developed to a point where in a reasonable time it would be in general use were such regulation to be promulgated.

No fuel, class of fuels, or fuel additive may be controlled or prohibited by the Administrator pursuant to clause (A) of paragraph (1) except after consideration of all relevant medical and scientific evidence available to him, including consideration of other technologically or economically feasible means of achieving emission standards under section 7521 of this title.

No fuel or fuel additive may be controlled or prohibited by the Administrator pursuant to clause (B) of paragraph (1) except after consideration of available scientific and economic data, including a cost benefit analysis comparing emission control devices or systems which are or will be in general use and require the proposed control or prohibition with emission control devices or systems which are or will be in general use and do not require the proposed control or prohibition. On request of a manufacturer of motor vehicles, motor vehicle engines, fuels, or fuel additives submitted within 10 days of notice of proposed rulemaking, the Administrator shall hold a public hearing and publish findings with respect to any matter he is required to consider under this subparagraph. Such findings shall be published at the time of promulgation of final regulations.

No fuel or fuel additive may be prohibited by the Administrator under paragraph (1) unless he finds, and publishes such finding, that in his judgment such prohibition will not cause the use of any other fuel or fuel additive which will produce emissions which will endanger the public health or welfare to the same or greater degree than the use of the fuel or fuel additive proposed to be prohibited.

For the purpose of obtaining evidence and data to carry out paragraph (2), the Administrator may require the manufacturer of any motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine to furnish any information which has been developed concerning the emissions from motor vehicles resulting from the use of any fuel or fuel additive, or the effect of such use on the performance of any emission control device or system.

In obtaining information under subparagraph (A), section 7607(a) of this title (relating to subpenas) shall be applicable.

Except as otherwise provided in subparagraph (B) or (C), no State (or political subdivision thereof) may prescribe or attempt to enforce, for purposes of motor vehicle emission control, any control or prohibition respecting any characteristic or component of a fuel or fuel additive in a motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine—

if the Administrator has found that no control or prohibition of the characteristic or component of a fuel or fuel additive under paragraph (1) is necessary and has published his finding in the Federal Register, or

if the Administrator has prescribed under paragraph (1) a control or prohibition applicable to such characteristic or component of a fuel or fuel additive, unless State prohibition or control is identical to the prohibition or control prescribed by the Administrator.

Any State for which application of section 7543(a) of this title has at any time been waived under section 7543(b) of this title may at any time prescribe and enforce, for the purpose of motor vehicle emission control, a control or prohibition respecting any fuel or fuel additive.

A State may prescribe and enforce, for purposes of motor vehicle emission control, a control or prohibition respecting the use of a fuel or fuel additive in a motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine if an applicable implementation plan for such State under section 7410 of this title so provides. The Administrator may approve such provision in an implementation plan, or promulgate an implementation plan containing such a provision, only if he finds that the State control or prohibition is necessary to achieve the national primary or secondary ambient air quality standard which the plan implements. The Administrator may find that a State control or prohibition is necessary to achieve that standard if no other measures that would bring about timely attainment exist, or if other measures exist and are technically possible to implement, but are unreasonable or impracticable. The Administrator may make a finding of necessity under this subparagraph even if the plan for the area does not contain an approved demonstration of timely attainment.

The Administrator may temporarily waive a control or prohibition respecting the use of a fuel or fuel additive required or regulated by the Administrator pursuant to subsection (c), (h), (i), (k), or (m) of this section or prescribed in an applicable implementation plan under section 7410 of this title approved by the Administrator under clause (i) of this subparagraph if, after consultation with, and concurrence by, the Secretary of Energy, the Administrator determines that—

extreme and unusual fuel or fuel additive supply circumstances exist in a State or region of the Nation which prevent the distribution of an adequate supply of the fuel or fuel additive to consumers;

such extreme and unusual fuel and fuel additive supply circumstances are the result of a natural disaster, an Act of God, a pipeline or refinery equipment failure, or another event that could not reasonably have been foreseen or prevented and not the lack of prudent planning on the part of the suppliers of the fuel or fuel additive to such State or region; and

it is in the public interest to grant the waiver (for example, when a waiver is necessary to meet projected temporary shortfalls in the supply of the fuel or fuel additive in a State or region of the Nation which cannot otherwise be compensated for).

If the Administrator makes the determinations required under clause (ii), such a temporary extreme and unusual fuel and fuel additive supply circumstances waiver shall be permitted only if—

the waiver applies to the smallest geographic area necessary to address the extreme and unusual fuel and fuel additive supply circumstances;

the waiver is effective for a period of 20 calendar days or, if the Administrator determines that a shorter waiver period is adequate, for the shortest practicable time period necessary to permit the correction of the extreme and unusual fuel and fuel additive supply circumstances and to mitigate impact on air quality;

the waiver permits a transitional period, the exact duration of which shall be determined by the Administrator (but which shall be for the shortest practicable period), after the termination of the temporary waiver to permit wholesalers and retailers to blend down their wholesale and retail inventory;

the waiver applies to all persons in the motor fuel distribution system; and

the Administrator has given public notice to all parties in the motor fuel distribution system, and local and State regulators, in the State or region to be covered by the waiver.

The term “motor fuel distribution system” as used in this clause shall be defined by the Administrator through rulemaking.

Within 180 days of August 8, 2005, the Administrator shall promulgate regulations to implement clauses (ii) and (iii).

 3 Nothing in this subparagraph shall—

limit or otherwise affect the application of any other waiver authority of the Administrator pursuant to this section or pursuant to a regulation promulgated pursuant to this section; and

subject any State or person to an enforcement action, penalties, or liability solely arising from actions taken pursuant to the issuance of a waiver under this subparagraph.

 ³ The Administrator shall have no authority, when considering a State implementation plan or a State implementation plan revision, to approve under this paragraph any fuel included in such plan or revision if the effect of such approval increases the total number of fuels approved under this paragraph as of September 1, 2004, in all State implementation plans.

The Administrator, in consultation with the Secretary of Energy, shall determine the total number of fuels approved under this paragraph as of September 1, 2004, in all State implementation plans and shall publish a list of such fuels, including the States and Petroleum Administration for Defense District in which they are used, in the Federal Register for public review and comment no later than 90 days after August 8, 2005.

The Administrator shall remove a fuel from the list published under subclause (II) if a fuel ceases to be included in a State implementation plan or if a fuel in a State implementation plan is identical to a Federal fuel formulation implemented by the Administrator, but the Administrator shall not reduce the total number of fuels authorized under the list published under subclause (II).

Subclause (I) shall not limit the Administrator’s authority to approve a control or prohibition respecting any new fuel under this paragraph in a State implementation plan or revision to a State implementation plan if such new fuel—

completely replaces a fuel on the list published under subclause (II); or

does not increase the total number of fuels on the list published under subclause (II) as of September 1, 2004.

In the event that the total number of fuels on the list published under subclause (II) at the time of the Administrator’s consideration of a control or prohibition respecting a new fuel is lower than the total number of fuels on such list as of September 1, 2004, the Administrator may approve a control or prohibition respecting a new fuel under this subclause if the Administrator, after consultation with the Secretary of Energy, publishes in the Federal Register after notice and comment a finding that, in the Administrator’s judgment, such control or prohibition respecting a new fuel will not cause fuel supply or distribution interruptions or have a significant adverse impact on fuel producibility in the affected area or contiguous areas.

The Administrator shall have no authority under this paragraph, when considering any particular State’s implementation plan or a revision to that State’s implementation plan, to approve any fuel unless that fuel was, as of the date of such consideration, approved in at least one State implementation plan in the applicable Petroleum Administration for Defense District. However, the Administrator may approve as part of a State implementation plan or State implementation plan revision a fuel with a summertime Reid Vapor Pressure of 7.0 psi. In no event shall such approval by the Administrator cause an increase in the total number of fuels on the list published under subclause (II).

Nothing in this clause shall be construed to have any effect regarding any available authority of States to require the use of any fuel additive registered in accordance with subsection (b), including any fuel additive registered in accordance with subsection (b) after August 8, 2005.

Penalties and injunctions

Civil penalties

Any person who violates subsection (a), (f), (g), (k), (l), (m), (n), or (o) of this section or the regulations prescribed under subsection (c), (h), (i), (k), (l), (m), (n), or (o) of this section or who fails to furnish any information or conduct any tests required by the Administrator under subsection (b) of this section shall be liable to the United States for a civil penalty of not more than the sum of $25,000 for every day of such violation and the amount of economic benefit or savings resulting from the violation. Any violation with respect to a regulation prescribed under subsection (c), (k), (l), (m), or (o) of this section which establishes a regulatory standard based upon a multiday averaging period shall constitute a separate day of violation for each and every day in the averaging period. Civil penalties shall be assessed in accordance with subsections (b) and (c) of section 7524 of this title.

Injunctive authority

The district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction to restrain violations of subsections (a), (f), (g), (k), (l), (m), (n), and (o) of this section and of the regulations prescribed under subsections (c), (h), (i), (k), (l), (m), (n), and (o) of this section, to award other appropriate relief, and to compel the furnishing of information and the conduct of tests required by the Administrator under subsection (b) of this section. Actions to restrain such violations and compel such actions shall be brought by and in the name of the United States. In any such action, subpoenas for witnesses who are required to attend a district court in any district may run into any other district.

Testing of fuels and fuel additives

Not later than one year after August 7, 1977, and after notice and opportunity for a public hearing, the Administrator shall promulgate regulations which implement the authority under subsection (b)(2)(A) and (B) with respect to each fuel or fuel additive which is registered on the date of promulgation of such regulations and with respect to each fuel or fuel additive for which an application for registration is filed thereafter.

Regulations under subsection (b) to carry out this subsection shall require that the requisite information be provided to the Administrator by each such manufacturer—

prior to registration, in the case of any fuel or fuel additive which is not registered on the date of promulgation of such regulations; or

not later than three years after the date of promulgation of such regulations, in the case of any fuel or fuel additive which is registered on such date.

In promulgating such regulations, the Administrator may—

exempt any small business (as defined in such regulations) from or defer or modify the requirements of, such regulations with respect to any such small business;

provide for cost-sharing with respect to the testing of any fuel or fuel additive which is manufactured or processed by two or more persons or otherwise provide for shared responsibility to meet the requirements of this section without duplication; or

exempt any person from such regulations with respect to a particular fuel or fuel additive upon a finding that any additional testing of such fuel or fuel additive would be duplicative of adequate existing testing.

New fuels and fuel additives

Effective upon March 31, 1977, it shall be unlawful for any manufacturer of any fuel or fuel additive to first introduce into commerce, or to increase the concentration in use of, any fuel or fuel additive for general use in light duty motor vehicles manufactured after model year 1974 which is not substantially similar to any fuel or fuel additive utilized in the certification of any model year 1975, or subsequent model year, vehicle or engine under section 7525 of this title.

Effective upon November 15, 1990, it shall be unlawful for any manufacturer of any fuel or fuel additive to first introduce into commerce, or to increase the concentration in use of, any fuel or fuel additive for use by any person in motor vehicles manufactured after model year 1974 which is not substantially similar to any fuel or fuel additive utilized in the certification of any model year 1975, or subsequent model year, vehicle or engine under section 7525 of this title.

Effective November 30, 1977, it shall be unlawful for any manufacturer of any fuel to introduce into commerce any gasoline which contains a concentration of manganese in excess of .0625 grams per gallon of fuel, except as otherwise provided pursuant to a waiver under paragraph (4).

Any manufacturer of any fuel or fuel additive which prior to March 31, 1977, and after January 1, 1974, first introduced into commerce or increased the concentration in use of a fuel or fuel additive that would otherwise have been prohibited under paragraph (1)(A) if introduced on or after March 31, 1977 shall, not later than September 15, 1978, cease to distribute such fuel or fuel additive in commerce. During the period beginning 180 days after August 7, 1977, and before September 15, 1978, the Administrator shall prohibit, or restrict the concentration of any fuel additive which he determines will cause or contribute to the failure of an emission control device or system (over the useful life of any vehicle in which such device or system is used) to achieve compliance by the vehicle with the emission standards with respect to which it has been certified under section 7525 of this title.

The Administrator, upon application of any manufacturer of any fuel or fuel additive, may waive the prohibitions established under paragraph (1) or (3) of this subsection or the limitation specified in paragraph (2) of this subsection, if he determines that the applicant has established that such fuel or fuel additive or a specified concentration thereof, and the emission products of such fuel or fuel additive or specified concentration thereof, will not cause or contribute to a failure of any emission control device or system (over the useful life of the motor vehicle, motor vehicle engine, nonroad engine or nonroad vehicle in which such device or system is used) to achieve compliance by the vehicle or engine with the emission standards with respect to which it has been certified pursuant to sections 7525 and 7547(a) of this title. The Administrator shall take final action to grant or deny an application submitted under this paragraph, after public notice and comment, within 270 days of the receipt of such an application.

No action of the Administrator under this section may be stayed by any court pending judicial review of such action.

Misfueling

No person shall introduce, or cause or allow the introduction of, leaded gasoline into any motor vehicle which is labeled “unleaded gasoline only,” which is equipped with a gasoline tank filler inlet designed for the introduction of unleaded gasoline, which is a 1990 or later model year motor vehicle, or which such person knows or should know is a vehicle designed solely for the use of unleaded gasoline.

Beginning October 1, 1993, no person shall introduce or cause or allow the introduction into any motor vehicle of diesel fuel which such person knows or should know contains a concentration of sulfur in excess of 0.05 percent (by weight) or which fails to meet a cetane index minimum of 40 or such equivalent alternative aromatic level as prescribed by the Administrator under subsection (i)(2).

Reid Vapor Pressure requirements

Prohibition

Not later than 6 months after November 15, 1990, the Administrator shall promulgate regulations making it unlawful for any person during the high ozone season (as defined by the Administrator) to sell, offer for sale, dispense, supply, offer for supply, transport, or introduce into commerce gasoline with a Reid Vapor Pressure in excess of 9.0 pounds per square inch (psi). Such regulations shall also establish more stringent Reid Vapor Pressure standards in a nonattainment area as the Administrator finds necessary to generally achieve comparable evaporative emissions (on a per-vehicle basis) in nonattainment areas, taking into consideration the enforceability of such standards, the need of an area for emission control, and economic factors.

Attainment areas

The regulations under this subsection shall not make it unlawful for any person to sell, offer for supply, transport, or introduce into commerce gasoline with a Reid Vapor Pressure of 9.0 pounds per square inch (psi) or lower in any area designated under section 7407 of this title as an attainment area. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, the Administrator may impose a Reid vapor pressure requirement lower than 9.0 pounds per square inch (psi) in any area, formerly an ozone nonattainment area, which has been redesignated as an attainment area.

Effective date; enforcement

The regulations under this subsection shall provide that the requirements of this subsection shall take effect not later than the high ozone season for 1992, and shall include such provisions as the Administrator determines are necessary to implement and enforce the requirements of this subsection.

Ethanol waiver

For fuel blends containing gasoline and 10 percent denatured anhydrous ethanol, the Reid vapor pressure limitation under this subsection shall be one pound per square inch (psi) greater than the applicable Reid vapor pressure limitations established under paragraph (1); Provided, however, That a distributor, blender, marketer, reseller, carrier, retailer, or wholesale purchaser-consumer shall be deemed to be in full compliance with the provisions of this subsection and the regulations promulgated thereunder if it can demonstrate (by showing receipt of a certification or other evidence acceptable to the Administrator) that—

the gasoline portion of the blend complies with the Reid vapor pressure limitations promulgated pursuant to this subsection;

the ethanol portion of the blend does not exceed its waiver condition under subsection (f)(4); and

no additional alcohol or other additive has been added to increase the Reid Vapor Pressure of the ethanol portion of the blend.

Exclusion from ethanol waiver

Promulgation of regulations

Upon notification, accompanied by supporting documentation, from the Governor of a State that the Reid vapor pressure limitation established by paragraph (4) will increase emissions that contribute to air pollution in any area in the State, the Administrator shall, by regulation, apply, in lieu of the Reid vapor pressure limitation established by paragraph (4), the Reid vapor pressure limitation established by paragraph (1) to all fuel blends containing gasoline and 10 percent denatured anhydrous ethanol that are sold, offered for sale, dispensed, supplied, offered for supply, transported, or introduced into commerce in the area during the high ozone season.

Deadline for promulgation

The Administrator shall promulgate regulations under subparagraph (A) not later than 90 days after the date of receipt of a notification from a Governor under that subparagraph.

Effective date

In general

With respect to an area in a State for which the Governor submits a notification under subparagraph (A), the regulations under that subparagraph shall take effect on the later of—

the first day of the first high ozone season for the area that begins after the date of receipt of the notification; or

1 year after the date of receipt of the notification.

Extension of effective date based on determination of insufficient supply

In general

If, after receipt of a notification with respect to an area from a Governor of a State under subparagraph (A), the Administrator determines, on the Administrator’s own motion or on petition of any person and after consultation with the Secretary of Energy, that the promulgation of regulations described in subparagraph (A) would result in an insufficient supply of gasoline in the State, the Administrator, by regulation—

shall extend the effective date of the regulations under clause (i) with respect to the area for not more than 1 year; and

may renew the extension under item (aa) for two additional periods, each of which shall not exceed 1 year.

Deadline for action on petitions

The Administrator shall act on any petition submitted under subclause (I) not later than 180 days after the date of receipt of the petition.

Areas covered

The provisions of this subsection shall apply only to the 48 contiguous States and the District of Columbia.

Sulfur content requirements for diesel fuel

Effective October 1, 1993, no person shall manufacture, sell, supply, offer for sale or supply, dispense, transport, or introduce into commerce motor vehicle diesel fuel which contains a concentration of sulfur in excess of 0.05 percent (by weight) or which fails to meet a cetane index minimum of 40.

Not later than 12 months after November 15, 1990, the Administrator shall promulgate regulations to implement and enforce the requirements of paragraph (1). The Administrator may require manufacturers and importers of diesel fuel not intended for use in motor vehicles to dye such fuel in a particular manner in order to segregate it from motor vehicle diesel fuel. The Administrator may establish an equivalent alternative aromatic level to the cetane index specification in paragraph (1).

The sulfur content of fuel required to be used in the certification of 1991 through 1993 model year heavy-duty diesel vehicles and engines shall be 0.10 percent (by weight). The sulfur content and cetane index minimum of fuel required to be used in the certification of 1994 and later model year heavy-duty diesel vehicles and engines shall comply with the regulations promulgated under paragraph (2).

The States of Alaska and Hawaii may be exempted from the requirements of this subsection in the same manner as provided in section 7625 4 of this title. The Administrator shall take final action on any petition filed under section 7625 4 of this title or this paragraph for an exemption from the requirements of this subsection, within 12 months from the date of the petition.

Lead substitute gasoline additives

After November 15, 1990, any person proposing to register any gasoline additive under subsection (a) or to use any previously registered additive as a lead substitute may also elect to register the additive as a lead substitute gasoline additive for reducing valve seat wear by providing the Administrator with such relevant information regarding product identity and composition as the Administrator deems necessary for carrying out the responsibilities of paragraph (2) of this subsection (in addition to other information which may be required under subsection (b)).

In addition to the other testing which may be required under subsection (b), in the case of the lead substitute gasoline additives referred to in paragraph (1), the Administrator shall develop and publish a test procedure to determine the additives’ effectiveness in reducing valve seat wear and the additives’ tendencies to produce engine deposits and other adverse side effects. The test procedures shall be developed in cooperation with the Secretary of Agriculture and with the input of additive manufacturers, engine and engine components manufacturers, and other interested persons. The Administrator shall enter into arrangements with an independent laboratory to conduct tests of each additive using the test procedures developed and published pursuant to this paragraph. The Administrator shall publish the results of the tests by company and additive name in the Federal Register along with, for comparison purposes, the results of applying the same test procedures to gasoline containing 0.1 gram of lead per gallon in lieu of the lead substitute gasoline additive. The Administrator shall not rank or otherwise rate the lead substitute additives. Test procedures shall be established within 1 year after November 15, 1990. Additives shall be tested within 18 months of November 15, 1990, or 6 months after the lead substitute additives are identified to the Administrator, whichever is later.

The Administrator may impose a user fee to recover the costs of testing of any fuel additive referred to in this subsection. The fee shall be paid by the person proposing to register the fuel additive concerned. Such fee shall not exceed $20,000 for a single fuel additive.

There are authorized to be appropriated to the Administrator not more than $1,000,000 for the second full fiscal year after November 15, 1990, to establish test procedures and conduct engine tests as provided in this subsection. Not more than $500,000 per year is authorized to be appropriated for each of the 5 subsequent fiscal years.

Any fees collected under this subsection shall be deposited in a special fund in the United States Treasury for licensing and other services which thereafter shall be available for appropriation, to remain available until expended, to carry out the Agency’s activities for which the fees were collected.

Reformulated gasoline for conventional vehicles

EPA regulations

In general

Not later than November 15, 1991, the Administrator shall promulgate regulations under this section establishing requirements for reformulated gasoline to be used in gasoline-fueled vehicles in specified nonattainment areas. Such regulations shall require the greatest reduction in emissions of ozone forming volatile organic compounds (during the high ozone season) and emissions of toxic air pollutants (during the entire year) achievable through the reformulation of conventional gasoline, taking into consideration the cost of achieving such emission reductions, any nonair-quality and other air-quality related health and environmental impacts and energy requirements.

Maintenance of toxic air pollutant emissions reductions from reformulated gasoline

Definition of PADD

In this subparagraph the term “PADD” means a Petroleum Administration for Defense District.

Regulations concerning emissions of toxic air pollutants

Not later than 270 days after August 8, 2005, the Administrator shall establish by regulation, for each refinery or importer (other than a refiner or importer in a State that has received a waiver under section 7543(b) of this title with respect to gasoline produced for use in that State), standards for toxic air pollutants from use of the reformulated gasoline produced or distributed by the refiner or importer that maintain the reduction of the average annual aggregate emissions of toxic air pollutants for reformulated gasoline produced or distributed by the refiner or importer during calendar years 2001 and 2002 (as determined on the basis of data collected by the Administrator with respect to the refiner or importer).

Standards applicable to specific refineries or importers

Applicability of standards

For any calendar year, the standards applicable to a refiner or importer under clause (ii) shall apply to the quantity of gasoline produced or distributed by the refiner or importer in the calendar year only to the extent that the quantity is less than or equal to the average annual quantity of reformulated gasoline produced or distributed by the refiner or importer during calendar years 2001 and 2002.

Applicability of other standards

For any calendar year, the quantity of gasoline produced or distributed by a refiner or importer that is in excess of the quantity subject to subclause (I) shall be subject to standards for emissions of toxic air pollutants promulgated under subparagraph (A) and paragraph (3)(B).

Credit program

The Administrator shall provide for the granting and use of credits for emissions of toxic air pollutants in the same manner as provided in paragraph (7).

Regional protection of toxics reduction baselines

In general

Not later than 60 days after August 8, 2005, and not later than April 1 of each calendar year that begins after August 8, 2005, the Administrator shall publish in the Federal Register a report that specifies, with respect to the previous calendar year—

the quantity of reformulated gasoline produced that is in excess of the average annual quantity of reformulated gasoline produced in 2001 and 2002; and

the reduction of the average annual aggregate emissions of toxic air pollutants in each PADD, based on retail survey data or data from other appropriate sources.

Effect of failure to maintain aggregate toxics reductions

If, in any calendar year, the reduction of the average annual aggregate emissions of toxic air pollutants in a PADD fails to meet or exceed the reduction of the average annual aggregate emissions of toxic air pollutants in the PADD in calendar years 2001 and 2002, the Administrator, not later than 90 days after the date of publication of the report for the calendar year under subclause (I), shall—

identify, to the maximum extent practicable, the reasons for the failure, including the sources, volumes, and characteristics of reformulated gasoline that contributed to the failure; and

promulgate revisions to the regulations promulgated under clause (ii), to take effect not earlier than 180 days but not later than 270 days after the date of promulgation, to provide that, notwithstanding clause (iii)(II), all reformulated gasoline produced or distributed at each refiner or importer shall meet the standards applicable under clause (iii)(I) beginning not later than April 1 of the calendar year following publication of the report under subclause (I) and in each calendar year thereafter.

Not later than July 1, 2007, the Administrator shall promulgate final regulations to control hazardous air pollutants from motor vehicles and motor vehicle fuels, as provided for in section 80.1045 of title 40, Code of Federal Regulations (as in effect on August 8, 2005), and as authorized under section 7521(l) 5 of this title. If the Administrator promulgates by such date, final regulations to control hazardous air pollutants from motor vehicles and motor vehicle fuels that achieve and maintain greater overall reductions in emissions of air toxics from reformulated gasoline than the reductions that would be achieved under subsection (k)(1)(B) as amended by this clause, then subsections (k)(1)(B)(i) through (k)(1)(B)(v) shall be null and void and regulations promulgated thereunder shall be rescinded and have no further effect.

General requirements

The regulations referred to in paragraph (1) shall require that reformulated gasoline comply with paragraph (3) and with each of the following requirements (subject to paragraph (7)):

NO_x emissions

The emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NO_x) from baseline vehicles when using the reformulated gasoline shall be no greater than the level of such emissions from such vehicles when using baseline gasoline. If the Administrator determines that compliance with the limitation on emissions of oxides of nitrogen under the preceding sentence is technically infeasible, considering the other requirements applicable under this subsection to such gasoline, the Administrator may, as appropriate to ensure compliance with this subparagraph, adjust (or waive entirely), any other requirements of this paragraph or any requirements applicable under paragraph (3)(A).

Benzene content

The benzene content of the gasoline shall not exceed 1.0 percent by volume.

Heavy metals

The gasoline shall have no heavy metals, including lead or manganese. The Administrator may waive the prohibition contained in this subparagraph for a heavy metal (other than lead) if the Administrator determines that addition of the heavy metal to the gasoline will not increase, on an aggregate mass or cancer-risk basis, toxic air pollutant emissions from motor vehicles.

More stringent of formula or performance standards

The regulations referred to in paragraph (1) shall require compliance with the more stringent of either the requirements set forth in subparagraph (A) or the requirements of subparagraph (B) of this paragraph. For purposes of determining the more stringent provision, clause (i) and clause (ii) of subparagraph (B) shall be considered independently.

Formula

Benzene

The benzene content of the reformulated gasoline shall not exceed 1.0 percent by volume.

Aromatics

The aromatic hydrocarbon content of the reformulated gasoline shall not exceed 25 percent by volume.

Lead

The reformulated gasoline shall have no lead content.

Detergents

The reformulated gasoline shall contain additives to prevent the accumulation of deposits in engines or vehicle fuel supply systems.

Performance standard

VOC emissions

During the high ozone season (as defined by the Administrator), the aggregate emissions of ozone forming volatile organic compounds from baseline vehicles when using the reformulated gasoline shall be 15 percent below the aggregate emissions of ozone forming volatile organic compounds from such vehicles when using baseline gasoline. Effective in calendar year 2000 and thereafter, 25 percent shall be substituted for 15 percent in applying this clause, except that the Administrator may adjust such 25 percent requirement to provide for a lesser or greater reduction based on technological feasibility, considering the cost of achieving such reductions in VOC emissions. No such adjustment shall provide for less than a 20 percent reduction below the aggregate emissions of such air pollutants from such vehicles when using baseline gasoline. The reductions required under this clause shall be on a mass basis.

Toxics

During the entire year, the aggregate emissions of toxic air pollutants from baseline vehicles when using the reformulated gasoline shall be 15 percent below the aggregate emissions of toxic air pollutants from such vehicles when using baseline gasoline. Effective in calendar year 2000 and thereafter, 25 percent shall be substituted for 15 percent in applying this clause, except that the Administrator may adjust such 25 percent requirement to provide for a lesser or greater reduction based on technological feasibility, considering the cost of achieving such reductions in toxic air pollutants. No such adjustment shall provide for less than a 20 percent reduction below the aggregate emissions of such air pollutants from such vehicles when using baseline gasoline. The reductions required under this clause shall be on a mass basis.

Any reduction greater than a specific percentage reduction required under this subparagraph shall be treated as satisfying such percentage reduction requirement.

Certification procedures

Regulations

The regulations under this subsection shall include procedures under which the Administrator shall certify reformulated gasoline as complying with the requirements established pursuant to this subsection. Under such regulations, the Administrator shall establish procedures for any person to petition the Administrator to certify a fuel formulation, or slate of fuel formulations. Such procedures shall further require that the Administrator shall approve or deny such petition within 180 days of receipt. If the Administrator fails to act within such 180-day period, the fuel shall be deemed certified until the Administrator completes action on the petition.

Certification; equivalency

The Administrator shall certify a fuel formulation or slate of fuel formulations as complying with this subsection if such fuel or fuels—

comply with the requirements of paragraph (2), and

achieve equivalent or greater reductions in emissions of ozone forming volatile organic compounds and emissions of toxic air pollutants than are achieved by a reformulated gasoline meeting the applicable requirements of paragraph (3).

EPA determination of emissions level

Within 1 year after November 15, 1990, the Administrator shall determine the level of emissions of ozone forming volatile organic compounds and emissions of toxic air pollutants emitted by baseline vehicles when operating on baseline gasoline. For purposes of this subsection, within 1 year after November 15, 1990, the Administrator shall, by rule, determine appropriate measures of, and methodology for, ascertaining the emissions of air pollutants (including calculations, equipment, and testing tolerances).

Prohibition

Effective beginning January 1, 1995, each of the following shall be a violation of this subsection:

The sale or dispensing by any person of conventional gasoline to ultimate consumers in any covered area.

The sale or dispensing by any refiner, blender, importer, or marketer of conventional gasoline for resale in any covered area, without (i) segregating such gasoline from reformulated gasoline, and (ii) clearly marking such conventional gasoline as “conventional gasoline, not for sale to ultimate consumer in a covered area”.

Any refiner, blender, importer or marketer who purchases property 6 segregated and marked conventional gasoline, and thereafter labels, represents, or wholesales such gasoline as reformulated gasoline shall also be in violation of this subsection. The Administrator may impose sampling, testing, and recordkeeping requirements upon any refiner, blender, importer, or marketer to prevent violations of this section.

Opt-in areas

Classified areas

In general

Upon the application of the Governor of a State, the Administrator shall apply the prohibition set forth in paragraph (5) in any area in the State classified under subpart 2 of part D of subchapter I as a Marginal, Moderate, Serious, or Severe Area (without regard to whether or not the 1980 population of the area exceeds 250,000). In any such case, the Administrator shall establish an effective date for such prohibition as he deems appropriate, not later than January 1, 1995, or 1 year after such application is received, whichever is later. The Administrator shall publish such application in the Federal Register upon receipt.

Effect of insufficient domestic capacity to produce reformulated gasoline

If the Administrator determines, on the Administrator’s own motion or on petition of any person, after consultation with the Secretary of Energy, that there is insufficient domestic capacity to produce gasoline certified under this subsection, the Administrator shall, by rule, extend the effective date of such prohibition in Marginal, Moderate, Serious, or Severe Areas referred to in clause (i) for one additional year, and may, by rule, renew such extension for 2 additional one-year periods. The Administrator shall act on any petition submitted under this subparagraph within 6 months after receipt of the petition. The Administrator shall issue such extensions for areas with a lower ozone classification before issuing any such extension for areas with a higher classification.

Ozone transport region

Application of prohibition

In general

On application of the Governor of a State in the ozone transport region established by section 7511c(a) of this title, the Administrator, not later than 180 days after the date of receipt of the application, shall apply the prohibition specified in paragraph (5) to any area in the State (other than an area classified as a marginal, moderate, serious, or severe ozone nonattainment area under subpart 2 of part D of subchapter I) unless the Administrator determines under clause (iii) that there is insufficient capacity to supply reformulated gasoline.

Publication of application

As soon as practicable after the date of receipt of an application under subclause (I), the Administrator shall publish the application in the Federal Register.

Period of applicability

Under clause (i), the prohibition specified in paragraph (5) shall apply in a State—

commencing as soon as practicable but not later than 2 years after the date of approval by the Administrator of the application of the Governor of the State; and

ending not earlier than 4 years after the commencement date determined under subclause (I).

Extension of commencement date based on insufficient capacity

In general

If, after receipt of an application from a Governor of a State under clause (i), the Administrator determines, on the Administrator’s own motion or on petition of any person, after consultation with the Secretary of Energy, that there is insufficient capacity to supply reformulated gasoline, the Administrator, by regulation—

shall extend the commencement date with respect to the State under clause (ii)(I) for not more than 1 year; and

may renew the extension under item (aa) for 2 additional periods, each of which shall not exceed 1 year.

Deadline for action on petitions

The Administrator shall act on any petition submitted under subclause (I) not later than 180 days after the date of receipt of the petition.

Credits

The regulations promulgated under this subsection shall provide for the granting of an appropriate amount of credits to a person who refines, blends, or imports and certifies a gasoline or slate of gasoline that—

has an aromatic hydrocarbon content (by volume) that is less than the maximum aromatic hydrocarbon content required to comply with paragraph (3); or

has a benzene content (by volume) that is less than the maximum benzene content specified in paragraph (2).

The regulations described in subparagraph (A) shall also provide that a person who is granted credits may use such credits, or transfer all or a portion of such credits to another person for use within the same nonattainment area, for the purpose of complying with this subsection.

The regulations promulgated under subparagraphs (A) and (B) shall ensure the enforcement of the requirements for the issuance, application, and transfer of the credits. Such regulations shall prohibit the granting or transfer of such credits for use with respect to any gasoline in a nonattainment area, to the extent the use of such credits would result in any of the following:

An average gasoline aromatic hydrocarbon content (by volume) for the nonattainment (taking into account all gasoline sold for use in conventional gasoline-fueled vehicles in the nonattainment area) higher than the average fuel aromatic hydrocarbon content (by volume) that would occur in the absence of using any such credits.

An average benzene content (by volume) for the nonattainment area (taking into account all gasoline sold for use in conventional gasoline-fueled vehicles in the nonattainment area) higher than the average benzene content (by volume) that would occur in the absence of using any such credits.

Anti-dumping rules

In general

Within 1 year after November 15, 1990, the Administrator shall promulgate regulations applicable to each refiner, blender, or importer of gasoline ensuring that gasoline sold or introduced into commerce by such refiner, blender, or importer (other than reformulated gasoline subject to the requirements of paragraph (1)) does not result in average per gallon emissions (measured on a mass basis) of (i) volatile organic compounds, (ii) oxides of nitrogen, (iii) carbon monoxide, and (iv) toxic air pollutants in excess of such emissions of such pollutants attributable to gasoline sold or introduced into commerce in calendar year 1990 by that refiner, blender, or importer. Such regulations shall take effect beginning January 1, 1995.

Adjustments

In evaluating compliance with the requirements of subparagraph (A), the Administrator shall make appropriate adjustments to insure that no credit is provided for improvement in motor vehicle emissions control in motor vehicles sold after the calendar year 1990.

Compliance determined for each pollutant independently

In determining whether there is an increase in emissions in violation of the prohibition contained in subparagraph (A) the Administrator shall consider an increase in each air pollutant referred to in clauses (i) through (iv) as a separate violation of such prohibition, except that the Administrator shall promulgate regulations to provide that any increase in emissions of oxides of nitrogen resulting from adding oxygenates to gasoline may be offset by an equivalent or greater reduction (on a mass basis) in emissions of volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, or toxic air pollutants, or any combination of the foregoing.

Compliance period

The Administrator shall promulgate an appropriate compliance period or appropriate compliance periods to be used for assessing compliance with the prohibition contained in subparagraph (A).

Baseline for determining compliance

If the Administrator determines that no adequate and reliable data exists regarding the composition of gasoline sold or introduced into commerce by a refiner, blender, or importer in calendar year 1990, for such refiner, blender, or importer, baseline gasoline shall be substituted for such 1990 gasoline in determining compliance with subparagraph (A).

Emissions from entire vehicle

In applying the requirements of this subsection, the Administrator shall take into account emissions from the entire motor vehicle, including evaporative, running, refueling, and exhaust emissions.

Definitions

For purposes of this subsection—

Baseline vehicles

The term “baseline vehicles” mean representative model year 1990 vehicles.

Baseline gasoline

Summertime

The term “baseline gasoline” means in the case of gasoline sold during the high ozone period (as defined by the Administrator) a gasoline which meets the following specifications:

BASELINE GASOLINE FUEL PROPERTIES
API Gravity	57.4
Sulfur, ppm	339
Benzene, %	1.53
RVP, psi	8.7
Octane, R+M/2	87.3
IBP, F	91
10%, F	128
50%, F	218
90%, F	330
End Point, F	415
Aromatics, %	32.0
Olefins, %	9.2
Saturates, %	58.8

Wintertime

The Administrator shall establish the specifications of “baseline gasoline” for gasoline sold at times other than the high ozone period (as defined by the Administrator). Such specifications shall be the specifications of 1990 industry average gasoline sold during such period.

Toxic air pollutants

The term “toxic air pollutants” means the aggregate emissions of the following:

Benzene

1,3 Butadiene

Polycyclic organic matter (POM)

Acetaldehyde

Formaldehyde.

Covered area

The 9 ozone nonattainment areas having a 1980 population in excess of 250,000 and having the highest ozone design value during the period 1987 through 1989 shall be “covered areas” for purposes of this subsection. Effective one year after the reclassification of any ozone nonattainment area as a Severe ozone nonattainment area under section 7511(b) of this title, such Severe area shall also be a “covered area” for purposes of this subsection.

Reformulated gasoline

The term “reformulated gasoline” means any gasoline which is certified by the Administrator under this section as complying with this subsection.

Conventional gasoline

The term “conventional gasoline” means any gasoline which does not meet specifications set by a certification under this subsection.

Detergents

Effective beginning January 1, 1995, no person may sell or dispense to an ultimate consumer in the United States, and no refiner or marketer may directly or indirectly sell or dispense to persons who sell or dispense to ultimate consumers in the United States any gasoline which does not contain additives to prevent the accumulation of deposits in engines or fuel supply systems. Not later than 2 years after November 15, 1990, the Administrator shall promulgate a rule establishing specifications for such additives.

Oxygenated fuels

Plan revisions for CO nonattainment areas

Each State in which there is located all or part of an area which is designated under subchapter I as a nonattainment area for carbon monoxide and which has a carbon monoxide design value of 9.5 parts per million (ppm) or above based on data for the 2-year period of 1988 and 1989 and calculated according to the most recent interpretation methodology issued by the Administrator prior to November 15, 1990, shall submit to the Administrator a State implementation plan revision under section 7410 of this title and part D of subchapter I for such area which shall contain the provisions specified under this subsection regarding oxygenated gasoline.

A plan revision which contains such provisions shall also be submitted by each State in which there is located any area which, for any 2-year period after 1989 has a carbon monoxide design value of 9.5 ppm or above. The revision shall be submitted within 18 months after such 2-year period.

Oxygenated gasoline in CO nonattainment areas

Each plan revision under this subsection shall contain provisions to require that any gasoline sold, or dispensed, to the ultimate consumer in the carbon monoxide nonattainment area or sold or dispensed directly or indirectly by fuel refiners or marketers to persons who sell or dispense to ultimate consumers, in the larger of—

the Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA) in which the area is located, or

if the area is not located in a CMSA, the Metropolitan Statistical Area in which the area is located,

be blended, during the portion of the year in which the area is prone to high ambient concentrations of carbon monoxide to contain not less than 2.7 percent oxygen by weight (subject to a testing tolerance established by the Administrator). The portion of the year in which the area is prone to high ambient concentrations of carbon monoxide shall be as determined by the Administrator, but shall not be less than 4 months. At the request of a State with respect to any area designated as nonattainment for carbon monoxide, the Administrator may reduce the period specified in the preceding sentence if the State can demonstrate that because of meteorological conditions, a reduced period will assure that there will be no exceedances of the carbon monoxide standard outside of such reduced period. For areas with a carbon monoxide design value of 9.5 ppm or more of 7 November 15, 1990, the revision shall provide that such requirement shall take effect no later than November 1, 1992 (or at such other date during 1992 as the Administrator establishes under the preceding provisions of this paragraph). For other areas, the revision shall provide that such requirement shall take effect no later than November 1 of the third year after the last year of the applicable 2-year period referred to in paragraph (1) (or at such other date during such third year as the Administrator establishes under the preceding provisions of this paragraph) and shall include a program for implementation and enforcement of the requirement consistent with guidance to be issued by the Administrator.

Waivers

The Administrator shall waive, in whole or in part, the requirements of paragraph (2) upon a demonstration by the State to the satisfaction of the Administrator that the use of oxygenated gasoline would prevent or interfere with the attainment by the area of a national primary ambient air quality standard (or a State or local ambient air quality standard) for any air pollutant other than carbon monoxide.

The Administrator shall, upon demonstration by the State satisfactory to the Administrator, waive the requirement of paragraph (2) where the Administrator determines that mobile sources of carbon monoxide do not contribute significantly to carbon monoxide levels in an area.

Any person may petition the Administrator to make a finding that there is, or is likely to be, for any area, an inadequate domestic supply of, or distribution capacity for, oxygenated gasoline meeting the requirements of paragraph (2) or fuel additives (oxygenates) necessary to meet such requirements. The Administrator shall act on such petition within 6 months after receipt of the petition.

If the Administrator determines, in response to a petition under clause (i), that there is an inadequate supply or capacity described in clause (i), the Administrator shall delay the effective date of paragraph (2) for 1 year. Upon petition, the Administrator may extend such effective date for one additional year. No partial delay or lesser waiver may be granted under this clause.

In granting waivers under this subparagraph the Administrator shall consider distribution capacity separately from the adequacy of domestic supply and shall grant such waivers in such manner as will assure that, if supplies of oxygenated gasoline are limited, areas having the highest design value for carbon monoxide will have a priority in obtaining oxygenated gasoline which meets the requirements of paragraph (2).

As used in this subparagraph, the term distribution capacity includes capacity for transportation, storage, and blending.

Fuel dispensing systems

Any person selling oxygenated gasoline at retail pursuant to this subsection shall be required under regulations promulgated by the Administrator to label the fuel dispensing system with a notice that the gasoline is oxygenated and will reduce the carbon monoxide emissions from the motor vehicle.

Guidelines for credit

The Administrator shall promulgate guidelines, within 9 months after November 15, 1990, allowing the use of marketable oxygen credits from gasolines during that portion of the year specified in paragraph (2) with higher oxygen content than required to offset the sale or use of gasoline with a lower oxygen content than required. No credits may be transferred between nonattainment areas.

Attainment areas

Nothing in this subsection shall be interpreted as requiring an oxygenated gasoline program in an area which is in attainment for carbon monoxide, except that in a carbon monoxide nonattainment area which is redesignated as attainment for carbon monoxide, the requirements of this subsection shall remain in effect to the extent such program is necessary to maintain such standard thereafter in the area.

Failure to attain CO standard

If the Administrator determines under section 7512(b)(2) of this title that the national primary ambient air quality standard for carbon monoxide has not been attained in a Serious Area by the applicable attainment date, the State shall submit a plan revision for the area within 9 months after the date of such determination. The plan revision shall provide that the minimum oxygen content of gasoline referred to in paragraph (2) shall be 3.1 percent by weight unless such requirement is waived in accordance with the provisions of this subsection.

Prohibition on leaded gasoline for highway use

After December 31, 1995, it shall be unlawful for any person to sell, offer for sale, supply, offer for supply, dispense, transport, or introduce into commerce, for use as fuel in any motor vehicle (as defined in section 7554(2) 8 of this title) any gasoline which contains lead or lead additives.

Renewable fuel program

Definitions

In this section:

Additional renewable fuel

The term “additional renewable fuel” means fuel that is produced from renewable biomass and that is used to replace or reduce the quantity of fossil fuel present in home heating oil or jet fuel.

Advanced biofuel

In general

The term “advanced biofuel” means renewable fuel, other than ethanol derived from corn starch, that has lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions, as determined by the Administrator, after notice and opportunity for comment, that are at least 50 percent less than baseline lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions.

Inclusions

The types of fuels eligible for consideration as “advanced biofuel” may include any of the following:

Ethanol derived from cellulose, hemicellulose, or lignin.

Ethanol derived from sugar or starch (other than corn starch).

Ethanol derived from waste material, including crop residue, other vegetative waste material, animal waste, and food waste and yard waste.

Biomass-based diesel.

Biogas (including landfill gas and sewage waste treatment gas) produced through the conversion of organic matter from renewable biomass.

Butanol or other alcohols produced through the conversion of organic matter from renewable biomass.

Other fuel derived from cellulosic biomass.

Baseline lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions

The term “baseline lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions” means the average lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions, as determined by the Administrator, after notice and opportunity for comment, for gasoline or diesel (whichever is being replaced by the renewable fuel) sold or distributed as transportation fuel in 2005.

Biomass-based diesel

The term “biomass-based diesel” means renewable fuel that is biodiesel as defined in section 13220(f) of this title and that has lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions, as determined by the Administrator, after notice and opportunity for comment, that are at least 50 percent less than the baseline lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, renewable fuel derived from co-processing biomass with a petroleum feedstock shall be advanced biofuel if it meets the requirements of subparagraph (B), but is not biomass-based diesel.

Cellulosic biofuel

The term “cellulosic biofuel” means renewable fuel derived from any cellulose, hemicellulose, or lignin that is derived from renewable biomass and that has lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions, as determined by the Administrator, that are at least 60 percent less than the baseline lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions.

Conventional biofuel

The term “conventional biofuel” means renewable fuel that is ethanol derived from corn starch.

Greenhouse gas

The term “greenhouse gas” means carbon dioxide, hydrofluorocarbons, methane, nitrous oxide, perfluorocarbons,9 sulfur hexafluoride. The Administrator may include any other anthropogenically-emitted gas that is determined by the Administrator, after notice and comment, to contribute to global warming.

Lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions

The term “lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions” means the aggregate quantity of greenhouse gas emissions (including direct emissions and significant indirect emissions such as significant emissions from land use changes), as determined by the Administrator, related to the full fuel lifecycle, including all stages of fuel and feedstock production and distribution, from feedstock generation or extraction through the distribution and delivery and use of the finished fuel to the ultimate consumer, where the mass values for all greenhouse gases are adjusted to account for their relative global warming potential.

Renewable biomass

The term “renewable biomass” means each of the following:

Planted crops and crop residue harvested from agricultural land cleared or cultivated at any time prior to December 19, 2007, that is either actively managed or fallow, and nonforested.

Planted trees and tree residue from actively managed tree plantations on non-federal 10 land cleared at any time prior to December 19, 2007, including land belonging to an Indian tribe or an Indian individual, that is held in trust by the United States or subject to a restriction against alienation imposed by the United States.

Animal waste material and animal byproducts.

Slash and pre-commercial thinnings that are from non-federal ¹⁰ forestlands, including forestlands belonging to an Indian tribe or an Indian individual, that are held in trust by the United States or subject to a restriction against alienation imposed by the United States, but not forests or forestlands that are ecological communities with a global or State ranking of critically imperiled, imperiled, or rare pursuant to a State Natural Heritage Program, old growth forest, or late successional forest.

Biomass obtained from the immediate vicinity of buildings and other areas regularly occupied by people, or of public infrastructure, at risk from wildfire.

Algae.

Separated yard waste or food waste, including recycled cooking and trap grease.

Renewable fuel

The term “renewable fuel” means fuel that is produced from renewable biomass and that is used to replace or reduce the quantity of fossil fuel present in a transportation fuel.

Small refinery

The term “small refinery” means a refinery for which the average aggregate daily crude oil throughput for a calendar year (as determined by dividing the aggregate throughput for the calendar year by the number of days in the calendar year) does not exceed 75,000 barrels.

Transportation fuel

The term “transportation fuel” means fuel for use in motor vehicles, motor vehicle engines, nonroad vehicles, or nonroad engines (except for ocean-going vessels).

Renewable fuel program

Regulations

In general

Not later than 1 year after August 8, 2005, the Administrator shall promulgate regulations to ensure that gasoline sold or introduced into commerce in the United States (except in noncontiguous States or territories), on an annual average basis, contains the applicable volume of renewable fuel determined in accordance with subparagraph (B). Not later than 1 year after December 19, 2007, the Administrator shall revise the regulations under this paragraph to ensure that transportation fuel sold or introduced into commerce in the United States (except in noncontiguous States or territories), on an annual average basis, contains at least the applicable volume of renewable fuel, advanced biofuel, cellulosic biofuel, and biomass-based diesel, determined in accordance with subparagraph (B) and, in the case of any such renewable fuel produced from new facilities that commence construction after December 19, 2007, achieves at least a 20 percent reduction in lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions compared to baseline lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions.

Noncontiguous State opt-in

In general

On the petition of a noncontiguous State or territory, the Administrator may allow the renewable fuel program established under this subsection to apply in the noncontiguous State or territory at the same time or any time after the Administrator promulgates regulations under this subparagraph.

Other actions

In carrying out this clause, the Administrator may—

issue or revise regulations under this paragraph;

establish applicable percentages under paragraph (3);

provide for the generation of credits under paragraph (5); and

take such other actions as are necessary to allow for the application of the renewable fuels program in a noncontiguous State or territory.

Provisions of regulations

Regardless of the date of promulgation, the regulations promulgated under clause (i)—

shall contain compliance provisions applicable to refineries, blenders, distributors, and importers, as appropriate, to ensure that the requirements of this paragraph are met; but

shall not—

restrict geographic areas in which renewable fuel may be used; or

impose any per-gallon obligation for the use of renewable fuel.

Requirement in case of failure to promulgate regulations

If the Administrator does not promulgate regulations under clause (i), the percentage of renewable fuel in gasoline sold or dispensed to consumers in the United States, on a volume basis, shall be 2.78 percent for calendar year 2006.

Applicable volumes

Calendar years after 2005

Renewable fuel

For the purpose of subparagraph (A), the applicable volume of renewable fuel for the calendar years 2006 through 2022 shall be determined in accordance with the following table:

Calendar year:	Applicable volume of renewable fuel(in billions of gallons):
2006	4.0
2007	4.7
2008	9.0
2009	11.1
2010	12.95
2011	13.95
2012	15.2
2013	16.55
2014	18.15
2015	20.5
2016	22.25
2017	24.0
2018	26.0
2019	28.0
2020	30.0
2021	33.0
2022	36.0

Advanced biofuel

For the purpose of subparagraph (A), of the volume of renewable fuel required under subclause (I), the applicable volume of advanced biofuel for the calendar years 2009 through 2022 shall be determined in accordance with the following table:

Calendar year:	Applicable volume of advanced biofuel(in billions of gallons):
2009	0.6
2010	0.95
2011	1.35
2012	2.0
2013	2.75
2014	3.75
2015	5.5
2016	7.25
2017	9.0
2018	11.0
2019	13.0
2020	15.0
2021	18.0
2022	21.0

Cellulosic biofuel

For the purpose of subparagraph (A), of the volume of advanced biofuel required under subclause (II), the applicable volume of cellulosic biofuel for the calendar years 2010 through 2022 shall be determined in accordance with the following table:

Calendar year:	Applicable volume of cellulosic biofuel(in billions of gallons):
2010	0.1
2011	0.25
2012	0.5
2013	1.0
2014	1.75
2015	3.0
2016	4.25
2017	5.5
2018	7.0
2019	8.5
2020	10.5
2021	13.5
2022	16.0

Biomass-based diesel

For the purpose of subparagraph (A), of the volume of advanced biofuel required under subclause (II), the applicable volume of biomass-based diesel for the calendar years 2009 through 2012 shall be determined in accordance with the following table:

Calendar year:	Applicable volume of biomass-based diesel (in billionsof gallons):
2009	0.5
2010	0.65
2011	0.80
2012	1.0

Other calendar years

For the purposes of subparagraph (A), the applicable volumes of each fuel specified in the tables in clause (i) for calendar years after the calendar years specified in the tables shall be determined by the Administrator, in coordination with the Secretary of Energy and the Secretary of Agriculture, based on a review of the implementation of the program during calendar years specified in the tables, and an analysis of—

the impact of the production and use of renewable fuels on the environment, including on air quality, climate change, conversion of wetlands, ecosystems, wildlife habitat, water quality, and water supply;

the impact of renewable fuels on the energy security of the United States;

the expected annual rate of future commercial production of renewable fuels, including advanced biofuels in each category (cellulosic biofuel and biomass-based diesel);

the impact of renewable fuels on the infrastructure of the United States, including deliverability of materials, goods, and products other than renewable fuel, and the sufficiency of infrastructure to deliver and use renewable fuel;

the impact of the use of renewable fuels on the cost to consumers of transportation fuel and on the cost to transport goods; and

the impact of the use of renewable fuels on other factors, including job creation, the price and supply of agricultural commodities, rural economic development, and food prices.

The Administrator shall promulgate rules establishing the applicable volumes under this clause no later than 14 months before the first year for which such applicable volume will apply.

Applicable volume of advanced biofuel

For the purpose of making the determinations in clause (ii), for each calendar year, the applicable volume of advanced biofuel shall be at least the same percentage of the applicable volume of renewable fuel as in calendar year 2022.

Applicable volume of cellulosic biofuel

For the purpose of making the determinations in clause (ii), for each calendar year, the applicable volume of cellulosic biofuel established by the Administrator shall be based on the assumption that the Administrator will not need to issue a waiver for such years under paragraph (7)(D).

Minimum applicable volume of biomass-based diesel

For the purpose of making the determinations in clause (ii), the applicable volume of biomass-based diesel shall not be less than the applicable volume listed in clause (i)(IV) for calendar year 2012.

Applicable percentages

Provision of estimate of volumes of gasoline sales

Not later than October 31 of each of calendar years 2005 through 2021, the Administrator of the Energy Information Administration shall provide to the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency an estimate, with respect to the following calendar year, of the volumes of transportation fuel, biomass-based diesel, and cellulosic biofuel projected to be sold or introduced into commerce in the United States.

Determination of applicable percentages

In general

Not later than November 30 of each of calendar years 2005 through 2021, based on the estimate provided under subparagraph (A), the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency shall determine and publish in the Federal Register, with respect to the following calendar year, the renewable fuel obligation that ensures that the requirements of paragraph (2) are met.

Required elements

The renewable fuel obligation determined for a calendar year under clause (i) shall—

be applicable to refineries, blenders, and importers, as appropriate;

be expressed in terms of a volume percentage of transportation fuel sold or introduced into commerce in the United States; and

subject to subparagraph (C)(i), consist of a single applicable percentage that applies to all categories of persons specified in subclause (I).

Adjustments

In determining the applicable percentage for a calendar year, the Administrator shall make adjustments—

to prevent the imposition of redundant obligations on any person specified in subparagraph (B)(ii)(I); and

to account for the use of renewable fuel during the previous calendar year by small refineries that are exempt under paragraph (9).

Modification of greenhouse gas reduction percentages

In general

The Administrator may, in the regulations under the last sentence of paragraph (2)(A)(i), adjust the 20 percent, 50 percent, and 60 percent reductions in lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions specified in paragraphs (2)(A)(i) (relating to renewable fuel), (1)(D) (relating to biomass-based diesel), (1)(B)(i) (relating to advanced biofuel), and (1)(E) (relating to cellulosic biofuel) to a lower percentage. For the 50 and 60 percent reductions, the Administrator may make such an adjustment only if he determines that generally such reduction is not commercially feasible for fuels made using a variety of feedstocks, technologies, and processes to meet the applicable reduction.

Amount of adjustment

In promulgating regulations under this paragraph, the specified 50 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from advanced biofuel and in biomass-based diesel may not be reduced below 40 percent. The specified 20 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from renewable fuel may not be reduced below 10 percent, and the specified 60 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from cellulosic biofuel may not be reduced below 50 percent.

Adjusted reduction levels

An adjustment under this paragraph to a percent less than the specified 20 percent greenhouse gas reduction for renewable fuel shall be the minimum possible adjustment, and the adjusted greenhouse gas reduction shall be established by the Administrator at the maximum achievable level, taking cost in consideration, for natural gas fired corn-based ethanol plants, allowing for the use of a variety of technologies and processes. An adjustment in the 50 or 60 percent greenhouse gas levels shall be the minimum possible adjustment for the fuel or fuels concerned, and the adjusted greenhouse gas reduction shall be established at the maximum achievable level, taking cost in consideration, allowing for the use of a variety of feedstocks, technologies, and processes.

5-year review

Whenever the Administrator makes any adjustment under this paragraph, not later than 5 years thereafter he shall review and revise (based upon the same criteria and standards as required for the initial adjustment) the regulations establishing the adjusted level.

Subsequent adjustments

After the Administrator has promulgated a final rule under the last sentence of paragraph (2)(A)(i) with respect to the method of determining lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions, except as provided in subparagraph (D), the Administrator may not adjust the percent greenhouse gas reduction levels unless he determines that there has been a significant change in the analytical methodology used for determining the lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions. If he makes such determination, he may adjust the 20, 50, or 60 percent reduction levels through rulemaking using the criteria and standards set forth in this paragraph.

Limit on upward adjustments

If, under subparagraph (D) or (E), the Administrator revises a percent level adjusted as provided in subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C) to a higher percent, such higher percent may not exceed the applicable percent specified in paragraph (2)(A)(i), (1)(D), (1)(B)(i), or (1)(E).

Applicability of adjustments

If the Administrator adjusts, or revises, a percent level referred to in this paragraph or makes a change in the analytical methodology used for determining the lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions, such adjustment, revision, or change (or any combination thereof) shall only apply to renewable fuel from new facilities that commence construction after the effective date of such adjustment, revision, or change.

Credit program

In general

The regulations promulgated under paragraph (2)(A) shall provide—

for the generation of an appropriate amount of credits by any person that refines, blends, or imports gasoline that contains a quantity of renewable fuel that is greater than the quantity required under paragraph (2);

for the generation of an appropriate amount of credits for biodiesel; and

for the generation of credits by small refineries in accordance with paragraph (9)(C).

Use of credits

A person that generates credits under subparagraph (A) may use the credits, or transfer all or a portion of the credits to another person, for the purpose of complying with paragraph (2).

Duration of credits

A credit generated under this paragraph shall be valid to show compliance for the 12 months as of the date of generation.

Inability to generate or purchase sufficient credits

The regulations promulgated under paragraph (2)(A) shall include provisions allowing any person that is unable to generate or purchase sufficient credits to meet the requirements of paragraph (2) to carry forward a renewable fuel deficit on condition that the person, in the calendar year following the year in which the renewable fuel deficit is created—

achieves compliance with the renewable fuel requirement under paragraph (2); and

generates or purchases additional renewable fuel credits to offset the renewable fuel deficit of the previous year.

Credits for additional renewable fuel

The Administrator may issue regulations providing: (i) for the generation of an appropriate amount of credits by any person that refines, blends, or imports additional renewable fuels specified by the Administrator; and (ii) for the use of such credits by the generator, or the transfer of all or a portion of the credits to another person, for the purpose of complying with paragraph (2).

Seasonal variations in renewable fuel use

Study

For each of calendar years 2006 through 2012, the Administrator of the Energy Information Administration shall conduct a study of renewable fuel blending to determine whether there are excessive seasonal variations in the use of renewable fuel.

Regulation of excessive seasonal variations

If, for any calendar year, the Administrator of the Energy Information Administration, based on the study under subparagraph (A), makes the determinations specified in subparagraph (C), the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency shall promulgate regulations to ensure that 25 percent or more of the quantity of renewable fuel necessary to meet the requirements of paragraph (2) is used during each of the 2 periods specified in subparagraph (D) of each subsequent calendar year.

Determinations

The determinations referred to in subparagraph (B) are that—

less than 25 percent of the quantity of renewable fuel necessary to meet the requirements of paragraph (2) has been used during 1 of the 2 periods specified in subparagraph (D) of the calendar year;

a pattern of excessive seasonal variation described in clause (i) will continue in subsequent calendar years; and

promulgating regulations or other requirements to impose a 25 percent or more seasonal use of renewable fuels will not prevent or interfere with the attainment of national ambient air quality standards or significantly increase the price of motor fuels to the consumer.

Periods

The 2 periods referred to in this paragraph are—

April through September; and

January through March and October through December.

Exclusion

Renewable fuel blended or consumed in calendar year 2006 in a State that has received a waiver under section 7543(b) of this title shall not be included in the study under subparagraph (A).

State exemption from seasonality requirements

Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the seasonality requirement relating to renewable fuel use established by this paragraph shall not apply to any State that has received a waiver under section 7543(b) of this title or any State dependent on refineries in such State for gasoline supplies.

Waivers

In general

The Administrator, in consultation with the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of Energy, may waive the requirements of paragraph (2) in whole or in part on petition by one or more States, by any person subject to the requirements of this subsection, or by the Administrator on his own motion by reducing the national quantity of renewable fuel required under paragraph (2)—

based on a determination by the Administrator, after public notice and opportunity for comment, that implementation of the requirement would severely harm the economy or environment of a State, a region, or the United States; or

based on a determination by the Administrator, after public notice and opportunity for comment, that there is an inadequate domestic supply.

Petitions for waivers

The Administrator, in consultation with the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of Energy, shall approve or disapprove a petition for a waiver of the requirements of paragraph (2) within 90 days after the date on which the petition is received by the Administrator.

Termination of waivers

A waiver granted under subparagraph (A) shall terminate after 1 year, but may be renewed by the Administrator after consultation with the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of Energy.

Cellulosic biofuel

For any calendar year for which the projected volume of cellulosic biofuel production is less than the minimum applicable volume established under paragraph (2)(B), as determined by the Administrator based on the estimate provided under paragraph (3)(A), not later than November 30 of the preceding calendar year, the Administrator shall reduce the applicable volume of cellulosic biofuel required under paragraph (2)(B) to the projected volume available during that calendar year. For any calendar year in which the Administrator makes such a reduction, the Administrator may also reduce the applicable volume of renewable fuel and advanced biofuels requirement established under paragraph (2)(B) by the same or a lesser volume.

Whenever the Administrator reduces the minimum cellulosic biofuel volume under this subparagraph, the Administrator shall make available for sale cellulosic biofuel credits at the higher of $0.25 per gallon or the amount by which $3.00 per gallon exceeds the average wholesale price of a gallon of gasoline in the United States. Such amounts shall be adjusted for inflation by the Administrator for years after 2008.

Eighteen months after December 19, 2007, the Administrator shall promulgate regulations to govern the issuance of credits under this subparagraph. The regulations shall set forth the method for determining the exact price of credits in the event of a waiver. The price of such credits shall not be changed more frequently than once each quarter. These regulations shall include such provisions, including limiting the credits’ uses and useful life, as the Administrator deems appropriate to assist market liquidity and transparency, to provide appropriate certainty for regulated entities and renewable fuel producers, and to limit any potential misuse of cellulosic biofuel credits to reduce the use of other renewable fuels, and for such other purposes as the Administrator determines will help achieve the goals of this subsection. The regulations shall limit the number of cellulosic biofuel credits for any calendar year to the minimum applicable volume (as reduced under this subparagraph) of cellulosic biofuel for that year.

Biomass-based diesel

Market evaluation

The Administrator, in consultation with the Secretary of Energy and the Secretary of Agriculture, shall periodically evaluate the impact of the biomass-based diesel requirements established under this paragraph on the price of diesel fuel.

Waiver

If the Administrator determines that there is a significant renewable feedstock disruption or other market circumstances that would make the price of biomass-based diesel fuel increase significantly, the Administrator, in consultation with the Secretary of Energy and the Secretary of Agriculture, shall issue an order to reduce, for up to a 60-day period, the quantity of biomass-based diesel required under subparagraph (A) by an appropriate quantity that does not exceed 15 percent of the applicable annual requirement for biomass-based diesel. For any calendar year in which the Administrator makes a reduction under this subparagraph, the Administrator may also reduce the applicable volume of renewable fuel and advanced biofuels requirement established under paragraph (2)(B) by the same or a lesser volume.

Extensions

If the Administrator determines that the feedstock disruption or circumstances described in clause (ii) is continuing beyond the 60-day period described in clause (ii) or this clause, the Administrator, in consultation with the Secretary of Energy and the Secretary of Agriculture, may issue an order to reduce, for up to an additional 60-day period, the quantity of biomass-based diesel required under subparagraph (A) by an appropriate quantity that does not exceed an additional 15 percent of the applicable annual requirement for biomass-based diesel.

Modification of applicable volumes

For any of the tables in paragraph (2)(B), if the Administrator waives—

at least 20 percent of the applicable volume requirement set forth in any such table for 2 consecutive years; or

at least 50 percent of such volume requirement for a single year,

the Administrator shall promulgate a rule (within 1 year after issuing such waiver) that modifies the applicable volumes set forth in the table concerned for all years following the final year to which the waiver applies, except that no such modification in applicable volumes shall be made for any year before 2016. In promulgating such a rule, the Administrator shall comply with the processes, criteria, and standards set forth in paragraph (2)(B)(ii).

Study and waiver for initial year of program

In general

Not later than 180 days after August 8, 2005, the Secretary of Energy shall conduct for the Administrator a study assessing whether the renewable fuel requirement under paragraph (2) will likely result in significant adverse impacts on consumers in 2006, on a national, regional, or State basis.

Required evaluations

The study shall evaluate renewable fuel—

supplies and prices;

blendstock supplies; and

supply and distribution system capabilities.

Recommendations by the Secretary

Based on the results of the study, the Secretary of Energy shall make specific recommendations to the Administrator concerning waiver of the requirements of paragraph (2), in whole or in part, to prevent any adverse impacts described in subparagraph (A).

Waiver

In general

Not later than 270 days after August 8, 2005, the Administrator shall, if and to the extent recommended by the Secretary of Energy under subparagraph (C), waive, in whole or in part, the renewable fuel requirement under paragraph (2) by reducing the national quantity of renewable fuel required under paragraph (2) in calendar year 2006.

No effect on waiver authority

Clause (i) does not limit the authority of the Administrator to waive the requirements of paragraph (2) in whole, or in part, under paragraph (7).

Small refineries

Temporary exemption

In general

The requirements of paragraph (2) shall not apply to small refineries until calendar year 2011.

Extension of exemption

Study by Secretary of Energy

Not later than December 31, 2008, the Secretary of Energy shall conduct for the Administrator a study to determine whether compliance with the requirements of paragraph (2) would impose a disproportionate economic hardship on small refineries.

Extension of exemption

In the case of a small refinery that the Secretary of Energy determines under subclause (I) would be subject to a disproportionate economic hardship if required to comply with paragraph (2), the Administrator shall extend the exemption under clause (i) for the small refinery for a period of not less than 2 additional years.

Petitions based on disproportionate economic hardship

Extension of exemption

A small refinery may at any time petition the Administrator for an extension of the exemption under subparagraph (A) for the reason of disproportionate economic hardship.

Evaluation of petitions

In evaluating a petition under clause (i), the Administrator, in consultation with the Secretary of Energy, shall consider the findings of the study under subparagraph (A)(ii) and other economic factors.

Deadline for action on petitions

The Administrator shall act on any petition submitted by a small refinery for a hardship exemption not later than 90 days after the date of receipt of the petition.

Credit program

If a small refinery notifies the Administrator that the small refinery waives the exemption under subparagraph (A), the regulations promulgated under paragraph (2)(A) shall provide for the generation of credits by the small refinery under paragraph (5) beginning in the calendar year following the date of notification.

Opt-in for small refineries

A small refinery shall be subject to the requirements of paragraph (2) if the small refinery notifies the Administrator that the small refinery waives the exemption under subparagraph (A).

Ethanol market concentration analysis

Analysis

In general

Not later than 180 days after August 8, 2005, and annually thereafter, the Federal Trade Commission shall perform a market concentration analysis of the ethanol production industry using the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index to determine whether there is sufficient competition among industry participants to avoid price-setting and other anticompetitive behavior.

Scoring

For the purpose of scoring under clause (i) using the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, all marketing arrangements among industry participants shall be considered.

Report

Not later than December 1, 2005, and annually thereafter, the Federal Trade Commission shall submit to Congress and the Administrator a report on the results of the market concentration analysis performed under subparagraph (A)(i).

Periodic reviews

To allow for the appropriate adjustment of the requirements described in subparagraph (B) of paragraph (2), the Administrator shall conduct periodic reviews of—

existing technologies;

the feasibility of achieving compliance with the requirements; and

the impacts of the requirements described in subsection (a)(2) 11 on each individual and entity described in paragraph (2).

Effect on other provisions

Nothing in this subsection, or regulations issued pursuant to this subsection, shall affect or be construed to affect the regulatory status of carbon dioxide or any other greenhouse gas, or to expand or limit regulatory authority regarding carbon dioxide or any other greenhouse gas, for purposes of other provisions (including section 7475) of this chapter. The previous sentence shall not affect implementation and enforcement of this subsection.

 12 Analyses of motor vehicle fuel changes and emissions model

Anti-backsliding analysis

Draft analysis

Not later than 4 years after August 8, 2005, the Administrator shall publish for public comment a draft analysis of the changes in emissions of air pollutants and air quality due to the use of motor vehicle fuel and fuel additives resulting from implementation of the amendments made by the Energy Policy Act of 2005.

Final analysis

After providing a reasonable opportunity for comment but not later than 5 years after August 8, 2005, the Administrator shall publish the analysis in final form.

Emissions model

For the purposes of this section, not later than 4 years after August 8, 2005, the Administrator shall develop and finalize an emissions model that reflects, to the maximum extent practicable, the effects of gasoline characteristics or components on emissions from vehicles in the motor vehicle fleet during calendar year 2007.

Permeation effects study

In general

Not later than 1 year after August 8, 2005, the Administrator shall conduct a study, and report to Congress the results of the study, on the effects of ethanol content in gasoline on permeation, the process by which fuel molecules migrate through the elastomeric materials (rubber and plastic parts) that make up the fuel and fuel vapor systems of a motor vehicle.

Evaporative emissions

The study shall include estimates of the increase in total evaporative emissions likely to result from the use of gasoline with ethanol content in a motor vehicle, and the fleet of motor vehicles, due to permeation.

Fuel and fuel additive importers and importation

For the purposes of this section, the term “manufacturer” includes an importer and the term “manufacture” includes importation.

Conversion assistance for cellulosic biomass, waste-derived ethanol, approved renewable fuels

In general

The Secretary of Energy may provide grants to merchant producers of cellulosic biomass ethanol, waste-derived ethanol, and approved renewable fuels in the United States to assist the producers in building eligible production facilities described in paragraph (2) for the production of ethanol or approved renewable fuels.

Eligible production facilities

A production facility shall be eligible to receive a grant under this subsection if the production facility—

is located in the United States; and

uses cellulosic or renewable biomass or waste-derived feedstocks derived from agricultural residues, wood residues, municipal solid waste, or agricultural byproducts.

Authorization of appropriations

There are authorized to be appropriated the following amounts to carry out this subsection:

$100,000,000 for fiscal year 2006.

$250,000,000 for fiscal year 2007.

$400,000,000 for fiscal year 2008.

Definitions

For the purposes of this subsection:

The term “approved renewable fuels” are fuels and components of fuels that have been approved by the Department of Energy, as defined in section 13211 of this title, which have been made from renewable biomass.

The term “renewable biomass” is, as defined in Presidential Executive Order 13134, published in the Federal Register on August 16, 1999, any organic matter that is available on a renewable or recurring basis (excluding old-growth timber), including dedicated energy crops and trees, agricultural food and feed crop residues, aquatic plants, animal wastes, wood and wood residues, paper and paper residues, and other vegetative waste materials. Old-growth timber means timber of a forest from the late successional stage of forest development.

Blending of compliant reformulated gasolines

In general

Notwithstanding subsections (h) and (k) and subject to the limitations in paragraph (2) of this subsection, it shall not be a violation of this part 13 for a gasoline retailer, during any month of the year, to blend at a retail location batches of ethanol-blended and non-ethanol-blended reformulated gasoline, provided that—

each batch of gasoline to be blended has been individually certified as in compliance with subsections (h) and (k) prior to being blended;

the retailer notifies the Administrator prior to such blending, and identifies the exact location of the retail station and the specific tank in which such blending will take place;

the retailer retains and, as requested by the Administrator or the Administrator’s designee, makes available for inspection such certifications accounting for all gasoline at the retail outlet; and

the retailer does not, between June 1 and September 15 of each year, blend a batch of VOC-controlled, or “summer”, gasoline with a batch of non-VOC-controlled, or “winter”, gasoline (as these terms are defined under subsections (h) and (k)).

Limitations

Frequency limitation

A retailer shall only be permitted to blend batches of compliant reformulated gasoline under this subsection a maximum of two blending periods between May 1 and September 15 of each calendar year.

Duration of blending period

Each blending period authorized under subparagraph (A) shall extend for a period of no more than 10 consecutive calendar days.

Surveys

A sample of gasoline taken from a retail location that has blended gasoline within the past 30 days and is in compliance with subparagraphs (A), (B), (C), and (D) of paragraph (1) shall not be used in a VOC survey mandated by 40 CFR Part 80.

State implementation plans

A State shall be held harmless and shall not be required to revise its State implementation plan under section 7410 of this title to account for the emissions from blended gasoline authorized under paragraph (1).

Preservation of State law

Nothing in this subsection shall—

preempt existing State laws or regulations regulating the blending of compliant gasolines; or

prohibit a State from adopting such restrictions in the future.

Regulations

The Administrator shall promulgate, after notice and comment, regulations implementing this subsection within 1 year after August 8, 2005.

Effective date

This subsection shall become effective 15 months after August 8, 2005, and shall apply to blended batches of reformulated gasoline on or after that date, regardless of whether the implementing regulations required by paragraph (6) have been promulgated by the Administrator by that date.

Liability

No person other than the person responsible for blending under this subsection shall be subject to an enforcement action or penalties under subsection (d) solely arising from the blending of compliant reformulated gasolines by the retailers.

Formulation of gasoline

This subsection does not grant authority to the Administrator or any State (or any subdivision thereof) to require reformulation of gasoline at the refinery to adjust for potential or actual emissions increases due to the blending authorized by this subsection.

Standard specifications for biodiesel

Unless the American Society for Testing and Materials has adopted a standard for diesel fuel containing 20 percent biodiesel (commonly known as “B20”) within 1 year after December 19, 2007, the Administrator shall initiate a rulemaking to establish a uniform per gallon fuel standard for such fuel and designate an identification number so that vehicle manufacturers are able to design engines to use fuel meeting such standard.

Unless the American Society for Testing and Materials has adopted a standard for diesel fuel containing 5 percent biodiesel (commonly known as “B5”) within 1 year after December 19, 2007, the Administrator shall initiate a rulemaking to establish a uniform per gallon fuel standard for such fuel and designate an identification so that vehicle manufacturers are able to design engines to use fuel meeting such standard.

Whenever the Administrator is required to initiate a rulemaking under paragraph (1) or (2), the Administrator shall promulgate a final rule within 18 months after December 19, 2007.

Not later than 180 days after December 19, 2007, the Administrator shall establish an annual inspection and enforcement program to ensure that diesel fuel containing biodiesel sold or distributed in interstate commerce meets the standards established under regulations under this section, including testing and certification for compliance with applicable standards of the American Society for Testing and Materials. There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out the inspection and enforcement program under this paragraph $3,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2008 through 2010.

For purposes of this subsection, the term “biodiesel” has the meaning provided by section 13220(f) of this title.

Prevention of air quality deterioration

Study

In general

Not later than 18 months after December 19, 2007, the Administrator shall complete a study to determine whether the renewable fuel volumes required by this section will adversely impact air quality as a result of changes in vehicle and engine emissions of air pollutants regulated under this chapter.

Considerations

The study shall include consideration of—

different blend levels, types of renewable fuels, and available vehicle technologies; and

appropriate national, regional, and local air quality control measures.

Regulations

Not later than 3 years after December 19, 2007, the Administrator shall—

promulgate fuel regulations to implement appropriate measures to mitigate, to the greatest extent achievable, considering the results of the study under paragraph (1), any adverse impacts on air quality, as the result of the renewable volumes required by this section; or

make a determination that no such measures are necessary.

Footnotes

1 So in original. Probably should be “the”.
2 So in original. Par. (1) does not contain a cl. (A).
3 So in original. Two cls. (v) have been enacted.
4 So in original. Probably should be section “7625–1”.
5 So in original. See References in Text note below.
6 So in original. Probably should be “properly”.
7 So in original. Probably should be “as of”.
8 So in original. Probably should be section “7550(2)”.
9 So in original. The word “and” probably should appear.
10 So in original. Probably should be “non-Federal”.
11 So in original. Subsection (a) does not contain a par. (2).
12 So in original. No subsec. (p) has been enacted.
13 See References in Text note below.

Legislative history

Reconstructed from this section’s Code source credit and amendment notes, resolved against the local Statutes at Large. Editorial notes are evidence, not the law that made the change.

1955
Air Quality Act of 1967
Pub. L. 90–148 § 2 · 81 Stat. 485
Enacted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545
July 14, 1955, ch. 360, title II, § 211, formerly § 210, as added Pub. L. 90–148, § 2, Nov. 21, 1967, 81 Stat. 502
Source evidence
Code source credit
July 14, 1955, ch. 360, title II, § 211, formerly § 210, as added Pub. L. 90–148, § 2, Nov. 21, 1967, 81 Stat. 502
Enacted provision · exact public law section
Sec. 2. The Clean Air Act, as amended (42 U.S.C. 1857–18571), is hereby amended to read as follows: “TITLE I— AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL “Sec. 101. “findings and purposes (a) The Congress finds— “(1) that the predominant part of the Nation’s population is located in its rapidly expanding metropolitan and other urban areas, which generally cross the boundary lines of local jurisdictions and often extend into two or more States; “(2) that the growth in the amount and complexity of air pollution brought about by urbanization, industrial development, and the increasing use of motor vehicles, has resulted in mounting dangers to the public health and welfare, including injury to agricultural crops and livestock, damage to and the deterioration of property, and hazards to air and ground transportation; “(3) that the prevention and control of air pollution at its source is the primary responsibility of States and local governments; and “(4) that Federal financial assistance and leadership is essential for the development of cooperative Federal, State, regional, and local programs to prevent and control air pollution. “(b) The purposes of this title are— “(1) to protect and enhance the quality of the Nation’s air resources so as to promote the public health and welfare and the productive capacity of its population; “(2) to initiate and accelerate a national research and development program to achieve the prevention and control of air pollution; “(3) to provide technical and financial assistance to State and local governments in connection with the development and execution of their air pollution prevention and control programs; and “(4) to encourage and assist the development and operation of regional air pollution control programs. “Sec. 102. “cooperative activities and uniform laws (a) The Secretary shall encourage cooperative activities by the States and local governments for the prevention and control of air pollution; encourage the enactment of improved and, so far as practicable in the light of varying conditions and needs, uniform State and local laws relating to the prevention and control of air pollution; and encourage the making of agreements and compacts between States for the prevention and control of air pollution. “(b) The Secretary shall cooperate with and encourage cooperative activities by all Federal departments and agencies having functions relating to the prevention and control of air pollution, so as to assure the utilization in the Federal air pollution control program of all appropriate and available facilities and resources within the Federal Government. “(c) The consent of the Congress is hereby given to two or more States to negotiate and enter into agreements or compacts, not in conflict with any law or treaty of the United States, for (1) cooperative effort and mutual assistance for the prevention and control of air pollution and the enforcement of their respective laws relating thereto, and (2) the establishment of such agencies, joint or otherwise, as they may deem desirable for making effective such agreements or compacts. No such agreement or compact shall be binding or obligatory upon any State a party thereto unless and until it has been approved by Congress. It is the intent of Congress that no agreement or compact entered into between States after the date of enactment of the Air Quality Act of 1967, which relates to the control and abatement of air pollution in an air quality control region, shall provide for participation by a State which is not included (in whole or in part) m such air quality control region. “Sec. 103. “research, investigations, training, and other activities (a) The Secretary shall establish a national research and development program for the prevention and control of air pollution and as part of such program shall— “(1) conduct, and promote the coordination and acceleration of, research, investigations, experiments, training, demonstrations, surveys, and studies relating to the causes, effects, extent, prevention, and control of air pollution; “(2) encourage, cooperate with, and render technical services and provide financial assistance to air pollution control agencies and other appropriate public or private agencies, institutions, and organizations, and individuals in the conduct of such activities; “(3) conduct investigations and research and make surveys concerning any Specific problem of air pollution in cooperation with any air pollution control agency with a view to recommending a solution of such problem, if he is requested to do so by such agency or if, in his judgment, such problem may affect any community or communities in a State other than that in which the source of the matter causing or contributing to the pollution is located; “(4) establish technical advisory committees composed of recognized experts in various aspects of air pollution to assist in the examination and evaluation of research progress and proposals and to avoid duplication of research. “(b) In carrying out the provisions of the preceding subsection the Secretary is authorized to— “(1) collect and make available, through publications and other appropriate means, the results of and other information, including appropriate recommendations by him in connection therewith, pertaining to such research and other activities; “(2) cooperate with other Federal departments and agencies, with air pollution control agencies, with other public and private agencies, institutions, and organizations, and with any industries involved, in the preparation and conduct of such research and other activities; “(3) make grants to air pollution control agencies, to other public or nonprofit private agencies, institutions, and organizations, and to individuals, for purposes stated in subsection (a)(1) of this section; “(4) contract with public or private agencies, institutions, and organizations, and with individuals, without regard to sections 3648 and 3709 of the Revised Statutes (31 U.S.C. 529; 41 U.S.C. 5); “(5) provide training for, and make training grants to, personnel of air pollution control agencies and other persons with suitable qualifications; “(6) establish and maintain research fellowships, in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare and at public or non-profit private educational institutions or research organizations: “(7) collect and disseminate, in cooperation with other Federal departments and agencies, and with other public or private agencies, institutions, and organizations having related responsibilities, basic data on chemical, physical, and biological effects of varying air quality and other information pertaining to air pollution and the prevention and control thereof; and “(8) develop effective and practical processes, methods, and prototype devices for the prevention or control of air pollution. “(c) In carrying out the provisions of subsection (a) of this section the Secretary shall conduct research on, and survey the results of other scientific studies on, the harmful effects on the health or welfare of persons by the various known air pollution agents (or combinations of agents). “(d) The Secretary is authorized to construct such facilities and staff and equip them as he determines to be necessary to carry out his functions under this Act. “(e) If, in the judgment of the Secretary, an air pollution problem of substantial significance may result from discharge or discharges into the atmosphere, he may call a conference concerning this potential air pollution problem to be held in or near one or more of the places where such discharge or discharges are occurring or will occur. All interested persons shall be given an opportunity to be heard at such conference, either orally or in writing, and shall be permitted to appear in person or by representative in accordance with procedures prescribed by the Secretary. If the Secretary finds, on the basis of the evidence presented at such conference, that the discharge or discharges if permitted to take place or continue are likely to cause or contribute to air pollution subject to abatement under section 108(a), he shall send such findings, together with recommendations concerning the measures which he finds reasonable and suitable to prevent such pollution, to the person or persons whose actions will result in the discharge or discharges involved; to air pollution agencies of the State or States and of the municipality or municipalities where such discharge or discharges will originate; and to the interstate air pollution control agency, if any, in the jurisdictional area of which any such municipality is located. Such findings and recommendations shall be advisory only, but shall be admitted together with the record of the conference, as part of the proceedings under subsections (d), (e), and (f) of section 108. “Sec. 104. “research relating to fuels and vehicles (a) The Secretary shall give special emphasis to research and development into new and improved methods, having industrywide application, for the prevention and control of air pollution resulting from the combustion of fuels. In furtherance of such research and development he shall— “(1) conduct and accelerate research programs directed toward development of improved, low-cost techniques for control of com-bustion byproducts of fuels, for removal of potential pollutants from fuels, and for control of emissions from evaporation of fuels; “(2) provide for Federal grants to public or nonprofit agencies, institutions, and organizations and to individuals, and contracts with public or private agencies, institutions, or persons, for payment of (A) part of the cost of acquiring, constructing, or otherwise securing for research and development purposes, new or improved devices or methods having industrywide application of preventing or controlling discharges into the air of various types of pollutants; and (B) carrying out the other provisions of this section, without regard to sections 3648 and 3709 of the Revised Statutes (31 U.S.C. 529; 41 U.S.C. 5): Provided, That research or demonstration contracts awarded pursuant to this subsection (including contracts for construction) may be made in accordance with, and subject to the limitations provided with respect to research contracts of the military departments in, section 2353 of 70A Stat. 134. title 10, United States Code, except that the determination, approval, and certification required thereby shall be made by the Limitation. Secretary: Provided further, That no grant may be made under this paragraph in excess of $1,500,000; “(3) determine, by laboratory and pilot plant testing, the results of air pollution research and studies in order to develop new or improved processes and plant designs to the point where they can be demonstrated on a large and practical scale; “(4) construct, operate, and maintain, or assist in meeting the cost of the construction, operation, and maintenance of new or improved demonstration plants or processes which have promise of accomplishing the purposes of this Act; “(5) study new or improved methods for the recovery and marketing of commercially valuable byproducts resulting from the removal of pollutants. “(b) In carrying out the provisions of this section, the Secretary may— “(1) conduct and accelerate research and development of low-cost instrumentation techniques to facilitate determination of quantity and quality of air pollutant emissions, including, but not limited to, automotive emissions; “(2) utilize, on a reimbursable basis, the facilities of existing Federal scientific laboratories; “(3) establish and operate necessary facilities and test sites at which to carry on the research, testing, development, and programing necessary to effectuate the purposes of this section; “(4) acquire secret processes, technical data, inventions, patent applications, patents, licenses, and an interest in lands, plants, and facilities, and other property or rights by purchase, license, lease, or donation; and “(5) cause on-site inspections to be made of promising domestic and foreign projects, and cooperate and participate in their development in instances in which the purposes of the Act will be served thereby. “(c) For the purposes of this section there are authorized to be appropriated for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1968, $35,000,000, and for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1969, $90,000,000. Amounts appropriated pursuant to this subsection shall remain available until expended. “Sec. 105. “grants for support of air pollution planning and control programs (a) (1) The Secretary is authorized to make grants to air pollution control agencies in an amount up to two-thirds of the cost of planning, developing, establishing, or improving, and grants to such agencies in an amount up to one-half of the cost of maintaining, programs for the prevention and control of air pollution and programs for the implementation of air quality standards authorized by this Act: Provided, That the Secretary is authorized to make grants to air pollution control agencies within the meaning of sections 302(b)(2) and 302(b)(4) in an amount up to three-fourths of the cost of planning, developing, establishing, or improving and up to three-fifths of the cost of maintaining, regional air quality control programs. As used “Regional air quality control program.” in this subsection the term ‘regional air quality control program’ means a program for the prevention and control of air pollution or the implementation of air quality standards programs as authorized by this Act, in an area that includes the areas of two or more municipalities whether in the same or different States. “(2) Before approving any grant under this subsection to any air pollution control agency within the meaning of sections 302(b)(2) and 302(b)(4), the Secretary shall receive assurances that such agency provides for adequate representation of appropriate State, interstate, local, and (when appropriate) international, interests in the air quality control region. “(3) Before approving any planning grant under this subsection to any air pollution control agency within the meaning of sections 302 (b)(2) and 302(b)(4), the Secretary shall receive assurances that such agency has the capability of developing a comprehensive air quality plan for the air quality control region, which plan shall include (when appropriate) a recommended system of alerts to avert and reduce the risk of situations in which there may be imminent and serious danger to the public health or welfare from air pollutants and the various aspects relevant to the establishment of air quality standards for such air quality control region, including the concentration of industries, other commercial establishments, population and naturally occurring factors which shall affect such standards. “(b) From the sums available for the purposes of subsection (a) of this section for any fiscal year, the Secretary shall from time to time make grants to air pollution control agencies upon such terms and conditions as the Secretary may find necessary to carry out the purpose of this section. In establishing regulations for the granting of such funds the Secretary shall, so far as practicable, give due consideration to (1) the population, (2) the extent of the actual or potential air pollution problem, and (3) the financial need of the respective agencies. No agency shall receive any grant under this section during any fiscal year when its expenditures of non-Federal funds for other than nonrecurrent expenditures for air pollution control programs will be less than its expenditures were for such programs during the preceding fiscal year; and no agency shall receive any grant under this section with respect to the maintenance of a program for the prevention and control of air pollution unless the Secretary is satisfied that such grant will be so used as to supplement and, to the extent practicable, increase the level of State, local, or other non-Federal funds that would in the absence of such grant be made available for the maintenance of such program, and will in no event supplant such State, local, or other non-Federal funds. No grant shall be made under this section until the Secretary has consulted with the appropriate official as designated by the Governor or Governors of the State or States affected. “(c) Not more than 10 per centum of the total of funds appropriated or allocated for the purposes of subsection (a) of this section shall be granted for air pollution control programs in any one State. In the case of a grant for a program in an area crossing State boundaries, the Secretary shall determine the portion of such grant that is chargeable to the percentage limitation under this subsection for each State into which such area extends. “Sec. 106. “interstate air quality agencies or commissions (a) For the purpose of expediting the establishment of air quality standards in an interstate air quality control region designated pursuant to section 107(a)(2), the Secretary is authorized to pay, for two years, up to 100 per centum of the air quality planning program costs of any agency designated by the Governors of the affected States, which agency shall be capable of recommending to the Governors standards of air quality and plans for implementation thereof and shall include representation from the States and appropriate political subdivisions within the air quality control region. After the initial two-year period the Secretary is authorized to make grants to such agency in an amount up to three-fourths of the air quality planning program costs of such agency. “(b) (1) Whenever the Secretary deems it necessary to expedite the establishment of standards for an interstate air quality control region designated pursuant to section 107(a)(2) he may, after consultation with the Governors of the affected States, designate or establish an air quality planning commission for the purpose of developing recommended regulations setting forth standards of air quality to be applicable to such air quality control region. “(2) Such Commission shall consist of the Secretary or his designee who shall serve as Chairman, and adequate representation of appropriate State, interstate, local and (when appropriate), international, interests in the designated air quality control region. “(3) The Secretary shall, within available funds, provide such staff for such Commission as may be necessary to enable it to carry out its functions effectively, and shall pay the other expenses of the Commission; and may also accept for the use by such Commission, funds, property, or services contributed by the State involved or political subdivisions thereof. “(4) Each appointee from a State, other than an official or employee thereof, or of any political subdivision thereof, shall, while engaged in the work of the Commission, receive compensation at a rate fixed by the Secretary, but not in excess of $100 per diem, including traveltime, and while away from his home or regular place of business, he may be allowed travel expenses, including per diem in 80 Stat. 416. lieu of subsistence, as authorized by law (5 U.S.C. 3109) for persons in the Government service employed intermittently. “Sec. 107. “air quality control regions, criteria, and control techniques (a) (1) The Secretary shall, as soon as practicable, but not later than one year after the date of enactment of the Air Quality Act of 1967, define for the purposes of this Act, atmospheric areas of the Nation on the basis of those conditions, including, but not limited to, climate, meteorology, and topography, which affect the interchange and diffusion of pollutants in the atmosphere. “(2) For the purpose of establishing ambient air quality standards pursuant to section 108, and for administrative and other purposes, the Secretary, after consultation with appropriate State and local authorities shall, to the extent feasible, within 18 months after the date of enactment of the Air Quality Act of 1967 designate air quality control regions based on jurisdictional boundaries, urban-industrial concentrations, and other factors including atmospheric areas necessary to provide adequate implementation of air quality standards. The Secretary may from time to time thereafter, as he determines necessary to protect the public health and welfare and after consultation with appropriate State and local authorities, revise the designation of such regions and designate additional air quality control regions. The Secretary shall immediately notify the Governor or Governors of the affected State or States of such designation. “(b) (1) The Secretary shall, after consultation with appropriate advisory committees and Federal departments and agencies, from time to time, but as soon as practicable, develop and issue to the States such criteria of air quality as in his judgment may be requisite for the protection of the public health and welfare: Provided, That any criteria issued prior to enactment of this section shall be reevaluated in accordance with the consultation procedure and other provisions of this section and, if necessary, modified and reissued. Such issuance Publication in Federal Register. shall be announced in the Federal Register and copies shall be made available to the general public. “(2) Such criteria shall accurately reflect the latest scientific knowledge useful in indicating the kind and extent of all indentifiable effects on health and welfare which may be. expected from the presence of an air pollution agent, or combination of agents in the ambient air, in varying quantities. “(3) Such criteria shall include those variable factors which of themselves or in combination with other factors may alter the effects on public health and welfare of any subject agent or combination of agents, including, but not limited to, atmospheric conditions, and the types of air pollution agent or agents which, when present in the atmosphere, may interact with such subject agent or agents, to produce an adverse effect on public health and welfare. “(c) The Secretary shall, after consultation with appropriate advisory committees and Federal departments and agencies, issue to the States and appropriate air pollution control agencies information on those recommended pollution control techniques the application of which is necessary to achieve levels of air quality set forth in criteria issued pursuant to subsection (b), including those criteria subject to the proviso in subsection (b)(1), which information shall include technical data relating to the technology and costs of emission control. Such recommendations shall include such data as are available on the latest available technology and economic feasibility of alternative methods of prevention and control of air contamination including cost-effectiveness analyses. Such issuance shall be announced in the Publication in Federal Register. Federal Register and copies shall be made available to the general public. “(d) The Secretary shall, from time to time, revise and reissue material issued pursuant to subsections (b) and (c) in accordance with procedures established in such subsections. “Sec. 108. “air quality standards and abatement of air pollution (a) The pollution of the air in any State or States which endangers the health or welfare of any persons, shall be subject to abatement as provided in this section. “(b) Consistent with the policy declaration of this title, municipal, State, and interstate action to abate air pollution shall be encouraged and shall not be displaced by Federal enforcement action except as otherwise provided by or pursuant to a court order under subsection (c), (h), or (k). “(c) (1) If, after receiving any air quality criteria and recommended control techniques issued pursuant to section 107, the Governor of a State, within ninety days of such receipt, files a letter of intent that such State will within one hundred and eighty days, and from time to time thereafter, adopt, after public hearings, ambient air quality standards applicable to any designated air quality control region or portions thereof within such State and within one Hundred and eighty days thereafter, and from time to time as may be necessary, adopts a plan for the implementation, maintenance, and enforcement of such standards of air quality adopted, and if such standards and plan are established in accordance with the letter of intent and if the Secretary determines that such State standards are consistent with the air quality criteria and recommended control techniques issued pursuant to section 107; that the plan is consistent with the purposes of the Act insofar as it assures achieving such standards of air quality within a reasonable time; and that a means of enforcement by State action, including authority comparable to that in subsection (k) of this section, is provided, such State standards and plan shall be the air quality standards applicable to such State. If the Secretary determines that any revised State standards and plan are consistent with the purposes of this Act and this subsection, such standards and plan shall be the air quality standards applicable to such State. “(2) If a State does not (A) file a letter of intent or (B) establish air quality standards in accordance with paragraph (1) of this subsection with respect to any air quality control region or portion thereof and if the Secretary finds it necessary to achieve the purpose of this Act, or the Governor of any State affected by air quality standards established pursuant to this subsection petitions for a revision in such standards, the Secretary may after reasonable notice and a conference of representatives of appropriate Federal departments and agencies, interstate agencies, States, municipalities, and industries involved, prepare regulations setting .forth standards of air quality consistent with the air quality criteria and recommended control techniques issued pursuant to section 107 to be applicable to such air quality control region or portions thereof. If, within six months from the date the Secretary publishes such regulations, the State has not adopted air quality standards found by the Secretary to be consistent with the purposes of this Act, or a petition for public hearing has not been filed under paragraph (3) of this subsection, the Secretary shall promulgate such standards. “(3) If at any time prior to thirty days after standards have been promulgated under paragraph (2) of this subsection, the Governor of any State affected by such standards petitions the Secretary for a hearing, the Secretary shall call a public hearing for the purpose of receiving testimony from State and local pollution control agencies and other interested parties affected by the proposed standards, to be held in or near one or more of the places where the air quality standards will take effect, before a hearing board of five or more persons appointed by the Secretary. Each State which would be affected by such standards shall be given an opportunity to select a member of the hearing board. Each Federal department, agency, or instrumentality having a substantial interest in the subject matter as determined by the Secretary shall be given an opportunity to select one member of the hearing board and not less than a majority of the hearing board shall be persons other than officers or employees of the Department of Compensation, travel expenses. Health, Education, and Welfare. The members of the board who are not officers or employees of the United States, while participating in the hearing conducted by such hearing board or otherwise engaged in the work of such hearing board, shall be entitled to receive compensation at a rate fixed by the Secretary, but not exceeding $100 per diem, including traveltime, and while away from their homes or regular places of business they may be allowed travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence, as authorized by section 5703, title 5, of the United States Code for persons in the Government service employed 80 Stat. 499. Publication in Federal Register. intermittently. At least thirty days prior to the date of such hearing notice of such hearing shall be published in the Federal Register and given to parties notified of the conference required in paragraph (2) of this subsection. On the basis of the evidence presented at such hearing, the hearing board shall within ninety days unless the Secretary determines a longer period is necessary, but in no event longer than one hundred and eighty days, make findings as to whether the standards published or promulgated by the Secretary should be approved or modified and transmit its findings to the Secretary. If the hearing board approves the standards as published or promulgated by the Secretary, the standards shall take effect on receipt by the Secretary of the hearing board’s recommendations. If the hearing board recommends modifications in the standards as published or promulgated by the Secretary, the Secretary shall promulgate revised regulations setting forth standards of air quality in accordance with the hearing board’s recommendations which will become effective immediately upon promulgation. “(4) Whenever, on the basis of surveys, studies and reports, the Violations, jurisdiction. Secretary finds that the ambient air quality of any air quality control region or portion thereof is below the air quality standards established under this subsection, and he finds that such lowered air quality results from the failure of a State to take reasonable action to enforce such standards, the Secretary shall notify the affected State or States, persons contributing to the alleged violation, and other interested parties of the violation of such standards. If such failure does not cease within one hundred and eighty days from the date of the Secretary’s notification, the Secretary— “(i) in the case of pollution of air which is endangering the health or welfare of persons in a State other than that in which the discharge or discharges (causing or contributing to such pollution) originate, may request the Attorney General to bring a suit on behalf of the United States in the appropriate United States district court to secure abatement of the pollution. “(ii) in the case of pollution of air which is endangering the health or welfare of persons only in the State in which the discharge or discharges (causing or contributing to such pollution) originate, at the request of the Governor of such State, shall provide such technical and other assistance as in his judgment is necessary to assist the State in judicial proceedings to secure abatement of the pollution under State or local law, or, at the request of the Governor of such State, shall request the Attorney General to bring suit on behalf of the United States in the appropriate United States district court to secure abatement of the pollution. In any suit brought under the provisions of this subsection the court shall receive in evidence a transcript of the proceedings of the hearing provided for in this subsection, together with the recommendations of the hearing board and the recommendations and standards promulgated by the Secretary, and such additional evidence, including that relating to the alleged violation of the standards, as it deems necessary to complete review of the standards and to determination of all other issues relating to the alleged violation. The court, giving due consideration to the practicability and to the technological and economic feasibility of complying with such standards, shall have jurisdiction to enter such judgment and orders enforcing such judgment as the public interest and the equities of the case may require. “(5) In connection with any hearings under this section no witness or any other person shall be required to divulge trade secrets or secret processes. “(6) Nothing in this subsection shall prevent the application of this section to any case to which subsection (a) of this section would be otherwise applicable. “(d) (1) (A) Whenever requested by the Governor of any State, a State air pollution control agency, or (with the concurrence of the Governor and the State air pollution control agency for the State in which the municipality is situated) the governing body of any municipality, the Secretary shall, if such request refers to air pollution which is alleged to endanger the health or welfare of persons in a State other than that in which the discharge or discharges (causing or contributing to such pollution) originate, give formal notification thereof to the air pollution control agency of the municipality where such discharge or discharges originate, to the air pollution control agency of the State in which such municipality is located, and to the interstate air pollution control agency, if any, in whose jurisdictional area such municipality is located, and shall call promptly a conference of such agency or agencies and of the air pollution control agencies of the municipalities which may be adversely affected by such pollution, and the air pollution control agency, if any, of each State, or for each area, in which any such municipality is located. “(B) Whenever requested by the Governor of any State, a State air pollution control agency, or (with the concurrence of the Governor and the State air pollution control agency for the State in which the municipality is situated) the governing body of any municipality, the Secretary shall, if such request refers to alleged air pollution which is endangering the health or welfare of persons only in the State in which the discharge or discharges (causing or contributing to such pollution) originate and if a municipality affected by such air pollution, or the municipality in which such pollution originates, has either made or concurred in such request, give formal notificaton thereof to the State air pollution control agency, to the air pollution control agencies of the municipality where such discharge or discharges originate, and of the municipality or municipalities alleged to be adversely affected thereby, and to any interstate air pollution control agency, whose jurisdictional area includes any such municipality and shall promptly call a conference of such agency or agencies, unless in the judgment of the Secretary, the effect of such pollution is not of such significance as to warrant exercise of Federal jurisdiction under this section. “(C) The Secretary may, after consultation with State officials of all affected States, also call such a conference whenever, on the basis of reports, surveys, or studies, he has reason to believe that any pollution referred to in subsection (a) is occurring and is endangering the health and welfare of persons in a State other than that in which the discharge or discharges originate. The Secretary shall invite the cooperation of any municipal, State, or interstate air pollution control agencies having jurisdiction in the affected area on any surveys or studies forming the basis of conference action. “(D) Whenever the Secretary, upon receipt of reports, surveys, or studies from any duly constituted international agency, has reason to believe that any pollution referred to in subsection (a) which endangers the health or welfare of persons in a foreign country is occurring, or whenever the Secretary of State requests him to do so with respect to such pollution which the Secretary of State alleges is of such a nature, the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare shall give formal notification thereof to the air pollution control agency of the municipality where such discharge or discharges originate, to the air pollution control agency of the State in which such municipality is located, and to the interstate air pollution control agency, if any, in the jurisdictional area of which such municipality is located, and shall call promptly a conference of such agency or agencies. The Secretary shall invite the foreign country which may be adversely affected by the pollution to attend and participate in the conference, and the representative of such country snail, for the purpose of the conference and any further proceeding resulting from such conference, have all the rights of a State air pollution control agency. This subparagraph shall apply only to a foreign country which the Secretary determines has given the United States essentially the same rights with respect to the prevention or control of air pollution occurring in that country as is given that country by this subparagraph. “(2) The agencies called to attend such conference may bring such persons as they desire to the conference. The Secretary shall deliver to such agencies and make available to other interested parties, at least thirty days prior to any such conference, a Federal report with respect to the matters before the conference, including data and conclusions or findings (if any); and shall give at least thirty days’ prior notice of the conference date to any such agency, and to the public by publication on at least three different days m a newspaper or newspapers of general circulation in the area. The chairman of the conference shall give interested parties an opportunity to present their views to the conference with respect to such Federal report, conclusions or findings (if any), and other pertinent information. The Secretary shall provide that a Transcript of proceedings. transcript be maintained of the proceedings of the conference and that a copy of such transcript be made available on request of any participant in the conference at the expense of such participant. “(3) Following this conference, the Secretary shall prepare and forward to all air pollution control agencies attending the conference a summary of conference discussions including (A) occurrence of air pollution subject to abatement under this Act; (B) adequacy of measures taken toward abatement of the pollution; and (C) nature of delays, if any, being encountered in abating the pollution. “(e) If the Secretary believes, upon the conclusion of the conference or thereafter, that effective progress toward abatement of such pollution is not being made and that the health or welfare of any persons is being endangered, he shall recommend to the appropriate State, interstate, or municipal air pollution control agency (or to all such agencies) that the necessary remedial action be taken. The Secretary shall allow at least six months from the date he makes such recommendations for the taking of such recommended action. “(f) (1) If, at the conclusion of the period so allowed, such remedial Hearings; board members. action or other action which in the judgment of the Secretary is reasonably calculated to secure abatement of such pollution has not been taken, the Secretary shall call a public hearing, to be held in or near one or more of the places where the discharge or discharges causing or contributing to such pollution originated, before a hearing board of five or more persons appointed by the Secretary. Each State in which any discharge causing or contributing to such pollution originates and each State claiming to be adversely affected by such pollution shall be given an opportunity to select one member of such hearing board and each Federal department, agency, or instrumentality having a substantial interest in the subject matter as determined by the Secretary shall be given an opportunity to select one member of such hearing board, and one member shall be a representative of the appropriate interstate air pollution agency if one exists, and not less than a majority of such hearing board shall be persons other than officers or employees of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. At least three weeks’ prior notice of such hearing shall be given to the State, interstate, and municipal air pollution control agencies called to attend such hearing and to the alleged polluter or polluters. All interested parties shall be given a reasonable opportunity to present evidence to such hearing board. “(2) On the basis of evidence presented at such hearing, the hearing board shall make findings as to whether pollution referred to in subsection (a) is occurring and whether effective progress toward abatement thereof is being made. If the hearing board finds such pollution is occurring and effective progress toward abatement thereof is not being made it shall make recommendations to the Secretary concerning the measures, if any, which it finds to be reasonable and suitable to secure abatement of such pollution. “(3) The Secretary shall send such findings and recommendations to the person or persons discharging any matter causing or contributing to such pollution; to air pollution control agencies of the State or States and of the municipality or municipalities where such discharge or discharges originate; and to any interstate air pollution control agency whose jurisdictional area includes any such municipality, together with a notice specifying a reasonable time (not less than six months) to secure abatement of such pollution. “(g) If action reasonably calculated to secure abatement of the pollution within the time specified in the notice following the public hearing is not taken, the Secretary— “(1) in the case of pollution of air which is endangering the health or welfare of persons (A) in a State other than that in which the discharge or discharges (causing or contributing to such pollution) originate, or (B) in a foreign country which has participated in a conference called under subparagraph (D) of subsection (d) of this section and in all proceedings under this section resulting from such conference, may request the Attorney General to bring a suit on behalf of the United States in the appropriate United States district court to secure abatement of the pollution. “(2) in the case of pollution of air which is endangering the health or welfare of persons only in the State in which the discharge or discharges (causing or contributing to such pollution) originate, at the request of the Governor of such State, shall provide such technical and other assistance as in his judgment is necessary to assist the State in judicial proceedings to secure abatement of the pollution under State or local law or, at the request of the Governor of such State, shall request the Attorney General to bring suit on behalf of the United States in the appropriate United States district court to secure abatement of the pollution. “(h) The court shall receive in evidence in any suit brought in a United States court under subsection (g) of this section a transcript of the proceedings before the board and a copy of the board’s recommendations and shall receive such further evidence as the court in its discretion deems proper. The court, giving due consideration to the practicability of complying with such standards as may be applicable and to the physical and economic feasibility of securing abatement of any pollution proved, shall have jurisdiction to enter such judgment, and orders enforcing such judgment, as the public interest and the equities of the case may require. “(i) Members of any hearing board appointed pursuant to subsection (f) who are not regular full-time officers or employees of the United States shall, while participating in the hearing conducted by such board or otherwise engaged on the work of such board, be entitled to receive compensation at a rate fixed by the Secretary, but not exceeding $100 per diem, including traveltime, and while away from their homes or regular places of business they may be allowed travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence, as authorized by law (5 U.S.C. 73b–2) for persons in the Government service employed 80 Stat. 499. 5 USC 5703. intermittently. “(j) (1) In connection with any conference called under this section, the Secretary is authorized to require any person whose activities result in the emission of air pollutants causing or contributing to air pollution to file with him, in such form as he may prescribe, a report, based on existing data, furnishing to the Secretary such information as may reasonably be required as to the character, kind, and quantity of pollutants discharged and the use of devices or other means to prevent or reduce the emission of pollutants by the person filing such a report. After a conference has been held with respect to any such pollution the Secretary shall require such reports from the person whose activities result in such pollution only to the extent recommended by such conference. Such report shall be made under oath or otherwise, as the Secretary may prescribe, and shall be filed with the Secretary within such reasonable period as the Secretary may prescribe, unless additional time be granted by the Secretary. No person shall be required in such report to divulge trade secrets or secret processes and all information reported shall be considered confidential for the purposes of section 1905 of title 18 of the United States Code. 62 Stat. 791. “(2) If any person required to file any report under this subsection shall fail to do so within the time fixed by the Secretary for filing the same, and such failure shall continue for thirty days after notice of such default, such person shall forfeit to the United States the sum of $100 for each and every day of the continuance of such failure, which forfeiture shall be payable into the Treasury of the United States, and shall be recoverable in a civil suit in the name of the United States brought in the district where such person has his principal office or in any district in which he does business: Provided, That the Secretary may upon application therefor remit or mitigate any forfeiture provided for under this subsection and he shall have authority to determine the facts upon all such applications. “(3) It shall be the duty of the various United States attorneys, under the direction of the Attorney General of the United States, to prosecute for the recovery of such forfeitures. “(k) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, the Secretary, upon receipt of evidence that a particular pollution source or combination of sources (including moving sources) is presenting an imminent and substantial endangerment to the health of persons, and finding that appropriate State or local authorities have not acted to abate such sources, may request the Attorney General to bring suit on behalf of the United States in the appropriate United States district court to immediately enjoin any contributor to the alleged pollution to stop the emission of contaminants causing such pollution or to take such other action as may be necessary. “Sec. 109. “standards to achieve higher level of air quality Nothing in this title shall prevent a State, political subdivision, intermunicipal or interstate agency from adopting standards and plans to implement an air quality program which will achieve a higher level of ambient air quality than approved by the Secretary. “Sec. 110. “president’s air quality advisory board and advisory committees (a) (1) There is hereby established in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare an Air Quality Advisory Board, composed of the Secretary or his designee, who shall be Chairman, and fifteen members appointed by the President, none of whom shall be Federal officers or employees. The appointed members, having due regard for the purposes of this Act, shall be selected from among representatives of various State, interstate, and local governmental agencies, of public or private interests contributing to, affected by, or concerned with air pollution, and of other public and private agencies, organizations, or groups demonstrating an active interest in the field of air pollution prevention and control, as well as other individuals who are expert in this field. “(2) Each member appointed by the President shall hold office for a term of three years, except that (A) any member appointed to fill a vacancy occurring prior to the expiration of the term for which his predecessor was appointed shall be appointed for the remainder of such term, and (B) the terms of office of the members first taking office pursuant to this subsection shall expire as follows: five at the end of one year after the date of appointment, five at the end of two years after such date, and five at the end of three years after such date, as designated by the President at the time of appointment, and (C) the term of any member under the preceding provisions shall be extended until the date on which his successor’s appointment is effective. None of the members shall be eligible for reappointment within one year after the end of his preceding term, unless such term was for less than three years. “(b) The Board shall advise and consult with the Secretary on matters of policy relating to the activities and functions of the Secretary under this Act and make such recommendations as it deems necessary to the President. “(c) Such clerical and technical assistance as may be necessary to discharge the duties of the Board and such other advisory committees as hereinafter authorized shall be provided from the personnel of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. “(d) In order to obtain assistance in the development and implementation of the purposes of this Act including air quality criteria, recommended control techniques, standards, research and development, and to encourage the continued efforts on the part of industry to improve air quality and to develop economically feasible methods for the control and abatement of air pollution, the Secretary shall from time to time establish advisory committees. Committee members shall include, but not be limited to, persons who are knowledgeable concerning air quality from the standpoint of health, welfare, economics, or technology. “(e) The members of the Board and other advisory committees appointed pursuant to this Act who are not officers or employees of the United States while attending conferences or meetings of the Board or while otherwise serving at the request of the Secretary, shall be entitled to receive compensation at a rate to be fixed by the Secretary, but not exceeding $100 per diem, including traveltime, and while away from their homes or regular places of business they may be allowed travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence, 80 Stat. 499. as authorized by section 5703 of title 5 of the United States Code for persons in the Government service employed intermittently. “Sec. 111. “cooperation by federal agencies to control air pollution from federal facilities (a) It is hereby declared to be the intent of Congress that any Federal department or agency having jurisdiction over any building, installation, or other property shall, to the extent practicable and consistent with the interests of the United States and within any available appropriations, cooperate with the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare and with any air pollution control agency in preventing and controlling the pollution of the air in any area insofar as the discharge of any matter from or by such building, installation, or other property may cause or contribute to pollution of the air in such area. “(b) In order to control air pollution which may endanger the health or welfare of any persons, the Secretary may establish classes of potential pollution sources for which any Federal department or agency having jurisdiction over any building, installation, or other property shall, before discharging any matter into the air of the United States, obtain a permit from the Secretary for such discharge, such permits to be issued for a specified period of time to be determined by the Secretary and subject to revocation if the Secretary finds pollution is endangering the health and welfare of any persons. In connection with the issuance of such permits, there shall be submitted to the Secretary such plans, specifications, and other information as he deems relevant thereto and under such conditions as he may prescribe. The Secretary Report to Congress. shall report each January to the Congress the status of such permits and compliance therewith. “TITLE II— NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS ACT “Sec. 201. “short title This title may be cited as the ‘National Emission Standards Act’. “Sec. 202. “establishment of standards (a) The Secretary shall by regulation, giving appropriate consideration to technological feasibility and economic costs, prescribe as soon as practicable standards, applicable to the emission of any kind of substance, from any class or classes of new motor vehicles or new motor vehicle engines, which in his judgment cause or contribute to, or are likely to cause or to contribute to, air pollution which endangers the health or welfare of any persons, and such standards shall apply to such vehicles or engines whether they are designed as complete systems or incorporate other devices to prevent or control such pollution. “(b) Any regulations initially prescribed under this section, and Effective date of regulations. amendments thereto, with respect to any class of new motor vehicles or new motor vehicle engines shall become effective on the effective date specified in the order promulgating such regulations which date shall be determined by the Secretary after consideration of the period reasonably necessary for industry compliance. “Sec. 203. “prohibited acts (a) The following acts and the causing thereof are prohibited— “(1) in the case of a manufacturer of new motor vehicles or new motor vehicle engines for distribution in commerce, the manufacture for sale, the sale, or the offering for sale, or the introduction or delivery for introduction into commerce, or the importation into the United States for sale or resale, of any new motor vehicle or new motor vehicle engine, manufactured after the effective date of regulations under this title which are applicable to such vehicle or engine unless it is in conformity with regulations prescribed under this title (except as provided in subsection (b)); “(2) for any person to fail or refuse to permit access to or copying of records or to fail to make reports or provide information, required under section 207; or “(3) for any person to remove or render inoperative any device or element of design installed on or in a motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine in compliance with regulations under this title prior to its sale and delivery to the ultimate purchaser. “(b) (1) The Secretary may exempt any new motor vehicle or new motor vehicle engine, or class thereof, from subsection (a), upon such terms and conditions as he may find necessary to protect the public health or welfare, for the purpose of research, investigations, studies, demonstrations, or training, or for reasons of national security. “(2) A new motor vehicle or new motor vehicle engine offered for importation by a manufacturer in violation of subsection (a) shall be refused admission into the United States, but the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare may, by joint regulation, provide for deferring final determination as to admission and authorizing the delivery of such a motor vehicle or engine offered for import to the owner or consignee thereof upon such terms and conditions (including the furnishing of a bond) as may appear to them appropriate to insure that any such motor vehicle or engine will be brought into conformity with the standards, requirements, and limitations applicable to it under this title. The Secretary of the Treasury shall, if a motor vehicle or engine is finally refused admission under this paragraph, cause disposition thereof in accordance with the customs laws unless it is exported, under regulations prescribed by such Secretary, within ninety days of the date of notice of such refusal or such additional time as may be permitted pursuant to such regulations, except that disposition in accordance with the customs laws may not be made in such manner as may result, directly or indirectly, in the sale, to the ultimate consumer, of a new motor vehicle or new motor vehicle engine that fails to comply with applicable standards of the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare under this title. “(3) A new motor vehicle or new motor vehicle engine intended solely for export, and so labeled or tagged on the outside of the container and on the vehicle or engine itself, shall not be subject to the provisions of subsection (a). “Sec. 204. “injunction proceedings (a) The district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction to restrain violations of paragraph (1), (2), or (3) of section 203(a). “(b) Actions to restrain such violations shall be brought by and in the name of the United States. In any such action, subpenas for witnesses who are required to attend a district court in any district may run into any other district. “Sec. 205. “penalties Any person who violates paragraph (1), (2), or (3) of section 203(a) shall be subject to a fine of not more than $1,000. Such violation with respect to sections 203(a)(1) and 203(a)(3) shall constitute a separate offense with respect to each new motor vehicle or new motor vehicle engine. “Sec. 206. “certificatation (a) Upon application of the manufacturer, the Secretary shall test, or require to be tested, in such manner as he deems appropriate, any new motor vehicle or new motor vehicle engine submitted by such manufacturer to determine whether such vehicle or engine conforms with the regulations prescribed under section 202 of this title. If such vehicle or engine conforms to such regulations the Secretary shall issue a certificate of conformity, upon such terms, and for such period not less than one year, as he may prescribe. “(b) Any new motor vehicle or any motor vehicle engine sold by such manufacturer which is in all material respects substantially the same construction as the test vehicle or engine for which a certificate has been issued under subsection (a), shall for the purposes of this Act be deemed to be in conformity with the regulations issued under section 202 of this title. “Sec. 207. “records and reports (a) Every manufacturer shall establish and maintain such records, make such reports, and provide such information as the Secretary may reasonably require to enable him to determine whether such manufacturer has acted or is acting in compliance with this title and regulations thereunder and shall, upon request of an officer or employee duly designated by the Secretary, permit such officer or employee at reasonable times to have access to and copy such records. “(b) All information reported or otherwise obtained by the Secretary or his representative pursuant to subsection (a), which information contains or relates to a trade secret or other matter referred to in section 1905 of title 18 of the United States Code, shall be considered 62 Stat. 791. confidential for the purpose of such section 1905, except that such information may be disclosed to other officers or employees concerned with carrying out this Act or when relevant in any proceeding under this Act. Nothing in this section shall authorize the withholding of information by the Secretary or any officer or employee under his control, from the duly authorized committees of the Congress. “Sec. 208. “state standards (a) No State or any political subdivision thereof shall adopt or attempt to enforce any standard relating to the control of emissions from new motor vehicles or new motor vehicle engines subject to this title. No State shall require certification, inspection, or any other approval relating to the control of emissions from any new motor vehicle or new motor vehicle engine as condition precedent to the initial retail sale, titling (if any), or registration of such motor vehicle, motor vehicle engine, or equipment. “(b) The Secretary shall, after notice and opportunity for public hearing, waive application of this section to any State which has adopted standards (other than crankcase emission standards) for the control of emissions from new motor vehicles or new motor vehicle engines prior to March 30, 1966, unless he finds that such State does not require standards more stringent than applicable Federal standards to meet compelling and extraordinary conditions or that such State standards and accompanying enforcement procedures are not consistent with section 202(a) of this title. “(c) Nothing in this title shall preclude or deny to any State or political subdivision thereof the right otherwise to control, regulate, or restrict the use, operation, or movement of registered or licensed motor vehicles. “Sec. 209. “federal assistance in developing vehicle inspection programs The Secretary is authorized to make grants to appropriate State air pollution control agencies in an amount up to two-thirds of the cost of developing meaningful uniform motor vehicle emission device inspection and emission testing programs except that (1) no grant shall be made for any part of any State vehicle inspection program which does not directly relate to the cost of the air pollution control aspects of such a program; and (2) no such grant shall be made unless the Secretary of Transportation has certified to the Secretary that such program is consistent with any highway safety program 80 Stat. 731. developed pursuant to section 402 of title 23 of the United States Code. “Sec. 210. “registration of fuel additives (a) The Secretary may by regulation designate any fuel or fuels (including fuels used for purposes other than motor vehicles), and after such date or dates as may be prescribed by him, no manufacturer or processor of any such fuel may deliver any such fuel for introduction into interstate commerce or to another person who, it can reasonably be expected, will deliver such fuel for such introduction unless the manufacturer of such fuel has provided the Secretary with the information required under subsection (b)(1) of this section and unless any additive contained in such fuel has been registered with the Secretary in accordance with subsection (b)(2) of this section. “(b) For the purposes of this section the Secretary shall require (1) the manufacturer of such fuel to notify him as to the commercial identifying name and manufacturer of any additive contained in such fuel; the range of concentration of such additive or additives in the fuel; and the purpose in the use of such additive; and (2) the manufacturer of any such additive to notify him as to the chemical composition of such additive or additives as indicated by compliance with clause (1) above, the recommended range of concentration of such additive, if any, the recommended purpose in the use of such additive, and to the extent such information is available or becomes available, the chemical structure of such additive or additives. Upon compliance with clauses (1) and (2), including assurances that any change in the above information will be provided to the Secretary, the Secretary shall register such fuel additive. “(c) All information reported or otherwise obtained by the Secretary or his representative pursuant to subsection (b), which information contains or relates to a trade secret or other matter referred to 62 Stat. 791. in section 1905 of title 18 of the United States Code, shall be considered confidential for the purpose of such section 1905, except that such information may be disclosed to other officers or employees of the United States concerned with carrying out this Act or when relevant in any proceeding under this title. Nothing in this section shall authorize the withholding of information by the Secretary or any officer or employee under his control, from the duly authorized committees of the Congress. “(d) Any person who violates subsection (a) shall forfeit and pay to the United States a civil penalty of $1,000 for each and every day of the continuance of such violation, which shall accrue to the United States and be recovered in a civil suit in the name of the United States, brought in the district where such person has his principal office or in any district in which he does business. The Secretary may, upon application therefor, remit or mitigate any forfeiture provided for in this subsection, and he shall have authority to determine the facts upon all such applications. “(e) It shall be the duty of the various United States attorneys, under the direction of the Attorney General of the United States, to prosecute for the recovery of such forfeitures. “Sec. 211. “national emissions standards study (a) The Secretary shall submit to the Congress, no later Report to Congress. than two years after the effective date of this section, a comprehensive report on the need for and effect of national emission standards for stationary sources. Such report shall include: (A) information regarding identifiable health and welfare effects from single emission sources; (B) examples of specific plants, their location, and the contaminant or contaminants which, due to the amount or nature of emissions from such facilities, constitute a danger to public health or welfare; (C) an up-to-date list of those industries and the contaminant or contaminants which, in his opinion, should be subject to such national standards; (D) the relationship of such national emission standards to ambient air quality, including a comparison of situations wherein several plants emit the same contaminants in an air region with those in which only one such plant exists; (E) an analysis of the cost of applying such standards; and (F) such other information as may be appropriate. “(b) The Secretary shall conduct a full and complete investigation and study of the feasibility and practicability of controlling emissions from jet and piston aircraft engines and of establishing national emission standards with respect thereto, and report to Congress the results of such study and investigation within one year from the date of enactment of the Air Quality Act of 1967, together with his recommendations. “Sec. 212. “definitions for title ii As used in this title— “(1) The term ‘manufacturer’ as used in sections 203, 206, 207, and 208 means any person engaged in the manufacturing or assembling of new motor vehicles or new motor vehicle engines, or importing such vehicles or engines for resale, or who acts for and is under the control of any such person in connection with the distribution of new motor vehicles or new motor vehicle engines, but shall not include any dealer with respect to new motor vehicles or new motor vehicle engines received by him in commerce. “(2) The term ‘motor vehicle means any self-propelled vehicle designed for transporting persons or property on a street or highway. “(3) The term ‘new motor vehicle’ means a motor vehicle the equitable or legal title to which has never been transferred to an ultimate purchaser; and the term ‘new motor vehicle engine’ means an engine in a new motor vehicle or a motor vehicle engine the equitable or legal title to which has never been transferred to the ultimate purchaser. “(4) The term ‘dealer’ means any person who is engaged in the sale or the distribution of new motor vehicles or new motor vehicle engines to the ultimate purchaser. “(5) The term ‘ultimate purchaser’ means, with respect to any new motor vehicle or new motor vehicle engine, the first person who in good faith purchases such new motor vehicle or new engine for purposes other than resale. “(6) The term ‘commerce’ means (A) commerce between any place in any State and any place outside thereof; and (B) commerce wholly within the District of Columbia. “TITLE III— GENERAL “Sec. 301. “administration (a) The Secretary is authorized to prescribe such regulations as are necessary to carry out his functions under this Act. The Secretary way delegate to any officer or employee of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare such of his powers and duties under this Act, except the making of regulations, as he may deem necessary or expedient. “(b) Upon the request of an air pollution control agency, personnel of the Public Health Service may be detailed to such agency for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this Act. The provisions of 58 Stat. 690. 42 USC 215. section 214(d) of the Public Health Service Act shall be applicable with respect to any personnel so detailed to the same extent as if such 60 Stat. 423. personnel had been detailed wider section 214(b) of that Act. “(c) Payments under grants made under this Act may be made in installments, and in advance or by way of reimbursement, as may be determined by the Secretary. “Sec. 302. “definitions When used in this Act— “(a) The term ‘Secretary’ means the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. “(b) The term ‘air pollution control agency’ means any of the following: “(1) A single State agency designated by the Governor of that State as the official State air pollution control agency for purposes of this Act; “(2) An agency established by two or more States and having substantial powers or duties pertaining to the prevention and control of air pollution; “(3) A city, county, or other local government health authority, or, in the case of any city, county, or other local government m which there is an agency other than the health authority charged with responsibility for enforcing ordinances or laws relating to the prevention and control of air pollution, such other agency; or “(4) An agency of two or more municipalities located in the same State or in different States and having substantial powers or duties pertaining to the prevention and control of air pollution. “(c) The term ‘interstate air pollution control agency’ means— “(1) an air pollution control agency established by two or more States, or “(2) an air pollution control agency of two or more municipalities located in different States. “(d) The term ‘State’ means a State, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, and American Samoa. “(e) The term ‘person’ includes an individual, corporation, partnership, association, State, municipality, and political subdivision of a State. “(f) The term ‘municipality’ means a city, town, borough, county, parish, district, or other public body created by or pursuant to State law. “(g) All language referring to adverse effects on welfare shall include but not be limited to injury to agricultural crops and livestock, damage to and the deterioration of property, and hazards to transportation. “Sec. 303. “other authority not affected (a) Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, this Act shall not be construed as superseding or limiting the authorities and responsibilities, under any other provision of law, of the Secretary or any other Federal officer, department, or agency. “(b) No appropriation shall be authorized or made under section 301, 311, or 314 of the Public Health Service Act for any fiscal year 58 Stat. 691; 80 Stat. 1181, 1190. 42 USC 241, 243, 246. after the fiscal year ending June 30, 1964, for any purpose for which appropriations may be made under authority of this Act. “Sec. 304. “records and audit (a) Each recipient of assistance under this Act shall keep such records as the Secretary shall prescribe, including records which fully disclose the amount and disposition by such recipient of the proceeds of such assistance, the total cost of the project or undertaking in connection with which such assistance is given or used, and the amount of that portion of the cost of the. project or undertaking supplied by other sources, and such other records as will facilitate an effective audit. “(b) The Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare and the Comptroller General of the United States, or any of their duly authorized representatives, shall have access for the purpose of audit and examinations to any books, documents, papers, and records of the recipients that are pertinent to the grants received under this Act. “Sec. 305. “comprehensive economic cost studies (a) In order to provide the basis for evaluating programs authorized by this Act and the development of new programs and to furnish the Congress with the information necessary for authorization of appropriations by fiscal years beginning after June 30, 1969, the Secretary, in cooperation with State, interstate, and local air pollution control agencies, shall make a detailed estimate of the cost of carrying out the provisions of this Act; a comprehensive study of the cost of program implementation by affected units of government; and a comprehensive study of the economic impact of air quality standards on the Nation’s industries, communities, and other contributing sources of pollution, including an analysis of the national requirements for and the cost of controlling emissions to attain such standards of air quality as may be established pursuant to this Act or applicable State law. The Secretary shall submit such detailed estimate Report to Congress. and the results of such comprehensive study of cost for the five-year period beginning July 1, 1969, and the results of such other studies, to the Congress not later than January 10, 1969, and shall submit a reevaluation of such estimate and studies annually thereafter. “(b) The Secretary shall also make a complete investigation and Personnel study. study to determine (1) the need for additional trained State and local personnel to carry out programs assisted pursuant to this Act and other programs for the same purpose as this Act; (2) means of using existing Federal training programs to train such personnel; and (3) the need for additional trained personnel to develop, operate and maintain those pollution control facilities designed and installed Report to President and Congress. to implement air quality standards. He shall report the results of such investigation and study to the President and the Congress not later than July 1, 1969. “Sec. 306. “additional reports to congress Not later than six months after the effective date of this section and not later than January 10 of each calendar year beginning after such date, the Secretary shall report to the Congress on measures taken toward implementing the purpose and intent of this Act including, but not limited to, (1) the progress and problems associated with control of automotive exhaust emissions and the research efforts related thereto; (2) the development of air quality criteria and recommended emission control requirements; (3) the status of enforcement actions taken pursuant to this Act; (4) the status of State ambient air standards setting, including such plans for implementation and enforcement as have been developed; (5) the extent of development and expansion of air pollution monitoring systems; (6) progress and problems related to development of new and improved control techniques; (7) the development of quantitative and qualitative instrumentation to monitor emissions and air quality; (8) standards set or under consideration pursuant to title II of this Act; (9) the status of State, interstate, and local pollution control programs established pursuant to and assisted by this Act; and (10) the reports and recommendations made by the President’s Air Quality Advisory Board. “Sec. 307. “labor standards The Secretary shall take such action as may be necessary to insure that all laborers and mechanics employed by contractors or subcontractors on projects assisted under this Act shall be paid wages at rates not less than those prevailing for the same type of work on similar construct ion in the locality as determined by the Secretary of Labor, in accordance with the Act of March 3, 1931, as amended, known as the Davis-Bacon Act (46 Stat. 1494; 40 U.S.C. 276a—276a–5). The Secretary of Labor shall have, with respect to the labor standards specified in this subsection, the authority and functions set forth in Reorganization Plan Numbered 14 of 1950 (15 F.R. 3176; 64 Stat. 1267) and section 2 of the Act of June 13, 1934, as amended (48 Stat. 948; 63 Stat. 108. 40 U.S.C. 276c). “Sec. 308. “separability If any provision of this Act, or the application of any provision of this Act to any person or circumstance, is held invalid, the application of such provision to other persons or circumstances, and the remainder of this Act, shall not be affected thereby. “Sec. 309. “appropriations There are hereby authorized to be appropriated to carry out this Act, other than sections 103(d) and 104, $74,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1968, $95,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1969, and $134,300,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1970. “Sec. 310. “short title This Act may he cited as the ‘Clean Air Act’.”
1970
Clean Air Amendments of 1970
Pub. L. 91–604 § 9(a) · 84 Stat. 1676
1. Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(a)
  Pub. L. 91–604, § 9(a), substituted “Administrator” for “Secretary” as the registering authority
2. Inserted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(a)
  Pub. L. 91–604, § 9(a), inserted references to fuel additives
3. Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(a)
  Pub. L. 91–604, § 9(a), substituted the selling, offering for sale, and introduction into commerce of fuel or fuel additives, for the delivery for introduction into interstate commerce or delivery to another person who can reasonably be expected to deliver fuel into interstate commerce
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 91–604, § 9(a), substituted “Administrator” for “Secretary” as the registering authority, inserted references to fuel additives, and substituted the selling, offering for sale, and introduction into commerce of fuel or fuel additives, for the delivery for introduction into interstate commerce or delivery to another person who can reasonably be expected to deliver fuel into interstate commerce.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(a) Section 211 of the Clean Air Act (as so redesignated by section 8) is amended to read as follows: “Sec. 211. “regulation of fuels (a) The Administrator may by regulation designate any fuel or fuel additive and, after such date or dates as may be prescribed by him, no manufacturer or processor of any such fuel or additive may sell, offer for sale, or introduce into commerce such fuel or additive unless the Administrator has registered such fuel or additive in accordance with subsection (b) of this section. “(b) (1) For the purpose of registration of fuels and fuel additives, the Administrator shall require— “(A) the manufacturer of any fuel to notify him as to the commercial identifying name and manufacturer of any additive contained in such fuel; the range of concentration of any additive in the fuel; and the purpose-in-use of any such additive; and “(B) the manufacturer of any additive to notify him as to the chemical composition of such additive. “(2) For the purpose of registration of fuels and fuel additives, the Administrator may also require the manufacturer of any fuel or fuel additive— “(A) to conduct tests to determine potential public health effects of such fuel or additive (including, but not limited to, carcinogenic, teratogenic, or mutagenic effects), and “(B) to furnish the description of any analytical technique that can be used to detect and measure any additive in such fuel, the recommended range of concentration of such additive, and the recommended purpose-in-use of such additive, and such other information as is reasonable and necessary to determine the emissions resulting from the use of the fuel or additive contained in such fuel, the effect of such fuel or additive on the emission control performance of any vehicle or vehicle engine, or the extent to which such emissions affect the public health or welfare. Tests under subparagraph (A) shall be conducted in conformity with test procedures and protocols established by the Administrator. The result of such tests shall not be considered confidential. “(3) Upon compliance with the provision of this subsection, including assurances that the Administrator will receive changes in the information required, the Administrator shall register such fuel or fuel additive. “(c) (1) The Administrator may, from time to time on the basis of information obtained under subsection (b) of this section or other information available to him, by regulation, control or prohibit the manufacture, introduction into commerce, offering for sale, or sale of any fuel or fuel additive for use in a motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine (A) if any emission products of such fuel or fuel additive will endanger the public health or welfare, or (B) if emission products of such fuel or fuel additive will impair to a significant degree the performance of any emission control device or system which is in general use, or which the Administrator finds has been developed to a point where in a reasonable time it would be in general use were such regulation to be promulgated. “(2) (A) No fuel, class of fuels, or fuel additive may be controlled or prohibited by the Administrator pursuant to clause (A) of paragraph (1) except after consideration of all relevant medical and scientific. evidence available to him, including consideration of other technologically or economically feasible means of achieving emission standards under section 202. Ante, p. 1690. “(B) No fuel or fuel additive may be controlled or prohibited by the Administrator pursuant to clause (B) of paragraph (1) except after consideration of available scientific and economic data, including a cost benefit analysis comparing emission control devices or systems which are or will be in general use and require the proposed control or prohibition with emission control devices or systems which are or will be in general use and do not require the proposed control or prohibition. On request of a manufacturer of motor vehicles, motor vehicle engines, fuels, or fuel additives submitted within 10 days of notice of proposed rulemaking, the Administrator shall hold a public hearing and publish findings with respect to any matter he is required to consider under this subparagraph. Such findings shall be published at the time of promulgation of final regulations. “(C) No fuel or fuel additive may be prohibited by the Administrator under paragraph (1) unless he finds, and publishes such finding, that, in his judgment such prohibition will not cause the use of any other fuel or fuel additive which will produce emissions which will endanger the public health or welfare to the same or greater degree than the use of the fuel or fuel additive proposed to be prohibited. “(3) (A) For the purpose of evidence and data to carry out paragraph (2), the Administrator may require the manufacturer of any motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine to furnish any information which has been developed concerning the emissions from motor vehicles resulting from the use of any fuel or fuel additive, or the effect of such use on the performance of any emission control device or system. “(B) In obtaining information under subparagraph (A), section 307(a) (relating to subpenas) shall be applicable. Post, p. 1707. “(4) (A) Except as otherwise provided to subparagraph (B) or (C), no State (or political subdivision thereof) may prescribe or attempt to enforce, for purposes of motor vehicle emission control, any control or prohibition respecting use of a fuel or fuel additive in a motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine— “(i) if the Administrator has found that no control or prohibition under paragraph (1) is necessary and has published his finding Publication in Federal Register. in the Federal Register, or “(ii) if the Administrator has prescribed under paragraph (1) a control or prohibition applicable to such fuel or fuel additive, unless State prohibition or control is identical to the prohibition or control prescribed by the Administrator. “(B) Any State for which application of section 209(a) has at any Ante, p. 1694. time been waived under section 209(b) may at any time prescribe and enforce, for the purpose of motor vehicle emission control, a control or prohibition respecting any fuel or fuel additive. “(C) A State may prescribe and enforce, for purposes of motor vehicle emission control, a control or prohibition respecting the use of a fuel or fuel additive in a motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine if an applicable implementation plan for such State under section 110 so Ante, p. 1680. provides. The Administrator may approve such provision in an implementation plan, or promulgate an implementation plan containing such a provision, only if he finds that the State control or prohibition is necessary to achieve the national primary or secondary ambient air quality standard which the plan implements. “(d) Any person who violates subsection (a) or the regulations prescribed under subsection (c) or who fails to furnish any information required by the Administrator under subsection (c) shall forfeit and pay to the United States a civil penalty of $10,000 for each and every day of the continuance of such violation, which shall accrue to the United States and be recovered in a civil suit in the name of the United States, brought in the district where such person has his principal office or in any district in which he does business. The Administrator may, upon application therefor, remit or mitigate any forfeiture provided for in this subsection and he shall have authority to determine the facts upon all such applications.”
1970
Clean Air Amendments of 1970
Pub. L. 91–604 § 9(a) · 84 Stat. 1676
1. Amended · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(b)
  Pub. L. 91–604, § 9(a), designated existing provisions as pars. (1) and (3)
2. Added · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(b)
  Pub. L. 91–604, § 9(a), added par. (2)
3. Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(b)
  Pub. L. 91–604, § 9(a), substituted “Administrator” for “Secretary” wherever appearing
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 91–604, § 9(a), designated existing provisions as pars. (1) and (3), added par. (2), and substituted “Administrator” for “Secretary” wherever appearing.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(a) Section 211 of the Clean Air Act (as so redesignated by section 8) is amended to read as follows: “Sec. 211. “regulation of fuels (a) The Administrator may by regulation designate any fuel or fuel additive and, after such date or dates as may be prescribed by him, no manufacturer or processor of any such fuel or additive may sell, offer for sale, or introduce into commerce such fuel or additive unless the Administrator has registered such fuel or additive in accordance with subsection (b) of this section. “(b) (1) For the purpose of registration of fuels and fuel additives, the Administrator shall require— “(A) the manufacturer of any fuel to notify him as to the commercial identifying name and manufacturer of any additive contained in such fuel; the range of concentration of any additive in the fuel; and the purpose-in-use of any such additive; and “(B) the manufacturer of any additive to notify him as to the chemical composition of such additive. “(2) For the purpose of registration of fuels and fuel additives, the Administrator may also require the manufacturer of any fuel or fuel additive— “(A) to conduct tests to determine potential public health effects of such fuel or additive (including, but not limited to, carcinogenic, teratogenic, or mutagenic effects), and “(B) to furnish the description of any analytical technique that can be used to detect and measure any additive in such fuel, the recommended range of concentration of such additive, and the recommended purpose-in-use of such additive, and such other information as is reasonable and necessary to determine the emissions resulting from the use of the fuel or additive contained in such fuel, the effect of such fuel or additive on the emission control performance of any vehicle or vehicle engine, or the extent to which such emissions affect the public health or welfare. Tests under subparagraph (A) shall be conducted in conformity with test procedures and protocols established by the Administrator. The result of such tests shall not be considered confidential. “(3) Upon compliance with the provision of this subsection, including assurances that the Administrator will receive changes in the information required, the Administrator shall register such fuel or fuel additive. “(c) (1) The Administrator may, from time to time on the basis of information obtained under subsection (b) of this section or other information available to him, by regulation, control or prohibit the manufacture, introduction into commerce, offering for sale, or sale of any fuel or fuel additive for use in a motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine (A) if any emission products of such fuel or fuel additive will endanger the public health or welfare, or (B) if emission products of such fuel or fuel additive will impair to a significant degree the performance of any emission control device or system which is in general use, or which the Administrator finds has been developed to a point where in a reasonable time it would be in general use were such regulation to be promulgated. “(2) (A) No fuel, class of fuels, or fuel additive may be controlled or prohibited by the Administrator pursuant to clause (A) of paragraph (1) except after consideration of all relevant medical and scientific. evidence available to him, including consideration of other technologically or economically feasible means of achieving emission standards under section 202. Ante, p. 1690. “(B) No fuel or fuel additive may be controlled or prohibited by the Administrator pursuant to clause (B) of paragraph (1) except after consideration of available scientific and economic data, including a cost benefit analysis comparing emission control devices or systems which are or will be in general use and require the proposed control or prohibition with emission control devices or systems which are or will be in general use and do not require the proposed control or prohibition. On request of a manufacturer of motor vehicles, motor vehicle engines, fuels, or fuel additives submitted within 10 days of notice of proposed rulemaking, the Administrator shall hold a public hearing and publish findings with respect to any matter he is required to consider under this subparagraph. Such findings shall be published at the time of promulgation of final regulations. “(C) No fuel or fuel additive may be prohibited by the Administrator under paragraph (1) unless he finds, and publishes such finding, that, in his judgment such prohibition will not cause the use of any other fuel or fuel additive which will produce emissions which will endanger the public health or welfare to the same or greater degree than the use of the fuel or fuel additive proposed to be prohibited. “(3) (A) For the purpose of evidence and data to carry out paragraph (2), the Administrator may require the manufacturer of any motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine to furnish any information which has been developed concerning the emissions from motor vehicles resulting from the use of any fuel or fuel additive, or the effect of such use on the performance of any emission control device or system. “(B) In obtaining information under subparagraph (A), section 307(a) (relating to subpenas) shall be applicable. Post, p. 1707. “(4) (A) Except as otherwise provided to subparagraph (B) or (C), no State (or political subdivision thereof) may prescribe or attempt to enforce, for purposes of motor vehicle emission control, any control or prohibition respecting use of a fuel or fuel additive in a motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine— “(i) if the Administrator has found that no control or prohibition under paragraph (1) is necessary and has published his finding Publication in Federal Register. in the Federal Register, or “(ii) if the Administrator has prescribed under paragraph (1) a control or prohibition applicable to such fuel or fuel additive, unless State prohibition or control is identical to the prohibition or control prescribed by the Administrator. “(B) Any State for which application of section 209(a) has at any Ante, p. 1694. time been waived under section 209(b) may at any time prescribe and enforce, for the purpose of motor vehicle emission control, a control or prohibition respecting any fuel or fuel additive. “(C) A State may prescribe and enforce, for purposes of motor vehicle emission control, a control or prohibition respecting the use of a fuel or fuel additive in a motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine if an applicable implementation plan for such State under section 110 so Ante, p. 1680. provides. The Administrator may approve such provision in an implementation plan, or promulgate an implementation plan containing such a provision, only if he finds that the State control or prohibition is necessary to achieve the national primary or secondary ambient air quality standard which the plan implements. “(d) Any person who violates subsection (a) or the regulations prescribed under subsection (c) or who fails to furnish any information required by the Administrator under subsection (c) shall forfeit and pay to the United States a civil penalty of $10,000 for each and every day of the continuance of such violation, which shall accrue to the United States and be recovered in a civil suit in the name of the United States, brought in the district where such person has his principal office or in any district in which he does business. The Administrator may, upon application therefor, remit or mitigate any forfeiture provided for in this subsection and he shall have authority to determine the facts upon all such applications.”
1970
Clean Air Amendments of 1970
Pub. L. 91–604 § 9(a) · 84 Stat. 1676
1. Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(c)
  Pub. L. 91–604, § 9(a), substituted provisions covering the control or prohibition of offending fuels and fuel additives, for provisions covering trade secrets
2. Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(c)
  Pub. L. 91–604, § 9(a), substituted “Administrator” for “Secretary” wherever appearing
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 91–604, § 9(a), substituted provisions covering the control or prohibition of offending fuels and fuel additives, for provisions covering trade secrets and substituted “Administrator” for “Secretary” wherever appearing.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(a) Section 211 of the Clean Air Act (as so redesignated by section 8) is amended to read as follows: “Sec. 211. “regulation of fuels (a) The Administrator may by regulation designate any fuel or fuel additive and, after such date or dates as may be prescribed by him, no manufacturer or processor of any such fuel or additive may sell, offer for sale, or introduce into commerce such fuel or additive unless the Administrator has registered such fuel or additive in accordance with subsection (b) of this section. “(b) (1) For the purpose of registration of fuels and fuel additives, the Administrator shall require— “(A) the manufacturer of any fuel to notify him as to the commercial identifying name and manufacturer of any additive contained in such fuel; the range of concentration of any additive in the fuel; and the purpose-in-use of any such additive; and “(B) the manufacturer of any additive to notify him as to the chemical composition of such additive. “(2) For the purpose of registration of fuels and fuel additives, the Administrator may also require the manufacturer of any fuel or fuel additive— “(A) to conduct tests to determine potential public health effects of such fuel or additive (including, but not limited to, carcinogenic, teratogenic, or mutagenic effects), and “(B) to furnish the description of any analytical technique that can be used to detect and measure any additive in such fuel, the recommended range of concentration of such additive, and the recommended purpose-in-use of such additive, and such other information as is reasonable and necessary to determine the emissions resulting from the use of the fuel or additive contained in such fuel, the effect of such fuel or additive on the emission control performance of any vehicle or vehicle engine, or the extent to which such emissions affect the public health or welfare. Tests under subparagraph (A) shall be conducted in conformity with test procedures and protocols established by the Administrator. The result of such tests shall not be considered confidential. “(3) Upon compliance with the provision of this subsection, including assurances that the Administrator will receive changes in the information required, the Administrator shall register such fuel or fuel additive. “(c) (1) The Administrator may, from time to time on the basis of information obtained under subsection (b) of this section or other information available to him, by regulation, control or prohibit the manufacture, introduction into commerce, offering for sale, or sale of any fuel or fuel additive for use in a motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine (A) if any emission products of such fuel or fuel additive will endanger the public health or welfare, or (B) if emission products of such fuel or fuel additive will impair to a significant degree the performance of any emission control device or system which is in general use, or which the Administrator finds has been developed to a point where in a reasonable time it would be in general use were such regulation to be promulgated. “(2) (A) No fuel, class of fuels, or fuel additive may be controlled or prohibited by the Administrator pursuant to clause (A) of paragraph (1) except after consideration of all relevant medical and scientific. evidence available to him, including consideration of other technologically or economically feasible means of achieving emission standards under section 202. Ante, p. 1690. “(B) No fuel or fuel additive may be controlled or prohibited by the Administrator pursuant to clause (B) of paragraph (1) except after consideration of available scientific and economic data, including a cost benefit analysis comparing emission control devices or systems which are or will be in general use and require the proposed control or prohibition with emission control devices or systems which are or will be in general use and do not require the proposed control or prohibition. On request of a manufacturer of motor vehicles, motor vehicle engines, fuels, or fuel additives submitted within 10 days of notice of proposed rulemaking, the Administrator shall hold a public hearing and publish findings with respect to any matter he is required to consider under this subparagraph. Such findings shall be published at the time of promulgation of final regulations. “(C) No fuel or fuel additive may be prohibited by the Administrator under paragraph (1) unless he finds, and publishes such finding, that, in his judgment such prohibition will not cause the use of any other fuel or fuel additive which will produce emissions which will endanger the public health or welfare to the same or greater degree than the use of the fuel or fuel additive proposed to be prohibited. “(3) (A) For the purpose of evidence and data to carry out paragraph (2), the Administrator may require the manufacturer of any motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine to furnish any information which has been developed concerning the emissions from motor vehicles resulting from the use of any fuel or fuel additive, or the effect of such use on the performance of any emission control device or system. “(B) In obtaining information under subparagraph (A), section 307(a) (relating to subpenas) shall be applicable. Post, p. 1707. “(4) (A) Except as otherwise provided to subparagraph (B) or (C), no State (or political subdivision thereof) may prescribe or attempt to enforce, for purposes of motor vehicle emission control, any control or prohibition respecting use of a fuel or fuel additive in a motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine— “(i) if the Administrator has found that no control or prohibition under paragraph (1) is necessary and has published his finding Publication in Federal Register. in the Federal Register, or “(ii) if the Administrator has prescribed under paragraph (1) a control or prohibition applicable to such fuel or fuel additive, unless State prohibition or control is identical to the prohibition or control prescribed by the Administrator. “(B) Any State for which application of section 209(a) has at any Ante, p. 1694. time been waived under section 209(b) may at any time prescribe and enforce, for the purpose of motor vehicle emission control, a control or prohibition respecting any fuel or fuel additive. “(C) A State may prescribe and enforce, for purposes of motor vehicle emission control, a control or prohibition respecting the use of a fuel or fuel additive in a motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine if an applicable implementation plan for such State under section 110 so Ante, p. 1680. provides. The Administrator may approve such provision in an implementation plan, or promulgate an implementation plan containing such a provision, only if he finds that the State control or prohibition is necessary to achieve the national primary or secondary ambient air quality standard which the plan implements. “(d) Any person who violates subsection (a) or the regulations prescribed under subsection (c) or who fails to furnish any information required by the Administrator under subsection (c) shall forfeit and pay to the United States a civil penalty of $10,000 for each and every day of the continuance of such violation, which shall accrue to the United States and be recovered in a civil suit in the name of the United States, brought in the district where such person has his principal office or in any district in which he does business. The Administrator may, upon application therefor, remit or mitigate any forfeiture provided for in this subsection and he shall have authority to determine the facts upon all such applications.”
1970
Clean Air Amendments of 1970
Pub. L. 91–604 § 9(a) · 84 Stat. 1676
1. Inserted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(d)
  Pub. L. 91–604, § 9(a), inserted references to failure to obey regulations prescribed under subsec. (c) and failure to furnish information required by the Administrator under subsec. (c), increased the daily civil penalty from $1,000 to $10,000
2. Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(d)
  Pub. L. 91–604, § 9(a), substituted “Administrator” for “Secretary”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 91–604, § 9(a), inserted references to failure to obey regulations prescribed under subsec. (c) and failure to furnish information required by the Administrator under subsec. (c), increased the daily civil penalty from $1,000 to $10,000 and substituted “Administrator” for “Secretary”.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(a) Section 211 of the Clean Air Act (as so redesignated by section 8) is amended to read as follows: “Sec. 211. “regulation of fuels (a) The Administrator may by regulation designate any fuel or fuel additive and, after such date or dates as may be prescribed by him, no manufacturer or processor of any such fuel or additive may sell, offer for sale, or introduce into commerce such fuel or additive unless the Administrator has registered such fuel or additive in accordance with subsection (b) of this section. “(b) (1) For the purpose of registration of fuels and fuel additives, the Administrator shall require— “(A) the manufacturer of any fuel to notify him as to the commercial identifying name and manufacturer of any additive contained in such fuel; the range of concentration of any additive in the fuel; and the purpose-in-use of any such additive; and “(B) the manufacturer of any additive to notify him as to the chemical composition of such additive. “(2) For the purpose of registration of fuels and fuel additives, the Administrator may also require the manufacturer of any fuel or fuel additive— “(A) to conduct tests to determine potential public health effects of such fuel or additive (including, but not limited to, carcinogenic, teratogenic, or mutagenic effects), and “(B) to furnish the description of any analytical technique that can be used to detect and measure any additive in such fuel, the recommended range of concentration of such additive, and the recommended purpose-in-use of such additive, and such other information as is reasonable and necessary to determine the emissions resulting from the use of the fuel or additive contained in such fuel, the effect of such fuel or additive on the emission control performance of any vehicle or vehicle engine, or the extent to which such emissions affect the public health or welfare. Tests under subparagraph (A) shall be conducted in conformity with test procedures and protocols established by the Administrator. The result of such tests shall not be considered confidential. “(3) Upon compliance with the provision of this subsection, including assurances that the Administrator will receive changes in the information required, the Administrator shall register such fuel or fuel additive. “(c) (1) The Administrator may, from time to time on the basis of information obtained under subsection (b) of this section or other information available to him, by regulation, control or prohibit the manufacture, introduction into commerce, offering for sale, or sale of any fuel or fuel additive for use in a motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine (A) if any emission products of such fuel or fuel additive will endanger the public health or welfare, or (B) if emission products of such fuel or fuel additive will impair to a significant degree the performance of any emission control device or system which is in general use, or which the Administrator finds has been developed to a point where in a reasonable time it would be in general use were such regulation to be promulgated. “(2) (A) No fuel, class of fuels, or fuel additive may be controlled or prohibited by the Administrator pursuant to clause (A) of paragraph (1) except after consideration of all relevant medical and scientific. evidence available to him, including consideration of other technologically or economically feasible means of achieving emission standards under section 202. Ante, p. 1690. “(B) No fuel or fuel additive may be controlled or prohibited by the Administrator pursuant to clause (B) of paragraph (1) except after consideration of available scientific and economic data, including a cost benefit analysis comparing emission control devices or systems which are or will be in general use and require the proposed control or prohibition with emission control devices or systems which are or will be in general use and do not require the proposed control or prohibition. On request of a manufacturer of motor vehicles, motor vehicle engines, fuels, or fuel additives submitted within 10 days of notice of proposed rulemaking, the Administrator shall hold a public hearing and publish findings with respect to any matter he is required to consider under this subparagraph. Such findings shall be published at the time of promulgation of final regulations. “(C) No fuel or fuel additive may be prohibited by the Administrator under paragraph (1) unless he finds, and publishes such finding, that, in his judgment such prohibition will not cause the use of any other fuel or fuel additive which will produce emissions which will endanger the public health or welfare to the same or greater degree than the use of the fuel or fuel additive proposed to be prohibited. “(3) (A) For the purpose of evidence and data to carry out paragraph (2), the Administrator may require the manufacturer of any motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine to furnish any information which has been developed concerning the emissions from motor vehicles resulting from the use of any fuel or fuel additive, or the effect of such use on the performance of any emission control device or system. “(B) In obtaining information under subparagraph (A), section 307(a) (relating to subpenas) shall be applicable. Post, p. 1707. “(4) (A) Except as otherwise provided to subparagraph (B) or (C), no State (or political subdivision thereof) may prescribe or attempt to enforce, for purposes of motor vehicle emission control, any control or prohibition respecting use of a fuel or fuel additive in a motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine— “(i) if the Administrator has found that no control or prohibition under paragraph (1) is necessary and has published his finding Publication in Federal Register. in the Federal Register, or “(ii) if the Administrator has prescribed under paragraph (1) a control or prohibition applicable to such fuel or fuel additive, unless State prohibition or control is identical to the prohibition or control prescribed by the Administrator. “(B) Any State for which application of section 209(a) has at any Ante, p. 1694. time been waived under section 209(b) may at any time prescribe and enforce, for the purpose of motor vehicle emission control, a control or prohibition respecting any fuel or fuel additive. “(C) A State may prescribe and enforce, for purposes of motor vehicle emission control, a control or prohibition respecting the use of a fuel or fuel additive in a motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine if an applicable implementation plan for such State under section 110 so Ante, p. 1680. provides. The Administrator may approve such provision in an implementation plan, or promulgate an implementation plan containing such a provision, only if he finds that the State control or prohibition is necessary to achieve the national primary or secondary ambient air quality standard which the plan implements. “(d) Any person who violates subsection (a) or the regulations prescribed under subsection (c) or who fails to furnish any information required by the Administrator under subsection (c) shall forfeit and pay to the United States a civil penalty of $10,000 for each and every day of the continuance of such violation, which shall accrue to the United States and be recovered in a civil suit in the name of the United States, brought in the district where such person has his principal office or in any district in which he does business. The Administrator may, upon application therefor, remit or mitigate any forfeiture provided for in this subsection and he shall have authority to determine the facts upon all such applications.”
1970
Clean Air Amendments of 1970
Pub. L. 91–604 § 9(a) · 84 Stat. 1676
Struck · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(e)
Pub. L. 91–604, § 9(a), struck out subsec. (e) which directed the various United States Attorneys to prosecute for the recovery of forfeitures
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 91–604, § 9(a), struck out subsec. (e) which directed the various United States Attorneys to prosecute for the recovery of forfeitures.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(a) Section 211 of the Clean Air Act (as so redesignated by section 8) is amended to read as follows: “Sec. 211. “regulation of fuels (a) The Administrator may by regulation designate any fuel or fuel additive and, after such date or dates as may be prescribed by him, no manufacturer or processor of any such fuel or additive may sell, offer for sale, or introduce into commerce such fuel or additive unless the Administrator has registered such fuel or additive in accordance with subsection (b) of this section. “(b) (1) For the purpose of registration of fuels and fuel additives, the Administrator shall require— “(A) the manufacturer of any fuel to notify him as to the commercial identifying name and manufacturer of any additive contained in such fuel; the range of concentration of any additive in the fuel; and the purpose-in-use of any such additive; and “(B) the manufacturer of any additive to notify him as to the chemical composition of such additive. “(2) For the purpose of registration of fuels and fuel additives, the Administrator may also require the manufacturer of any fuel or fuel additive— “(A) to conduct tests to determine potential public health effects of such fuel or additive (including, but not limited to, carcinogenic, teratogenic, or mutagenic effects), and “(B) to furnish the description of any analytical technique that can be used to detect and measure any additive in such fuel, the recommended range of concentration of such additive, and the recommended purpose-in-use of such additive, and such other information as is reasonable and necessary to determine the emissions resulting from the use of the fuel or additive contained in such fuel, the effect of such fuel or additive on the emission control performance of any vehicle or vehicle engine, or the extent to which such emissions affect the public health or welfare. Tests under subparagraph (A) shall be conducted in conformity with test procedures and protocols established by the Administrator. The result of such tests shall not be considered confidential. “(3) Upon compliance with the provision of this subsection, including assurances that the Administrator will receive changes in the information required, the Administrator shall register such fuel or fuel additive. “(c) (1) The Administrator may, from time to time on the basis of information obtained under subsection (b) of this section or other information available to him, by regulation, control or prohibit the manufacture, introduction into commerce, offering for sale, or sale of any fuel or fuel additive for use in a motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine (A) if any emission products of such fuel or fuel additive will endanger the public health or welfare, or (B) if emission products of such fuel or fuel additive will impair to a significant degree the performance of any emission control device or system which is in general use, or which the Administrator finds has been developed to a point where in a reasonable time it would be in general use were such regulation to be promulgated. “(2) (A) No fuel, class of fuels, or fuel additive may be controlled or prohibited by the Administrator pursuant to clause (A) of paragraph (1) except after consideration of all relevant medical and scientific. evidence available to him, including consideration of other technologically or economically feasible means of achieving emission standards under section 202. Ante, p. 1690. “(B) No fuel or fuel additive may be controlled or prohibited by the Administrator pursuant to clause (B) of paragraph (1) except after consideration of available scientific and economic data, including a cost benefit analysis comparing emission control devices or systems which are or will be in general use and require the proposed control or prohibition with emission control devices or systems which are or will be in general use and do not require the proposed control or prohibition. On request of a manufacturer of motor vehicles, motor vehicle engines, fuels, or fuel additives submitted within 10 days of notice of proposed rulemaking, the Administrator shall hold a public hearing and publish findings with respect to any matter he is required to consider under this subparagraph. Such findings shall be published at the time of promulgation of final regulations. “(C) No fuel or fuel additive may be prohibited by the Administrator under paragraph (1) unless he finds, and publishes such finding, that, in his judgment such prohibition will not cause the use of any other fuel or fuel additive which will produce emissions which will endanger the public health or welfare to the same or greater degree than the use of the fuel or fuel additive proposed to be prohibited. “(3) (A) For the purpose of evidence and data to carry out paragraph (2), the Administrator may require the manufacturer of any motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine to furnish any information which has been developed concerning the emissions from motor vehicles resulting from the use of any fuel or fuel additive, or the effect of such use on the performance of any emission control device or system. “(B) In obtaining information under subparagraph (A), section 307(a) (relating to subpenas) shall be applicable. Post, p. 1707. “(4) (A) Except as otherwise provided to subparagraph (B) or (C), no State (or political subdivision thereof) may prescribe or attempt to enforce, for purposes of motor vehicle emission control, any control or prohibition respecting use of a fuel or fuel additive in a motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine— “(i) if the Administrator has found that no control or prohibition under paragraph (1) is necessary and has published his finding Publication in Federal Register. in the Federal Register, or “(ii) if the Administrator has prescribed under paragraph (1) a control or prohibition applicable to such fuel or fuel additive, unless State prohibition or control is identical to the prohibition or control prescribed by the Administrator. “(B) Any State for which application of section 209(a) has at any Ante, p. 1694. time been waived under section 209(b) may at any time prescribe and enforce, for the purpose of motor vehicle emission control, a control or prohibition respecting any fuel or fuel additive. “(C) A State may prescribe and enforce, for purposes of motor vehicle emission control, a control or prohibition respecting the use of a fuel or fuel additive in a motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine if an applicable implementation plan for such State under section 110 so Ante, p. 1680. provides. The Administrator may approve such provision in an implementation plan, or promulgate an implementation plan containing such a provision, only if he finds that the State control or prohibition is necessary to achieve the national primary or secondary ambient air quality standard which the plan implements. “(d) Any person who violates subsection (a) or the regulations prescribed under subsection (c) or who fails to furnish any information required by the Administrator under subsection (c) shall forfeit and pay to the United States a civil penalty of $10,000 for each and every day of the continuance of such violation, which shall accrue to the United States and be recovered in a civil suit in the name of the United States, brought in the district where such person has his principal office or in any district in which he does business. The Administrator may, upon application therefor, remit or mitigate any forfeiture provided for in this subsection and he shall have authority to determine the facts upon all such applications.”
1971
Pub. L. 92–157 § 302(d) · 85 Stat. 431
Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(c)(3)(A)
Pub. L. 92–157, § 302(d), substituted “purpose of obtaining” for “purpose of”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (c)(3)(A). Pub. L. 92–157, § 302(d), substituted “purpose of obtaining” for “purpose of”.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(d) Section 211(c)(3)(A) of such Act is amended by inserting “obtaining” after “purpose of ”.
1971
Pub. L. 92–157 § 302(e) · 85 Stat. 431
Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(d)
Pub. L. 92–157, § 302(e), substituted “subsection (b)” for “subsection (c)” where appearing the second time
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 92–157, § 302(e), substituted “subsection (b)” for “subsection (c)” where appearing the second time.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(e) Section 211(d) of such Act is amended by striking out “under subsection (c),” at the second place it appears and inserting in lieu thereof “under subsection (b)”.
1977
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977
Pub. L. 95–95 § 401(e) · 91 Stat. 685
Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(c)(1)(A)
Pub. L. 95–95, § 401(e), substituted “if in the judgment of the Administrator any emission product of such fuel or fuel additive causes, or contributes, to air pollution which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger” for “if any emission products of such fuel or fuel additive will endanger”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 95–95, § 401(e), substituted “if in the judgment of the Administrator any emission product of such fuel or fuel additive causes, or contributes, to air pollution which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger” for “if any emission products of such fuel or fuel additive will endanger”.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(e) Section 211(c)(1)(A) of such Act is amended to read as 42 USC 7545. follows: “(A) if in the judgment of the Administrator any emission product of such fuel or fuel additive causes, or contributes, to air pollution which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger the public health or welfare, or”.
1977
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977
Pub. L. 95–95 § 222(b) · 91 Stat. 685
Inserted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(d)
Pub. L. 95–95, § 222(b), inserted “or (f)” after “Any person who violates subsection (a)”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 95–95, § 222(b), inserted “or (f)” after “Any person who violates subsection (a)”.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(b) Section 211(d) of such Act is amended by inserting “or (f) after “(a)”.
1977
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977
Pub. L. 95–95 § 222(a) · 91 Stat. 685
Added · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(e); 42 U.S.C. § 7545(f)
Pub. L. 95–95, § 222(a), added subsecs. (e) and (f)
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 95–95, § 222(a), added subsecs. (e) and (f).
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(a) Section 211 of the Clean Air Act is amended by adding the following new subsections at the end thereof: “(e) (1) Not later than one year after the date of enactment of this subsection and after notice and opportunity for a public hearing, the Administrator shall promulgate regulations which implement the authority under subsection (b)(2)(A) and (B) with respect to each fuel or fuel additive which is registered on the date of promulgation of such regulations and with respect to each fuel or fuel additive for which an application for registration is filed thereafter. “(2) Regulations under subsection (b) to carry out this subsection Manufacturer reporting requirements. shall require that the requisite information be provided to the Administrator by each such manufacturer— “(A) prior to registration, in the case of any fuel or fuel additive which is not registered on the date of promulgation of such regulations; or “(B) not later than three years after the date of promulgation of such regulations, in the case of any fuel or fuel additive which is registered on such date. “(3) In promulgating such regulations, the Administrator may— Exemptions and cost-sharing. “(A) exempt any small business (as defined in such regulations) from or defer or modify the requirements of, such regulations with respect to any such small business; “(B) provide for cost-sharing with respect to the testing of any fuel or fuel additive which is manufactured or processed by two or more persons or otherwise provide for shared responsibility to meet the requirements of this section without duplication; or “(C) exempt any person from such regulations with respect to a particular fuel or fuel additive upon a finding that any additional testing of such fuel or fuel additive would be duplicative of adequate existing testing. “(f) (1) Effective upon March 31, 1977, it shall be unlawful for New fuel and fuel additive content. any manufacturer of any fuel or fuel additive to first introduce into commerce, or to increase the concentration in use of, any fuel or fuel additive for general use in light duty motor vehicles manufactured after model year 1974 which is not substantially similar to any fuel or fuel additive utilized in the certification of any model year 1975, or subsequent model year, vehicle or engine under section 206. Ante, pp. 758–760, 762; Post, p. 768. Gasoline content. “(2) Effective November 30, 1977, it shall be unlawful for any manufacturer of any fuel to first introduce into commerce any gasoline which contains a concentration of manganese in excess of .0625 grams per gallon of fuel. “(3) Any manufacturer of any fuel or fuel additive which prior to Fuel additives, concentration restrictions. March 31, 1977, and after January 1, 1974, first introduced into commerce or increased the concentration in use of a fuel or fuel additive that would otherwise, have been prohibited under paragraph (1) if introduced on or after March 31, 1977 shall, not later than September 15, 1978, cease to distribute such fuel or fuel additive in commerce. During the period beginning 180 days after the date of the enactment of this subsection and before September 15, 1978, the Administrator shall prohibit, or restrict the concentration of any fuel additive which he determines will cause or contribute to the failure of an emission control device or system (over the useful life of any vehicle in which such device or system is used) to achieve compliance by the vehicle with the emission standards with respect to which it has been certified under section 206. “(4) The Administrator, upon application of any manufacturer of Waiver of fuel and fuel additive prohibitions. any fuel or fuel additive, may waive the prohibitions established under paragraph (1) or (3) of this subsection if he determines that the applicant has established that such fuel or fuel additive or a specified concentration thereof, and the emission products of such fuel or additive or specified concentration thereof, will not cause or contribute to a failure of any emission control device or system (over the useful life of any vehicle in which such device or system is used) to achieve compliance by the vehicle with the emission standards with respect Ante, pp. 758–760, 762; Post, p. 768. to which it has been certified pursuant to section 206. If the Administrator has not acted to grant or deny an application under this paragraph within one hundred and eighty days of receipt of such application, the waiver authorized by this paragraph shall be treated as granted. “(5) No action of the Administrator under this section may be stayed by any court pending judicial review of such action.”.
1977
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977
Pub. L. 95–95 § 223 · 91 Stat. 685
Added · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(g)
Pub. L. 95–95, § 223, added subsec. (g)
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 95–95, § 223, added subsec. (g).
Enacted provision · exact public law section
Sec. 223. small refineries Section 211 of the Clean Air Act is amended by adding the following new subsection at the end thereof: “(g) (1) For the purposes of this subsection: “(A) The terms ‘gasoline’ and ‘refinery’ have the meaning provided under regulations of the Administrator promulgated under this section. “(B) The term ‘small refinery’ means a refinery or a portion of refinery producing gasoline— “(i) the gasoline producing capacity of which was in operation or under construction at any time during the one-year period immediately preceding October 1, 1976, and “(ii) which has a crude oil or bona fide feed stock capacity (as determined by the Administrator) of 50,000 barrels per day or less, and “(iii) which is owned or controlled by a refiner with a total combined crude oil or bona fide feed stock capacity (as determined by the Administrator) of 137,500 barrels per day or less. “(2) No regulations of the Administrator under this section (or any amendment or revision thereof) respecting the control or prohibition of lead additives in gasoline shall require a small refinery prior to October 1, 1982, to reduce the average lead content per gallon of gasoline refined at such refinery below the applicable amount specified in the table below: “If the average gasoline production of the small refinery for the immediately preceding calendar year (or in the case of refineries under construction, half the designed crude oil capacity) was (In barrels per day): The applicable amount is (in grams per gallon) 5,000 or under 2. 65. 5,001 to 10.000 2. 15. 10,001 to 15,000 1. 65. 15,001 to 20,000 1. 30. 20,001 to 25,000 . 80. 25,001 or over as prescribed by the Administrator, but not greater than 0.80. Regulations. The Administrator may promulgate such regulations as he deems appropriate with respect to the reduction of the average lead content of gasoline refined by small refineries on and after October 1, 1982, taking into account the experience under the preceding provisions of this paragraph. “(3) Effective on the date of the enactment of this subsection, the regulations of the Administrator under this section respecting fuel additives (40 CFR part. 80) shall be deemed amended to comply with the requirement contained in paragraph (2). “(4) Nothing in this section shall be construed to preempt the right of any State to take action as permitted by section 211(c)(4) of this 42 USC 7545. Act.”.
1977
Safe Drinking Water Amendments of 1977
Pub. L. 95–190 § 14(a)(73) · 91 Stat. 1393
1. Inserted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(f)(2)
  Pub. L. 95–190, § 14(a)(73), inserted provision relating to waiver under par. (4) of this subsec.
2. Struck · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(f)(2)
  Pub. L. 95–190, § 14(a)(73), struck out “first” before “introduce”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 95–190, § 14(a)(73), inserted provision relating to waiver under par. (4) of this subsec., and struck out “first” before “introduce”.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(73) in section 211(f)(2) strike out “first”; and insert Ante, p. 762. “, except as otherwise provided pursuant to a waiver under paragraph (4)” after “per gallon of fuel”;
1977
Safe Drinking Water Amendments of 1977
Pub. L. 95–190 § 14(a)(74) · 91 Stat. 1393
Inserted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(f)(4)
Pub. L. 95–190, § 14(a)(74), inserted provision relating to applicability of limitation specified under par. (2) of this subsection
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (f)(4). Pub. L. 95–190, § 14(a)(74), inserted provision relating to applicability of limitation specified under par. (2) of this subsection.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(74) in section 211(f)(4) insert “or the limitation specified in paragraph (2) of this subsection,” after “subsection”;
1990
Pub. L. 101–549 § 212 · 104 Stat. 2399
Inserted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(a)
Pub. L. 101–549, § 212, inserted “(including any fuel or fuel additive used exclusively in nonroad engines or nonroad vehicles)” after “fuel or fuel additive”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101–549, § 212, inserted “(including any fuel or fuel additive used exclusively in nonroad engines or nonroad vehicles)” after “fuel or fuel additive”.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
SEC. 212. NONROAD FUELS. (a) Fuels and Fuel Additives.— Section 211(a) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545(a)) is amended by inserting “(including any fuel or fuel additive used exclusively in nonroad engines or nonroad vehicles)” immediately after “fuel or fuel additive”. (b) Analytical Techniques.— Section 211(b)(2)(B) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545(2)(B)) is amended by striking “or” after “vehicle” and inserting in lieu thereof a comma, and by inserting immediately after “vehicle engine,” the phrase: “nonroad engine or nonroad vehicle,”. (c) Regulation.— Section 211(c)(1) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545(c)(1)) is amended by striking “or” after “motor vehicle” and inserting in lieu thereof a comma, and by inserting immediately after “motor vehicle engine” a comma followed by “or nonroad engine or nonroad vehicle”.
1990
Pub. L. 101–549 § 212(b) · 104 Stat. 2399
Inserted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(b)(2)(B); 42 U.S.C. § 7545(b)(c)(1)
Pub. L. 101–549, § 212(b), (c), inserted reference to nonroad engine or nonroad vehicle
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsecs. (b)(2)(B), (c)(1). Pub. L. 101–549, § 212(b), (c), inserted reference to nonroad engine or nonroad vehicle.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(b) Analytical Techniques.— Section 211(b)(2)(B) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545(2)(B)) is amended by striking “or” after “vehicle” and inserting in lieu thereof a comma, and by inserting immediately after “vehicle engine,” the phrase: “nonroad engine or nonroad vehicle,”.
1990
Pub. L. 101–549 § 213(a) · 104 Stat. 2399
1. Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(c)(4)(A)
  Pub. L. 101–549, § 213(a), substituted “any characteristic or component of a” for “use of a”
2. Inserted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(c)(4)(A)
  Pub. L. 101–549, § 213(a), inserted “of the characteristic or component of a fuel or fuel additive” after “control or prohibition” in cl. (i)
3. Inserted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(c)(4)(A)
  Pub. L. 101–549, § 213(a), inserted “characteristic or component of a” after “such” in cl. (ii)
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (c)(4)(A). Pub. L. 101–549, § 213(a), substituted “any characteristic or component of a” for “use of a”, inserted “of the characteristic or component of a fuel or fuel additive” after “control or prohibition” in cl. (i), and inserted “characteristic or component of a” after “such” in cl. (ii).
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(a) In General.— Section 211(c)(4)(A) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545(c)(4)(A)) is amended as follows: (1) Strike out “use of a” and insert “any characteristic or component of a”. (2) In clause (i) after “control or prohibition” insert “of the characteristic or component of a fuel or fuel additive”. (3) In clause (ii) after “such” insert “characteristic or component of a”.
1990
Pub. L. 101–549 § 213(b) · 104 Stat. 2399
Inserted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(c)(4)(C)
Pub. L. 101–549, § 213(b), inserted last two sentences, authorizing Administrator to make a finding that State control or prohibition is necessary to achieve the standard
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (c)(4)(C). Pub. L. 101–549, § 213(b), inserted last two sentences, authorizing Administrator to make a finding that State control or prohibition is necessary to achieve the standard.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(b) Finding of Necessity.— Section 211(c)(4)(C) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545(c)(4)(C)) is amended by adding the following at the end: “The Administrator may find that a State control or prohibition is necessary to achieve that standard if no other measures that would bring about timely attainment exist, or if other measures exist and are technically possible to implement, but are unreasonable or impracticable. The Administrator may make a finding of necessity under this subparagraph even if the plan for the area does not contain an approved demonstration of timely attainment.”.
1990
Pub. L. 101–549 § 228(d) · 104 Stat. 2399
Amended · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(d)
Pub. L. 101–549, § 228(d), amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (d) read as follows: “Any person who violates subsection (a) or (f) or the regulations prescribed under subsection (c) or who fails to furnish any information required by the Administrator under subsection (b) shall forfeit and pay to the United States a civil penalty of $10,000 for each and every day of the continuance of such violation, which shall accrue to the United States and be recovered in a civil suit in the name of the United States, brought in the district where such person has his principal office or in any district in which he does business. The Administrator may, upon application therefor, remit or mitigate any forfeiture provided for in this subsection and he shall have authority to determine the facts upon all such applications.”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 101–549, § 228(d), amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (d) read as follows: “Any person who violates subsection (a) or (f) or the regulations prescribed under subsection (c) or who fails to furnish any information required by the Administrator under subsection (b) shall forfeit and pay to the United States a civil penalty of $10,000 for each and every day of the continuance of such violation, which shall accrue to the United States and be recovered in a civil suit in the name of the United States, brought in the district where such person has his principal office or in any district in which he does business. The Administrator may, upon application therefor, remit or mitigate any forfeiture provided for in this subsection and he shall have authority to determine the facts upon all such applications.”
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(d) Enforcement of Fuels Regulations.— Section 211(d) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545(d)) is amended to read as follows: “(d) Penalties and Injunctions.— “(1) Civil penalties.— Any person who violates subsection (a), (f), (g), (k), (1), (m), or (n) of this section or the regulations prescribed under subsection (c), (h), (i), (k), (1), (m), or (n) of this section or who fails to furnish any information or conduct any tests required by the Administrator under subsection (b) of this section shall be liable to the United States for a civil penalty of not more than the sum of $25,000 for every day of such violation and the amount of economic benefit or savings resulting from the violation. Any violation with respect to a regulation prescribed under subsection (c), (k), (1), or (m) of this section which establishes a regulatory standard based upon a multiday aver-aging period shall constitute a separate day of violation for each and every day in the averaging period. Civil penalties shall be assessed in accordance with subsections (b) and (c) of section 205. “(2) Injunctive authority.— The district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction to restrain violations of subsections (a), (f), (g), (k), (l), (m), and (n) of this section and of the regulations prescribed under subsections (c), (h), (i), (k), (1), (m), and (n) of this section, to award other appropriate relief, and to compel the furnishing of information and the conduct of tests required by the Administrator under subsection (b) of this section. Actions to restrain such violations and compel such actions shall be brought by and in the name of the United States. In any such action, subpoenas for witnesses who are required to attend a district court in any district may run into any other district.”.
1990
Pub. L. 101–549 § 214(a) · 104 Stat. 2399
1. Amended · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(f)(1)
  Pub. L. 101–549, § 214(a), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A)
2. Added · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(f)(1)
  Pub. L. 101–549, § 214(a), added subpar. (B)
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 101–549, § 214(a), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A) and added subpar. (B).
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(a) Coverage.— Section 211(f)(1) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545(f)(1) is amended by inserting “(A)” immediately after “(1)” and by adding the following new subparagraph at the end thereof: “(B) Effective upon the date of the enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, it shall be unlawful for any manufacturer of any fuel or fuel additive to first introduce into commerce, or to increase the concentration in use of, any fuel or fuel additive for use by any person in motor vehicles manufactured after model year 1974 which is not substantially similar to any fuel or fuel additive utilized in the certification of any model year 1975, or subsequent model year, vehicle or engine under section 206.”.
1990
Pub. L. 101–549 § 214(b) · 104 Stat. 2399
Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(f)(3)
Pub. L. 101–549, § 214(b), substituted reference to paragraph (1)(A) for reference to paragraph (1)
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (f)(3). Pub. L. 101–549, § 214(b), substituted reference to paragraph (1)(A) for reference to paragraph (1).
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(b) Conforming Amendment.— Section 211(f)(3) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545(f)(3)) is amended by inserting “(A)” immediately after “(1)”.
1990
Pub. L. 101–549 § 215 · 104 Stat. 2399
1. Amended · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(g)
  Pub. L. 101–549, § 215, amended subsec. (g) generally
2. Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(g)
  Pub. L. 101–549, § 215, substituting present provisions for provisions which defined “gasoline”, “refinery”, and “small refinery” and which limited Administrator’s authority to require small refineries to reduce average lead content per gallon of gasoline
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 101–549, § 215, amended subsec. (g) generally, substituting present provisions for provisions which defined “gasoline”, “refinery”, and “small refinery” and which limited Administrator’s authority to require small refineries to reduce average lead content per gallon of gasoline.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
SEC. 215. MISFUELING. Section 211(g) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545(g)) is amended to read as follows: “(g) Misfueung.— (1) No person shall introduce, or cause or allow the introduction of, leaded gasoline into any motor vehicle which is labeled ‘unleaded gasoline only,’ which is equipped with a gasoline tank filler inlet designed for the introduction of unleaded gasoline, which is a 1990 or later model year motor vehicle, or which such person knows or should know is a vehicle designed solely for the use of unleaded gasoline. “(2) Beginning October 1, 1993, no person shall introduce or cause or allow the introduction into any motor vehicle of diesel fuel which such person knows or should know contains a concentration of sulfur in excess of 0.05 percent (by weight) or which fails to meet a cetane index minimum of 40 or such equivalent alternative aromatic level as prescribed by the Administrator under subsection (i)(2).”.
1990
Pub. L. 101–549 § 216 · 104 Stat. 2399
Added · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(h)
Pub. L. 101–549, § 216, added subsec. (h)
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 101–549, § 216, added subsec. (h).
Enacted provision · exact public law section
SEC. 216. FUEL VOLATILITY. Section 211 of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545) is amended by adding the following new subsection at the end thereof: “(h) Reid Vapor Pressure Requirements.— “(1) Prohibition.— Not later than 6 months after the date of Regulations. the enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the Administrator shall promulgate regulations making it unlawful for any person during the high ozone season (as defined by the Administrator) to sell, offer for sale, dispense, supply, offer for supply, transport, or introduce into commerce gasoline with a Reid Vapor Pressure in excess of 9.0 pounds per square inch (psi). Such regulations shall also establish more stringent Reid Vapor Pressure standards in a nonattainment area as the Administrator finds necessary to generally achieve comparable evaporative emissions (on a per-vehicle basis) in nonattainment areas, taking into consideration the enforceability of such standards, the need of an area for emission control, and economic factors. “(2) Attainment areas.— The regulations under this subsection shall not make it unlawful for any person to sell, offer for supply, transport, or introduce into commerce gasoline with a Reid Vapor Pressure of 9.0 pounds per square inch (psi) or lower in any area designated under section 107 as an attainment area. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, the Administrator may impose a Reid vapor pressure requirement lower than 9.0 pounds per square inch (psi) in any area, formerly an ozone nonattainment area, which has been redesignated as an attainment area. “(3) Effective date; enforcement.— The regulations under this subsection shall provide that the requirements of this subsection shall take effect not later than the high ozone season for 1992, and shall include such provisions as the Administrator determines are necessary to implement and enforce the requirements of this subsection. “(4) Ethanol waiver.— For fuel blends containing gasoline and 10 percent denatured anhydrous ethanol, the Reid vapor pressure limitation under this subsection shall be one pound per square inch (psi) greater than the applicable Reid vapor pressure limitations established under paragraph (1); Provided, however, That a distributor, blender, marketer, reseller, carrier, retailer, or wholesale purchaser-consumer shall be deemed to be in full compliance with the provisions of this subsection and the regulations promulgated thereunder if it can demonstrate (by showing receipt of a certification or other evidence acceptable to the Administrator) that— “(A) the gasoline portion of the blend complies with the Reid vapor pressure limitations promulgated pursuant to this subsection; “(B) the ethanol portion of the blend does not exceed its waiver condition under subsection (f)(4); and “(C) no additional alcohol or other additive has been added to increase the Reid Vapor Pressure of the ethanol portion of the blend. “(5) Areas covered.— The provisions of this subsection shall apply only to the 48 contiguous States and the District of Columbia.”.
1990
Pub. L. 101–549 § 217 · 104 Stat. 2399
Added · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(i)
Pub. L. 101–549, § 217, added subsec. (i)
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 101–549, § 217, added subsec. (i).
Enacted provision · exact public law section
SEC. 217. DIESEL FUEL SULFUR CONTENT. Section 211 of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545) is amended by adding the following new subsection at the end thereof: “(i) Sulfur Content Requirements for Diesel Fuel.— (1) Effective October 1, 1993, no person shall manufacture, sell, supply, offer for sale or supply, dispense, transport, or introduce into commerce motor vehicle diesel fuel which contains a concentration of sulfur in excess of 0.05 percent (by weight) or which fails to meet a cetane index minimum of 40. “(2) Not later than 12 months after the date of the enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the Administrator shall promulgate regulations to implement and enforce the requirements of paragraph (1). The Administrator may require manufacturers and importers of diesel fuel not intended for use in motor vehicles to dye such fuel in a particular manner in order to segregate it from motor vehicle diesel fuel. The Administrator may establish an equivalent alternative aromatic level to the cetane index specification in paragraph (1). “(3) The sulfur content of fuel required to be used in the certification of 1991 through 1993 model year heavy-duty diesel vehicles and engines shall be 0.10 percent (by weight). The sulfur content and cetane index minimum of fuel required to be used in the certification of 1994 and later model year heavy-duty diesel vehicles and engines shall comply with the regulations promulgated under paragraph (2). “(4) The States of Alaska and Hawaii may be exempted from the Alaska Hawaii. requirements of this subsection in the same manner as provided in section 324. The Administrator shall take final action on any petition filed under section 324 or this paragraph for an exemption from the requirements of this subsection, within 12 months from the date of the petition.”.
1990
Pub. L. 101–549 § 218(a) · 104 Stat. 2399
Added · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(j)
Pub. L. 101–549, § 218(a), added subsec. (j)
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 101–549, § 218(a), added subsec. (j).
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(a) Additives.— Section 211 of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545) is amended by adding the following at the end thereof: “(j) Lead Substitute Gasoline Additives.— (1) After the date of the enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, any person proposing to register any gasoline additive under subsection (a) or to use any previously registered additive as a lead substitute may also elect to register the additive as a lead substitute gasoline additive for reducing valve seat wear by providing the Administrator with such relevant information regarding product identity and composition as the Administrator deems necessary for carrying out the responsibilities of paragraph (2) of this subsection (in addition to other information which may be required under subsection (b)). “(2) In addition to the other testing which may be required under subsection (b), in the case of the lead substitute gasoline additives referred to in paragraph (1), the Administrator shall develop and publish a test procedure to determine the additives’ effectiveness in reducing valve seat wear and the additives’ tendencies to produce engine deposits and other adverse side effects. The test procedures shall be developed in cooperation with the Secretary of Agriculture and with the input of additive manufacturers, engine and engine components manufacturers, and other interested persons. The Research Administrator shall enter into arrangements with an independent laboratory to conduct tests of each additive using the test procedures developed and published pursuant to this paragraph. The Administrator shall publish the results of the tests by company and additive name in the Federal Register along with, for comparison purposes, the results of applying the same test procedures to gasoline containing 0.1 gram of lead per gallon in lieu of the lead substitute gasoline additive. The Administrator Federal Register, publication. shall not rank or otherwise rate the lead substitute additives. Test procedures shall be established within 1 year after the date of the enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. Additives shall be tested within 18 months of the date of the enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 or 6 months after the lead substitute additives are identified to the Administrator, whichever is later. “(3) The Administrator may impose a user fee to recover the costs of testing of any fuel additive referred to in this subsection. The fee shall be paid by the person proposing to register the fuel additive concerned. Such fee shall not exceed $20,000 for a single fuel additive. “(4) There are authorized to be appropriated to the Administrator Appropriation authorization. not more than $1,000,000 for the second full fiscal year after the date of the enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 to establish test procedures and conduct engine tests as provided in this subsection. Not more than $500,000 per year is authorized to be appropriated for each of the 5 subsequent fiscal years. “(5) Any fees collected under this subsection shall be deposited in a special fund in the United States Treasury for licensing and other services which thereafter shall be available for appropriation, to remain available until expended, to carry out the Agency’s activities for which the fees were collected.”.
1990
Pub. L. 101–549 § 219 · 104 Stat. 2399
Added · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(k)(m)
Pub. L. 101–549, § 219, added subsecs. (k) to (m)
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsecs. (k) to (m). Pub. L. 101–549, § 219, added subsecs. (k) to (m).
Enacted provision · exact public law section
SEC. 219. REFORMULATED GASOLINE AND OXYGENATED GASOLINE. Section 211 of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545) is amended by adding the following at the end thereof: “(k) Reformulated Gasoline for Conventional Vehicles.— “(1) EPA regulations.— Within 1 year after the enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the Administrator shall promulgate regulations under this section establishing requirements for reformulated gasoline to be used in gasoline- fueled vehicles in specified nonattainment areas. Such regulations shall require the greatest reduction in emissions of ozone forming volatile organic compounds (during the high ozone season) and emissions of toxic air pollutants (during the entire year) achievable through the reformulation of conventional gasoline, taking into consideration the cost of achieving such emission reductions, any nonairquality and other air-quality related health and environmental impacts and energy requirements. “(2) General requirements.— The regulations referred to in paragraph (1) shall require that reformulated gasoline comply with paragraph (3) and with each of the following requirements (subject to paragraph (7)): “(A) NOx emissions.— The emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) from baseline vehicles when using the reformulated gasoline shall be no greater than the level of such emissions from such vehicles when using baseline gasoline. If the Administrator determines that compliance with the limitation on emissions of oxides of nitrogen under the preceding sentence is technically infeasible, considering the other requirements applicable under this subsection to such gasoline, the Administrator may, as appropriate to ensure compliance with this subparagraph, adjust (or waive entirely), any other requirements of this paragraph (including the oxygen content requirement contained in subparagraph (B)) or any requirements applicable under paragraph (3)(A). “(B) Oxygen content.— The oxygen content of the gasoline shall equal or exceed 2.0 percent by weight (subject to a testing tolerance established by the Administrator) except as otherwise required by this Act. The Administrator may waive, in whole or in part, the application of this subparagraph for any ozone nonattainment area upon a determination by the Administrator that compliance with such requirement would prevent or interfere with the attainment by the area of a national primary ambient air quality standard. “(C) Benzene content.— The benzene content of the gasoline shall not exceed 1.0 percent by volume. “(D) Heavy metals.— The gasoline shall have no heavy metals, including lead or manganese. The Administrator may waive the prohibition contained in this subparagraph for a heavy metal (other than lead) if the Administrator determines that addition of the heavy metal to the gasoline will not increase, on an aggregate mass or cancer-risk basis, toxic air pollutant emissions from motor vehicles. “(3) More stringent of formula or performance standards.— The regulations referred to in paragraph (1) shall require compliance with the more stringent of either the requirements set forth in subparagraph (A) or the requirements of subparagraph (B) of this paragraph. For purposes of deter-mining the more stringent provision, clause (i) and clause (ii) of subparagraph (B) shall be considered independently. “(A) Formula.— “(i) Benzene.— The benzene content of the reformulated gasoline shall not exceed 1.0 percent by volume. “(ii) Aromatics.— The aromatic hydrocarbon content of the reformulated gasoline shall not exceed 25 per-cent by volume. “(iii) Lead.— The reformulated gasoline shall have no lead content. “(iv) Detergents.— The reformulated gasoline shall contain additives to prevent the accumulation of deposits in engines or vehicle fuel supply systems. “(v) Oxygen content.— The oxygen content of the reformulated gasoline shall equal or exceed 2.0 percent by weight (subject to a testing tolerance established by the Administrator) except as otherwise required by this Act. “(B) Performance standard.— “(i) VOC emissions.— During the high ozone season (as defined by the Administrator), the aggregate emissions of ozone forming volatile organic compounds from baseline vehicles when using the reformulated gasoline shall be 15 percent below the aggregate emissions of ozone forming volatile organic compounds from such vehicles when using baseline gasoline. Effective in calendar year 2000 and thereafter, 25 percent shall be substituted for 15 percent in applying this clause, except that the Administrator may adjust such 25 per-cent requirement to provide for a lesser or greater reduction based on technological feasibility, considering the cost of achieving such reductions in VOC emissions. No such adjustment shall provide for less than a 20 percent reduction below the aggregate emissions of such air pollutants from such vehicles when using baseline gasoline. The reductions required under this clause shall be on a mass basis. “(ii) Toxics.— During the entire year, the aggregate emissions of toxic air pollutants from baseline vehicles when using the reformulated gasoline shall be 15 percent below the aggregate emissions of toxic air pollutants from such vehicles when using baseline gasoline. Effective in calendar year 2000 and thereafter, 25 percent shall be substituted for 15 percent in applying this clause, except that the Administrator may adjust such 25 percent requirement to provide for a lesser or greater reduction based on technological feasibility, considering the cost of achieving such reductions in toxic air pollutants. No such adjustment shall provide for less than a 20 percent reduction below the aggregate emissions of such air pollutants from such vehicles when using baseline gasoline. The reductions required under this clause shall be on a mass basis. Any reduction greater than a specific percentage reduction required under this subparagraph shall be treated as satisfying such percentage reduction requirement. “(4) Certification procedures.— “(A) Regulations.— The regulations under this subsection shall include procedures under which the Administrator shall certify reformulated gasoline as complying with the requirements established pursuant to this subsection. Under such regulations, the Administrator shall establish procedures for any person to petition the Administrator to certify a fuel formulation, or slate of fuel formulations. Such procedures shall further require that the Administrator shall approve or deny such petition within 180 days of receipt. If the Administrator fails to act within such 180-day period, the fuel shall be deemed certified until the Administrator completes action on the petition. “(B) Certification; equivalency.— The Administrator shall certify a fuel formulation or slate of fuel formulations as complying with this subsection if such fuel or fuels— “(i) comply with the requirements of paragraph (2), and “(ii) achieve equivalent or greater reductions in emissions of ozone forming volatile organic compounds and emissions of toxic air pollutants than are achieved by a reformulated gasoline meeting the applicable requirements of paragraph (3). “(C) EPA determination of emissions level.— Within 1 year after the enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the Administrator shall determine the level of emissions of ozone forming volatile organic compounds and emissions of toxic air pollutants emitted by baseline vehicles Regulations. when operating on baseline gasoline. For purposes of this subsection, within 1 year after the enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the Administrator shall, by rule, determine appropriate measures of, and methodology for, ascertaining the emissions of air pollutants (including calculations, equipment, and testing tolerances). “(5) Prohibition.— Effective beginning January 1, 1995, each of the following shall be a violation of this subsection: “(A) The sale or dispensing by any person of conventional gasoline to ultimate consumers in any covered area. “(B) The sale or dispensing by any refiner, blender, importer, or marketer of conventional gasoline for resale in any covered area, without (i) segregating such gasoline from reformulated gasoline, and (ii) clearly marking such conventional gasoline as “conventional gasoline, not for sale to ultimate consumer in a covered area”. Any refiner, blender, importer or marketer who purchases property segregated and marked conventional gasoline, and thereafter labels, represents, or wholesales such gasoline as reformu-lated gasoline shall also be in violation of this subsection. The Administrator may impose sampling, testing, and record-keeping requirements upon any refiner, blender, importer, or marketer to prevent violations of this section. “(6) Opt-in areas.— (A) Upon the application of the Governor of a State, the Administrator shall apply the prohibition set forth in paragraph (5) in any area in the State classified under subpart 2 of part D of title I as a Marginal, Moderate, Serious, or Severe Area (without regard to whether or not the 1980 population of the area exceeds 250,000). In any such case, the Administrator shall establish an effective date for such prohibition as he deems appropriate, not later than January 1, 1995, or 1 year after such application is received, whichever is later. The Federal Register, publication. Administrator shall publish such application in the Federal Register upon receipt. “(B) If the Administrator determines, on the Administrator’s own motion or on petition of any person, after consultation with the Secretary of Energy, that there is insufficient domestic capacity to produce gasoline certified under this subsection, the Administrator shall, by rule, extend the effective date of such prohibition in Marginal, Moderate, Serious, or Severe Areas referred to in subparagraph (A) for one additional year, and may, by rule, renew such extension for 2 additional one-year periods. The Administrator shall act on any petition submitted under this paragraph within 6 months after receipt of the petition. The Administrator shall issue such extensions for areas with a lower ozone classification before issuing any such extension for areas with a higher classification. “(7) Credits.— (A) The regulations promulgated under this Regulations. subsection shall provide for the granting of an appropriate amount of credits to a person who refines, blends, or imports and certifies a gasoline or slate of gasoline that— “(i) has an oxygen content (by weight) that exceeds the minimum oxygen content specified in paragraph (2); “(ii) has an aromatic hydrocarbon content (by volume) that is less than the maximum aromatic hydrocarbon content required to comply with paragraph (3); or “(iii) has a benzene content (by volume) that is less that the maximum benzene content specified in paragraph (2). “(B) The regulations described in subparagraph (A) shall also provide that a person who is granted credits may use such credits, or transfer all or a portion of such credits to another person for use within the same nonattainment area, for the purpose of complying with this subsection. “(C) The regulations promulgated under subparagraphs (A) and (B) shall ensure the enforcement of the requirements for the issuance, application, and transfer of the credits. Such regulations shall prohibit the granting or transfer of such credits for use with respect to any gasoline in a nonattainment area, to the extent the use of such credits would result in any of the following: “(i) An average gasoline aromatic hydrocarbon content (by volume) for the nonattainment (taking into account all gasoline sold for use in conventional gasoline-fueled vehicles in the nonattainment area) higher than the average fuel aromatic hydrocarbon content (by volume) that would occur in the absence of using any such credits. “(ii) An average gasoline oxygen content (by weight) for the nonattainment area (taking into account all gasoline sold for use in conventional gasoline-fueled vehicles in the nonattainment area) lower than the average gasoline oxygen content (by weight) that would occur in the absence of using any such credits. “(iii) An average benzene content (by volume) for the nonattainment area (taking into account all gasoline sold for use in conventional gasoline-fueled vehicles in the non- attainment area) higher than the average benzene content (by volume) that would occur in the absence of using any such credits. “(8) Anti-dumping rules.— “(A) In general.— Within 1 year after the enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the Administrator shall promulgate regulations applicable to each refiner, blender, or importer of gasoline ensuring that gasoline sold or introduced into commerce by such refiner, blender, or importer (other than reformulated gasoline subject to the requirements of paragraph (1)) does not result in average per gallon emissions (measured on a mass basis) of (i) volatile organic compounds, (ii) oxides of nitrogen, (iii) carbon monoxide, and (iv) toxic air pollutants in excess of such emissions of such pollutants attributable to gasoline sold or introduced into commerce in calendar year 1990-by that refiner, blender, or importer. Such regulations shall take effect beginning January 1, 1995. “(B) Adjustments.— In evaluating compliance with the requirements of subparagraph (A), the Administrator shall make appropriate adjustments to insure that no credit is provided for improvement in motor vehicle emissions control in motor vehicles sold after the calendar year 1990. “(C) Compliance determined for each pollutant independently.— In determining whether there is an in-crease in emissions in violation of the prohibition contained in subparagraph (A) the Administrator shall consider an increase in each air pollutant referred to in clauses (i) through (iv) as a separate violation of such prohibition, except that the Administrator shall promulgate regulations to provide that any increase in emissions of oxides of nitrogen resulting from adding oxygenates to gasoline may be offset by an equivalent or greater reduction (on a mass basis) in emissions of volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, or toxic air pollutants, or any combination of the foregoing. “(D) Compliance period.— The Administrator shall promulgate an appropriate compliance period or appropriate compliance periods to be used for assessing compliance with the prohibition contained in subparagraph (A). “(E) Baseline for determining compliance.— If the Administrator determines that no adequate and reliable data exists regarding the composition of gasoline sold or introduced into commerce by a refiner, blender, or importer in calendar year 1990, for such refiner, blender, or importer, baseline gasoline shall be substituted for such 1990 gasoline in determining compliance with subparagraph (A). “(9) Emissions from entire vehicle.— In applying the requirements of this subsection, the Administrator shall take into account emissions from the entire motor vehicle, including evaporative, running, refueling, and exhaust emissions. “(10) Definitions.— For purposes of this subsection— “(A) Baseline vehicles.— The term ‘baseline vehicles’ mean representative model year 1990 vehicles. “(B) Baseline gasoline.— “(i) Summertime.— The term ‘baseline gasoline’ means in the case of gasoline sold during the high ozone period (as defined by the Administrator) a gasoline which meets the following specifications: “BASELINE GASOLINE FUEL PROPERTIES API Gravity 57.4 Sulfur, ppm 339 Benzene, % 1.53 RVP, psi 8.7 Octane, R + M/2 87.3 IBP, F 91 10%, F 128 50%, F 218 90%, F 330 End Point, F 415 Aromatics, % 32.0 Olefins, % 9.2 Saturates, % 58.8 “(ii) Wintertime.— The Administrator shall establish the specifications of ‘baseline gasoline’ for gasoline sold at times other than the high ozone period (as defined by the Administrator). Such specifications shall be the specifications of 1990 industry average gasoline sold during such period. “(C) Toxic air pollutants.— The term ‘toxic air pollutants’ means the aggregate emissions of the following: “Benzene “1,3 Butadiene “Polycyclic organic matter (POM) “Acetaldehyde “Formaldehyde. “(D) Covered area.— The 9 ozone nonattainment areas having a 1980 population in excess of 250,000 and having the highest ozone design value during the period 1987 through 1989 shall be ‘covered areas’ for purposes of this subsection. Effective one year after the reclassification of any ozone nonattainment area as a Severe ozone nonattainment area under section 181(b), such Severe area shall also be a ‘covered area’ for purposes of this subsection. “(E) Reformulated gasoline.— The term ‘reformulated gasoline’ means any gasoline which is certified by the Administrator under this section as complying with this subsection. “(F) Conventional gasoline.— The term ‘conventional gasoline’ means any gasoline which does not meet specifications set by a certification under this subsection. “(l) Detergents.— Effective beginning January 1, 1995, no person may sell or dispense to an ultimate consumer in the United States, and no refiner or marketer may directly or indirectly sell or dispense to persons who sell or dispense to ultimate consumers in the United States any gasoline which does not contain additives to prevent the accumulation of deposits in engines or fuel supply Regulations. systems. Not later than 2 years after the date of the enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the Administrator shall promulgate a rule establishing specifications for such additives. “(m) Oxygenated Fuels.— “(1) Plan revisions for co nonattainment areas.— (A) Each State in which there is located all or part of an area which is designated under title I as a nonattainment area for carbon monoxide and which has a carbon monoxide design value of 9.5 parts per million (ppm) or above based on data for the 2-year period of 1988 and 1989 and calculated according to the most recent interpretation methodology issued by the Administrator prior to the enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 shall submit to the Administrator a State implementation plan revision under section 110 and part D of title I for such area which shall contain the provisions specified under this subsection regarding oxygenated gasoline. “(B) A plan revision which contains such provisions shall also be submitted by each State in which there is located any area which, for any 2-year period after 1989 has a carbon monoxide design value of 9.5 ppm or above. The revision shall be submit-ted within 18 months after such 2-year period. “(2) Oxygenated gasoline in co nonattainment areas.— Each plan revision under this subsection shall contain provisions to require that any gasoline sold, or dispensed, to the ultimate consumer in the carbon monoxide nonattainment area or sold or dispensed directly or indirectly by fuel refiners or marketers to persons who sell or dispense to ultimate consumers, in the larger of— “(A) the Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA) in which the area is located, or “(B) if the area is not located in a CMSA, the Metropolitan Statistical Area in which the area is located, be blended, during the portion of the year in which the area is prone to high ambient concentrations of carbon monoxide to contain not less than 2.7 percent oxygen by weight (subject to a testing tolerance established by the Administrator). The portion of the year in which the area is prone to high ambient concentrations of carbon monoxide shall be as determined by the Administrator, but shall not be less than 4 months. At the request of a State with respect to any area designated as nonattainment for carbon monoxide, the Administrator may reduce the period specified in the preceding sentence if the State can demonstrate that because of meteorological conditions, a reduced period will assure that there will be no exceedances of the carbon monoxide standard outside of such reduced period. For areas with a carbon monoxide design value of 9.5 ppm or more of the date of enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the revision shall provide that such requirement shall take effect no later than November 1, 1992, (or at such other date during 1992 as the Administrator establishes under the preceding provisions of this paragraph). For other areas, the revision shall provide that such requirement shall take effect no later than November 1 of the third year after the last year of the applicable 2-year period referred to in paragraph (1) (or at such other date during such third year as the Administrator establishes under the preceding provisions of this paragraph) and shall include a program for implementation and enforcement of the requirement consistent with guidance to be issued by the Administrator. “(3) Waivers.— (A) The Administrator shall waive, in whole or in part, the requirements of paragraph (2) upon a demonstration by the State to the satisfaction of the Administrator that the use of oxygenated gasoline would prevent or interfere with the attainment by the area of a national primary ambient air quality standard (or a State or local ambient air quality standard) for any air pollutant other than carbon monoxide. “(B) The Administrator shall, upon demonstration by the State satisfactory to the Administrator, waive the requirement of paragraph (2) where the Administrator determines that mobile sources of carbon monoxide do not contribute significantly to carbon monoxide levels in an area. “(C) (i) Any person may petition the Administrator to make a finding that there is, or is likely to be, for any area, an inadequate domestic supply of, or distribution capacity for,oxygenated gasoline meeting the requirements of paragraph (2) or fuel additives (oxygenates) necessary to meet such requirements. The Administrator shall act on such petition within 6 months after receipt of the petition. “(ii) If the Administrator determines, in response to a petition Effective date. under clause (i), that there is an inadequate supply or capacity described in clause (i), the Administrator shall delay the effective date of paragraph (2) for 1 year. Upon petition, the Administrator may extend such effective date for one additional year. No partial delay or lesser waiver may be granted under this clause. “(iii) In granting waivers under this subparagraph the Administrator shall consider distribution capacity separately from the adequacy of domestic supply and shall grant such waivers in such manner as will assure that, if supplies of oxygenated gasoline are limited, areas having the highest design value for carbon monoxide will have a priority in obtaining oxygenated gasoline which meets the requirements of paragraph (2). “(iv) As used in this subparagraph, the term distribution capacity includes capacity for transportation, storage, and blending. “(4) Fuel dispensing systems.— Any person selling Regulations. oxygenated gasoline at retail pursuant to this subsection shall be required under regulations promulgated by the Administrator to label the fuel dispensing system with a notice that the gasoline is oxygenated and will reduce the carbon monoxide emissions from the motor vehicle. “(5) Guidelines for credit.— The Administrator shall promulgate guidelines, within 9 months after the date of the enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, allowing the use of marketable oxygen credits from gasolines during that portion of the year specified in paragraph (2) with higher oxygen content than required to offset the sale or use of gasoline with a lower oxygen content than required. No credits may be transferred between nonattainment areas. “(6) Attainment areas.— Nothing in this subsection shall be interpreted as requiring an oxygenated gasoline program in an area which is in attainment for carbon monoxide, except that in a carbon monoxide nonattainment area which is redesignated as attainment for carbon monoxide, the requirements of this subsection shall remain in effect to the extent such program is necessary to maintain such standard thereafter in the area. “(7) Failure to attain co standard.— If the Administrator determines under section 186(b)(2) that the national primary ambient air quality standard for carbon monoxide has not been attained in a Serious Area by the applicable attainment date, the State shall submit a plan revision for the area within 9 months after the date of such determination. The plan revision shall provide that the minimum oxygen content of gasoline referred to in paragraph (2) shall be 3.1 percent by weight unless such requirement is waived in accordance with the provisions of this subsection.”.
1990
Pub. L. 101–549 § 220 · 104 Stat. 2399
Added · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(n)
Pub. L. 101–549, § 220, added subsec. (n)
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 101–549, § 220, added subsec. (n).
Enacted provision · exact public law section
SEC. 220. LEAD PHASEDOWN. 42 USC 7545. Section 211 of the Clean Air Act is amended by adding the following new subsection at the end thereof: “(n) Prohibition on Leaded Gasoline for Highway Use.— After December 31, 1995, it shall be unlawful for any person to sell, offer for sale, supply, offer for supply, dispense, transport, or introduce into commerce, for use as fuel in any motor vehicle (as defined in section 219(2)) any gasoline which contains lead or lead additives.”.
1990
Pub. L. 101–549 § 221 · 104 Stat. 2399
Added · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(o)
Pub. L. 101–549, § 221, added subsec. (o)
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 101–549, § 221, added subsec. (o).
Enacted provision · exact public law section
SEC. 221. FUEL AND FUEL ADDITIVE IMPORTERS. Section 211 of the Clean Air Act is amended by adding the following new subsection at the end thereof: “(o) Fuel and Fuel Additive Importers and Importation.— For the purposes of this section, the term ‘manufacturer’ includes an importer and the term ‘manufacture’ includes importation.”.
2005
Energy Policy Act of 2005
Pub. L. 109–58 § 1505(1)(A) · 119 Stat. 594
Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(b)(2)
Pub. L. 109–58, § 1505(1)(A), substituted “shall, on a regular basis,” for “may also” in introductory provisions
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1505(1)(A), substituted “shall, on a regular basis,” for “may also” in introductory provisions.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(A) by striking “may also” and inserting “shall, on a regular basis,”; and
2005
Energy Policy Act of 2005
Pub. L. 109–58 § 1505(1)(B) · 119 Stat. 594
1. Added · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(b)(2)(A)
  Pub. L. 109–58, § 1505(1)(B), added subpar. (A)
2. Struck · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(b)(2)(A)
  Pub. L. 109–58, § 1505(1)(B), struck out former subpar. (A) which read as follows: “to conduct tests to determine potential public health effects of such fuel or additive (including, but not limited to, carcinogenic, teratogenic, or mutagenic effects), and”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1505(1)(B), added subpar. (A) and struck out former subpar. (A) which read as follows: “to conduct tests to determine potential public health effects of such fuel or additive (including, but not limited to, carcinogenic, teratogenic, or mutagenic effects), and”.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(B) by striking subparagraph (A) and inserting the following: “(A) to conduct tests to determine potential public health and environmental effects of the fuel or additive (including carcinogenic, teratogenic, or mutagenic effects); and” ; and
2005
Energy Policy Act of 2005
Pub. L. 109–58 § 1505(2) · 119 Stat. 594
Added · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(b)(4)
Pub. L. 109–58, § 1505(2), added par. (4)
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1505(2), added par. (4).
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(2) by adding at the end the following: “(4) Study on certain fuel additives and blendstocks.— “(A) In general.— Not Deadline. later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this paragraph, the Administrator shall— “(i) conduct a study on the effects on public health (including the effects on children, pregnant women, minority or low-income communities, and other sensitive populations), air quality, and water resources of increased use of, and the feasibility of using as substitutes for methyl tertiary butyl ether in gasoline— “(I) ethyl tertiary butyl ether; “(II) tertiary amyl methyl ether; “(III) di-isopropyl ether; “(IV) tertiary butyl alcohol; “(V) other ethers and heavy alcohols, as determined by then Administrator; “(VI) ethanol; “(VII) iso-octane; and “(VIII) alkylates; and “(ii) conduct a study on the effects on public health (including the effects on children, pregnant women, minority or low-income communities, and other sensitive populations), air quality, and water resources of the adjustment for ethanol-blended reformulated gasoline to the volatile organic compounds performance requirements that are applicable under paragraphs (1) and (3) of section 211(k); and “(iii) Reports. submit to the Committee on Environment and Public Works of the Senate and the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives a report describing the results of the studies under clauses (i) and (ii). “(B) Contracts for study.— In carrying out this paragraph, the Administrator may enter into one or more contracts with nongovernmental entities such as— “(i) the national energy laboratories; and “(ii) institutions of higher education (as defined in section 101 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1001)).” .
2005
Energy Policy Act of 2005
Pub. L. 109–58 § 1541(a) · 119 Stat. 594
1. Amended · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(c)(4)(C)
  Pub. L. 109–58, § 1541(a), designated existing provisions as cl. (i)
2. Added · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(c)(4)(C)
  Pub. L. 109–58, § 1541(a), added cls. (ii) to (iv) and (v) relating to waiver authority
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (c)(4)(C). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1541(a), designated existing provisions as cl. (i) and added cls. (ii) to (iv) and (v) relating to waiver authority.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(a) Temporary Waivers During Supply Emergencies.— Section 211(c)(4)(C) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545(c)(4)(C)) is amended by inserting “(i)” after “(C)” and by adding the following new clauses at the end thereof: “(ii) The Administrator may temporarily waive a control or prohibition respecting the use of a fuel or fuel additive required or regulated by the Administrator pursuant to subsection (c), (h), (i), (k), or (m) of this section or prescribed in an applicable implementation plan under section 110 approved by the Administrator under clause (i) of this subparagraph if, after consultation with, and concurrence by, the Secretary of Energy, the Administrator determines that— “(I) extreme and unusual fuel or fuel additive supply circumstances exist in a State or region of the Nation which prevent the distribution of an adequate supply of the fuel or fuel additive to consumers; “(II) such extreme and unusual fuel and fuel additive supply circumstances are the result of a natural disaster, an Act of God, a pipeline or refinery equipment failure, or another event that could not reasonably have been foreseen or prevented and not the lack of prudent planning on the part of the suppliers of the fuel or fuel additive to such State or region; and “(III) it is in the public interest to grant the waiver (for example, when a waiver is necessary to meet projected temporary shortfalls in the supply of the fuel or fuel additive in a State or region of the Nation which cannot otherwise be compensated for). “(iii) If the Administrator makes the determinations required under clause (ii), such a temporary extreme and unusual fuel and fuel additive supply circumstances waiver shall be permitted only if— “(I) the waiver applies to the smallest geographic area necessary to address the extreme and unusual fuel and fuel additive supply circumstances; “(II) the waiver is effective for a period of 20 calendar days or, if the Administrator determines that a shorter waiver period is adequate, for the shortest practicable time period necessary to permit the correction of the extreme and unusual fuel and fuel additive supply circumstances and to mitigate impact on air quality; “(III) the waiver permits a transitional period, the exact duration of which shall be determined by the Administrator (but which shall be for the shortest practicable period), after the termination of the temporary waiver to permit wholesalers and retailers to blend down their wholesale and retail inventory; “(IV) the waiver applies to all persons in the motor fuel distribution system; and “(V) the Administrator has given public notice to all parties in the motor fuel distribution system, and local and State regulators, in the State or region to be covered by the waiver. The term ‘motor fuel distribution system’ as used in this clause shall be defined by the Administrator through rulemaking. “(iv) Regulations. Deadline. Within 180 days of the date of enactment of this clause, the Administrator shall promulgate regulations to implement clauses (ii) and (iii). “(v) Nothing in this subparagraph shall— “(I) limit or otherwise affect the application of any other waiver authority of the Administrator pursuant to this section or pursuant to a regulation promulgated pursuant to this section; and “(II) subject any State or person to an enforcement action, penalties, or liability solely arising from actions taken pursuant to the issuance of a waiver under this subparagraph.” .
2005
Energy Policy Act of 2005
Pub. L. 109–58 § 1541(b) · 119 Stat. 594
Added · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(c)(4)(C)(v)
Pub. L. 109–58, § 1541(b), added cl. (v) relating to approval of fuels
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (c)(4)(C)(v). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1541(b), added cl. (v) relating to approval of fuels.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(b) Limit on Number of Boutique Fuels.— Section 211(c)(4)(C) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545(c)(4)(C)), as amended by subsection (a), is further amended by adding at the end the following: “(v) (I) The Administrator shall have no authority, when considering a State implementation plan or a State implementation plan revision, to approve under this paragraph any fuel included in such plan or revision if the effect of such approval increases the total number of fuels approved under this paragraph as of September 1, 2004, in all State implementation plans. “(II) Deadline. Federal Register, publication. Public information. The Administrator, in consultation with the Secretary of Energy, shall determine the total number of fuels approved under this paragraph as of September 1, 2004, in all State implementation plans and shall publish a list of such fuels, including the States and Petroleum Administration for Defense District in which they are used, in the Federal Register for public review and comment no later than 90 days after enactment. “(III) The Administrator shall remove a fuel from the list published under subclause (II) if a fuel ceases to be included in a State implementation plan or if a fuel in a State implementation plan is identical to a Federal fuel formulation implemented by the Administrator, but the Administrator shall not reduce the total number of fuels authorized under the list published under subclause (II). “(IV) Subclause (I) shall not limit the Administrator’s authority to approve a control or prohibition respecting any new fuel under this paragraph in a State implementation plan or revision to a State implementation plan if such new fuel— “(aa) completely replaces a fuel on the list published under subclause (II); or “(bb) does not increase the total number of fuels on the list published under subclause (II) as of September 1, 2004. In the Supply. Federal Register, publication. event that the total number of fuels on the list published under subclause (II) at the time of the Administrator’s consideration of a control or prohibition respecting a new fuel is lower than the total number of fuels on such list as of September 1, 2004, the Administrator may approve a control or prohibition respecting a new fuel under this subclause if the Administrator, after consultation with the Secretary of Energy, publishes in the Federal Register after notice and comment a finding that, in the Administrator’s judgment, such control or prohibition respecting a new fuel will not cause fuel supply or distribution interruptions or have a significant adverse impact on fuel producibility in the affected area or contiguous areas. “(V) The Administrator shall have no authority under this paragraph, when considering any particular State’s implementation plan or a revision to that State’s implementation plan, to approve any fuel unless that fuel was, as of the date of such consideration, approved in at least one State implementation plan in the applicable Petroleum Administration for Defense District. However, the Administrator may approve as part of a State implementation plan or State implementation plan revision a fuel with a summertime Reid Vapor Pressure of 7.0 psi. In no event shall such approval by the Administrator cause an increase in the total number of fuels on the list published under subclause (II). “(VI) Nothing in this clause shall be construed to have any effect regarding any available authority of States to require the use of any fuel additive registered in accordance with subsection (b), including any fuel additive registered in accordance with subsection (b) after the enactment of this subclause.” .
2005
Energy Policy Act of 2005
Pub. L. 109–58 § 1501(b)(1) · 119 Stat. 594
1. Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(d)(1)
  Pub. L. 109–58, § 1501(b)(1), substituted “(n), or (o)” for “or (n)” in second sentence
2. Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(d)(1)
  Pub. L. 109–58, § 1501(b)(1), substituted “(m), or (o)” for “or (m)” in second sentence
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1501(b)(1), substituted “(n), or (o)” for “or (n)” in two places in first sentence and “(m), or (o)” for “or (m)” in second sentence.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(1) in paragraph (1)— (A) in the first sentence, by striking “or (n)” each place it appears and inserting “(n), or (o)”; and (B) in the second sentence, by striking “or (m)” and inserting “(m), or (o)”; and
2005
Energy Policy Act of 2005
Pub. L. 109–58 § 1501(b)(2) · 119 Stat. 594
Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(d)(2)
Pub. L. 109–58, § 1501(b)(2), substituted “(n), and (o)” for “and (n)” in two places in first sentence
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1501(b)(2), substituted “(n), and (o)” for “and (n)” in two places in first sentence.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(2) in the first sentence of paragraph (2), by striking “and (n)” each place it appears and inserting “(n), and (o)”.
2005
Energy Policy Act of 2005
Pub. L. 109–58 § 1501(c) · 119 Stat. 594
1. Added · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(h)(5); 42 U.S.C. § 7545(h)(6)
  Pub. L. 109–58, § 1501(c), added par. (5)
2. Redesignated · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(h)(5); 42 U.S.C. § 7545(h)(6)
  Pub. L. 109–58, § 1501(c), redesignated former par. (5) as (6)
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (h)(5), (6). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1501(c), added par. (5) and redesignated former par. (5) as (6).
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(c) Exclusion From Ethanol Waiver.— Section 211(h) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545(h)) is amended— (1) by redesignating paragraph (5) as paragraph (6); and (2) by inserting after paragraph (4) the following: “(5) Exclusion from ethanol waiver.— “(A) Promulgation of regulations.— Upon notification, accompanied by supporting documentation, from the Governor of a State that the Reid vapor pressure limitation established by paragraph (4) will increase emissions that contribute to air pollution in any area in the State, the Administrator shall, by regulation, apply, in lieu of the Reid vapor pressure limitation established by paragraph (4), the Reid vapor pressure limitation established by paragraph (1) to all fuel blends containing gasoline and 10 percent denatured anhydrous ethanol that are sold, offered for sale, dispensed, supplied, offered for supply, transported, or introduced into commerce in the area during the high ozone season. “(B) Deadline for promulgation.— The Administrator shall promulgate regulations under subparagraph (A) not later than 90 days after the date of receipt of a notification from a Governor under that subparagraph. “(C) Effective date.— “(i) In general.— With respect to an area in a State for which the Governor submits a notification under subparagraph (A), the regulations under that subparagraph shall take effect on the later of— “(I) the first day of the first high ozone season for the area that begins after the date of receipt of the notification; or “(II) 1 year after the date of receipt of the notification. “(ii) Extension of effective date based on determination of insufficient supply.— “(I) In general.— If, Regulations. after receipt of a notification with respect to an area from a Governor of a State under subparagraph (A), the Administrator determines, on the Administrator’s own motion or on petition of any person and after consultation with the Secretary of Energy, that the promulgation of regulations described in subparagraph (A) would result in an insufficient supply of gasoline in the State, the Administrator, by regulation— “(aa) shall extend the effective date of the regulations under clause (i) with respect to the area for not more than 1 year; and “(bb) may renew the extension under item (aa) for two additional periods, each of which shall not exceed 1 year. “(II) Deadline for action on petitions.— The Administrator shall act on any petition submitted under subclause (I) not later than 180 days after the date of receipt of the petition.” .
2005
Energy Policy Act of 2005
Pub. L. 109–58 § 1504(b) · 119 Stat. 594
1. Amended · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(k)(1)
  Pub. L. 109–58, § 1504(b), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A)
2. Inserted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(k)(1)
  Pub. L. 109–58, § 1504(b), inserted heading
3. Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(k)(1)
  Pub. L. 109–58, § 1504(b), substituted “Not later than November 15, 1991,” for “Within 1 year after November 15, 1990,”
4. Added · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(k)(1)
  Pub. L. 109–58, § 1504(b), added subpar. (B)
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (k)(1). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1504(b), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A), inserted heading, substituted “Not later than November 15, 1991,” for “Within 1 year after November 15, 1990,”, and added subpar. (B).
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(b) Maintenance of Toxic Air Pollutant Emission Reductions.— Section 211(k)(1) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545(k)(1)) is amended— (1) by striking “Within 1 year after the enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990,” and inserting the following: “(A) In general.— Not Deadline. later than November 15, 1991,” ; and (2) by adding at the end the following: “(B) Maintenance of toxic air pollutant emissions reductions from reformulated gasoline.— “(i) Definition of padd.— In this subparagraph the term ‘PADD’ means a Petroleum Administration for Defense District. “(ii) Regulations concerning emissions of toxic air pollutants.— Not later than 270 days after the date of enactment of this subparagraph, the Administrator shall establish by regulation, for each refinery or importer (other than a refiner or importer in a State that has received a waiver under section 209(b) with respect to gasoline produced for use in that State), standards for toxic air pollutants from use of the reformulated gasoline produced or distributed by the refiner or importer that maintain the reduction of the average annual aggregate emissions of toxic air pollutants for reformulated gasoline produced or distributed by the refiner or importer during calendar years 2001 and 2002 (as determined on the basis of data collected by the Administrator with respect to the refiner or importer). “(iii) Standards applicable to specific refineries or importers.— “(I) Applicability of standards.— For any calendar year, the standards applicable to a refiner or importer under clause (ii) shall apply to the quantity of gasoline produced or distributed by the refiner or importer in the calendar year only to the extent that the quantity is less than or equal to the average annual quantity of reformulated gasoline produced or distributed by the refiner or importer during calendar years 2001 and 2002. “(II) Applicability of other standards.— For any calendar year, the quantity of gasoline produced or distributed by a refiner or importer that is in excess of the quantity subject to subclause (I) shall be subject to standards for emissions of toxic air pollutants promulgated under subparagraph (A) and paragraph (3)(B). “(iv) Credit program.— The Administrator shall provide for the granting and use of credits for emissions of toxic air pollutants in the same manner as provided in paragraph (7). “(v) Regional protection of toxics reduction baselines.— “(I) In general.— Not Deadlines. Federal Register, publication. Reports. later than 60 days after the date of enactment of this subparagraph, and not later than April 1 of each calendar year that begins after that date of enactment, the Administrator shall publish in the Federal Register a report that specifies, with respect to the previous calendar year— “(aa) the quantity of reformulated gasoline produced that is in excess of the average annual quantity of reformulated gasoline produced in 2001 and 2002; and “(bb) the reduction of the average annual aggregate emissions of toxic air pollutants in each PADD, based on retail survey data or data from other appropriate sources. “(II) Effect of failure to maintain aggregate toxics reductions.— If, in any calendar year, the reduction of the average annual aggregate emissions of toxic air pollutants in a PADD fails to meet or exceed the reduction of the average annual aggregate emissions of toxic air pollutants in the PADD in calendar years 2001 and 2002, the Administrator, not later than 90 days after the date of publication of the report for the calendar year under subclause (I), shall— “(aa) identify, to the maximum extent practicable, the reasons for the failure, including the sources, volumes, and characteristics of reformulated gasoline that contributed to the failure; and “(bb) Effective dates. Regulations. promulgate revisions to the regulations promulgated under clause (ii), to take effect not earlier than 180 days but not later than 270 days after the date of promulgation, to provide that, notwithstanding clause (iii)(II), all reformulated gasoline produced or distributed at each refiner or importer shall meet the standards applicable under clause (iii)(I) beginning not later than April 1 of the calendar year following publication of the report under subclause (I) and in each calendar year thereafter. “(vi) Deadline. Regulations. Not later than July 1, 2007, the Administrator shall promulgate final regulations to control hazardous air pollutants from motor vehicles and motor vehicle fuels, as provided for in section 80.1045 of title 40, Code of Federal Regulations (as in effect on the date of enactment of this subparagraph), and as authorized under section 202(1) of the Clean Air Act. If the Administrator promulgates by such date, final regulations to control hazardous air pollutants from motor vehicles and motor vehicle fuels that achieve and maintain greater overall reductions in emissions of air toxics from reformulated gasoline than the reductions that would be achieved under section 211(k)(1)(B) of the Clean Air Act as amended by this clause, then sections 211(k)(1)(B)(i) through 211(k)(1)(B)(v) shall be null and void and regulations promulgated thereunder shall be rescinded and have no further effect.” .
2005
Energy Policy Act of 2005
Pub. L. 109–58 § 1504(a)(1)(A)(i) · 119 Stat. 594
Struck · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(k)(2)(A)
Pub. L. 109–58, § 1504(a)(1)(A)(i), struck out “(including the oxygen content requirement contained in subparagraph (B))” after “requirements of this paragraph”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (k)(2)(A). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1504(a)(1)(A)(i), struck out “(including the oxygen content requirement contained in subparagraph (B))” after “requirements of this paragraph”.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(i) in the second sentence of subparagraph (A), by striking “(including the oxygen content requirement contained in subparagraph (B))”;
2005
Energy Policy Act of 2005
Pub. L. 109–58 § 1504(a)(1)(A)(ii) · 119 Stat. 594
1. Redesignated · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(k)(2)(B)(D)
  Pub. L. 109–58, § 1504(a)(1)(A)(ii), (iii), redesignated subpars. (C) and (D) as (B) and (C), respectively
2. Struck · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(k)(2)(B)(D)
  Pub. L. 109–58, § 1504(a)(1)(A)(ii), (iii), struck out heading and text of former subpar. (B). Text read as follows: “The oxygen content of the gasoline shall equal or exceed 2.0 percent by weight (subject to a testing tolerance established by the Administrator) except as otherwise required by this chapter. The Administrator may waive, in whole or in part, the application of this subparagraph for any ozone nonattainment area upon a determination by the Administrator that compliance with such requirement would prevent or interfere with the attainment by the area of a national primary ambient air quality standard.”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (k)(2)(B) to (D). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1504(a)(1)(A)(ii), (iii), redesignated subpars. (C) and (D) as (B) and (C), respectively, and struck out heading and text of former subpar. (B). Text read as follows: “The oxygen content of the gasoline shall equal or exceed 2.0 percent by weight (subject to a testing tolerance established by the Administrator) except as otherwise required by this chapter. The Administrator may waive, in whole or in part, the application of this subparagraph for any ozone nonattainment area upon a determination by the Administrator that compliance with such requirement would prevent or interfere with the attainment by the area of a national primary ambient air quality standard.”
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(ii) by striking subparagraph (B); and
2005
Energy Policy Act of 2005
Pub. L. 109–58 § 1504(a)(1)(B) · 119 Stat. 594
Struck · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(k)(3)(A)(v)
Pub. L. 109–58, § 1504(a)(1)(B), struck out heading and text of cl. (v). Text read as follows: “The oxygen content of the reformulated gasoline shall equal or exceed 2.0 percent by weight (subject to a testing tolerance established by the Administrator) except as otherwise required by this chapter.”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (k)(3)(A)(v). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1504(a)(1)(B), struck out heading and text of cl. (v). Text read as follows: “The oxygen content of the reformulated gasoline shall equal or exceed 2.0 percent by weight (subject to a testing tolerance established by the Administrator) except as otherwise required by this chapter.”
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(B) in paragraph (3)(A), by striking clause (v); and
2005
Energy Policy Act of 2005
Pub. L. 109–58 § 1507 · 119 Stat. 594
1. Redesignated · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(k)(6)
  Pub. L. 109–58, § 1507, redesignated subpars. (A) and (B) as cls. (i) and (ii), respectively, of subpar. (A)
2. Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(k)(6)
  Pub. L. 109–58, § 1507, inserted subpar. and cl. headings, in cl. (ii) substituted “clause (i)” for “subparagraph (A)”
3. Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(k)(6)
  Pub. L. 109–58, § 1507, inserted subpar. and cl. headings, in cl. (ii) substituted “this subparagraph” for “this paragraph”
4. Added · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(k)(6)
  Pub. L. 109–58, § 1507, added subpar. (B)
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (k)(6). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1507, redesignated subpars. (A) and (B) as cls. (i) and (ii), respectively, of subpar. (A), inserted subpar. and cl. headings, in cl. (ii) substituted “clause (i)” for “subparagraph (A)” and “this subparagraph” for “this paragraph”, and added subpar. (B).
Enacted provision · exact public law section
SEC. 1507. ADDITIONAL OPT-IN AREAS UNDER REFORMULATED GASOLINE PROGRAM. Section 211(k)(6) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545(k)(6)) is amended— (1) by striking “(6) Opt-in areas.—(A) Upon” and inserting the following: “(6) Opt-in areas.— “(A) Classified areas.— “(i) In general.— Upon” ; (2) in subparagraph (B), by striking “(B) If” and inserting the following: “(ii) Effect of insufficient domestic capacity to produce reformulated gasoline.— If” ; (3) in subparagraph (A)(ii) (as redesignated by paragraph (2))— (A) in the first sentence, by striking “subparagraph (A)” and inserting “clause (i)”; and (B) in the second sentence, by striking “this paragraph” and inserting “this subparagraph”; and (4) by adding at the end the following: “(B) Ozone transport region.— “(i) Application of prohibition.— “(I) In general.— On application of the Governor of a State in the ozone transport region established by section 184(a), the Administrator, not later than 180 days after the date of receipt of the application, shall apply the prohibition specified in paragraph (5) to any area in the State (other than an area classified as a marginal, moderate, serious, or severe ozone nonattainment area under subpart 2 of part D of title I) unless the Administrator determines under clause (iii) that there is insufficient capacity to supply reformulated gasoline. “(II) Publication of application.— As soon as practicable after the date of receipt of an application under subclause (I), the Administrator shall publish the application in the Federal Register. “(ii) Period of applicability.— Under clause (i), the prohibition specified in paragraph (5) shall apply in a State— “(I) commencing as soon as practicable but not later than 2 years after the date of approval by the Administrator of the application of the Governor of the State; and “(II) ending not earlier than 4 years after the commencement date determined under subclause (I). “(iii) Extension of commencement date based on insufficient capacity.— “(I) In general.— If, after receipt of an application from a Governor of a State under clause (i), the Administrator determines, on the Administrator’s own motion or on petition of any person, after consultation with the Secretary of Energy, that there is insufficient capacity to supply reformulated gasoline, the Administrator, by regulation— “(aa) shall extend the commencement date with respect to the State under clause (ii)(I) for not more than 1 year; and “(bb) may renew the extension under item (aa) for 2 additional periods, each of which shall not exceed 1 year. “(II) Deadline for action on petitions.— The Administrator shall act on any petition submitted under subclause (I) not later than 180 days after the date of receipt of the petition.” .
2005
Energy Policy Act of 2005
Pub. L. 109–58 § 1504(a)(1)(C)(i) · 119 Stat. 594
1. Redesignated · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(k)(7)(A)
  Pub. L. 109–58, § 1504(a)(1)(C)(i), redesignated cls. (ii) and (iii) as (i) and (ii), respectively
2. Struck · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(k)(7)(A)
  Pub. L. 109–58, § 1504(a)(1)(C)(i), struck out former cl. (i) which read as follows: “has an oxygen content (by weight) that exceeds the minimum oxygen content specified in paragraph (2);”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (k)(7)(A). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1504(a)(1)(C)(i), redesignated cls. (ii) and (iii) as (i) and (ii), respectively, and struck out former cl. (i) which read as follows: “has an oxygen content (by weight) that exceeds the minimum oxygen content specified in paragraph (2);”.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(i) in subparagraph (A)— (I) by striking clause (i); and (II) by redesignating clauses (ii) and (iii) as clauses (i) and (ii), respectively; and
2005
Energy Policy Act of 2005
Pub. L. 109–58 § 1504(a)(1)(C)(ii) · 119 Stat. 594
1. Redesignated · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(k)(7)(C)(ii); 42 U.S.C. § 7545(k)(7)(C)(iii)
  Pub. L. 109–58, § 1504(a)(1)(C)(ii), redesignated cl. (iii) as (ii)
2. Struck · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(k)(7)(C)(ii); 42 U.S.C. § 7545(k)(7)(C)(iii)
  Pub. L. 109–58, § 1504(a)(1)(C)(ii), struck out former cl. (ii) which read as follows: “An average gasoline oxygen content (by weight) for the nonattainment area (taking into account all gasoline sold for use in conventional gasoline-fueled vehicles in the nonattainment area) lower than the average gasoline oxygen content (by weight) that would occur in the absence of using any such credits.”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (k)(7)(C)(ii), (iii). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1504(a)(1)(C)(ii), redesignated cl. (iii) as (ii) and struck out former cl. (ii) which read as follows: “An average gasoline oxygen content (by weight) for the nonattainment area (taking into account all gasoline sold for use in conventional gasoline-fueled vehicles in the nonattainment area) lower than the average gasoline oxygen content (by weight) that would occur in the absence of using any such credits.”
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(ii) in subparagraph (C)— (I) by striking clause (ii); and (II) by redesignating clause (iii) as clause (ii).
2005
Energy Policy Act of 2005
Pub. L. 109–58 § 1501(a)(2) · 119 Stat. 594
Redesignated · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(o)
Pub. L. 109–58, § 1501(a)(2), added subsec. (o). Former subsec. (o) redesignated (r) relating to fuel and fuel additive importers and importation
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1501(a)(2), added subsec. (o). Former subsec. (o) redesignated (r) relating to fuel and fuel additive importers and importation.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(2) by inserting after subsection (n) the following: “(o) Renewable Fuel Program.— “(1) Definitions.— In this section: “(A) Cellulosic biomass ethanol.— The term ‘cellulosic biomass ethanol’ means ethanol derived from any lignocellulosic or hemicellulosic matter that is available on a renewable or recurring basis, including— “(i) dedicated energy crops and trees; “(ii) wood and wood residues; “(iii) plants; “(iv) grasses; “(v) agricultural residues; “(vi) fibers; “(vii) animal wastes and other waste materials; and “(viii) municipal solid waste. The term also includes any ethanol produced in facilities where animal wastes or other waste materials are digested or otherwise used to displace 90 percent or more of the fossil fuel normally used in the production of ethanol. “(B) Waste derived ethanol.— The term ‘waste derived ethanol’ means ethanol derived from— “(i) animal wastes, including poultry fats and poultry wastes, and other waste materials; or “(ii) municipal solid waste. “(C) Renewable fuel.— “(i) In general.— The term ‘renewable fuel’ means motor vehicle fuel that— “(I) (aa) is produced from grain, starch, oilseeds, vegetable, animal, or fish materials including fats, greases, and oils, sugarcane, sugar beets, sugar components, tobacco, potatoes, or other biomass; or “(bb) is natural gas produced from a biogas source, including a landfill, sewage waste treatment plant, feedlot, or other place where decaying organic material is found; and “(II) is used to replace or reduce the quantity of fossil fuel present in a fuel mixture used to operate a motor vehicle. “(ii) Inclusion.— The term ‘renewable fuel’ includes— “(I) cellulosic biomass ethanol and ‘waste derived ethanol’; and “(II) biodiesel (as defined in section 312(f) of the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (42 U.S.C. 13220(f))) and any blending components derived from renewable fuel (provided that only the renewable fuel portion of any such blending component shall be considered part of the applicable volume under the renewable fuel program established by this subsection). “(D) Small refinery.— The term ‘small refinery’ means a refinery for which the average aggregate daily crude oil throughput for a calendar year (as determined by dividing the aggregate throughput for the calendar year by the number of days in the calendar year) does not exceed 75,000 barrels. “(2) Renewable fuel program.— “(A) Regulations.— “(i) In general.— Not Deadline. later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this paragraph, the Administrator shall promulgate regulations to ensure that gasoline sold or introduced into commerce in the United States (except in noncontiguous States or territories), on an annual average basis, contains the applicable volume of renewable fuel determined in accordance with subparagraph (B). “(ii) Noncontiguous state opt-in.— “(I) In general.— On the petition of a noncontiguous State or territory, the Administrator may allow the renewable fuel program established under this subsection to apply in the noncontiguous State or territory at the same time or any time after the Administrator promulgates regulations under this subparagraph. “(II) Other actions.— In carrying out this clause, the Administrator may— “(aa) issue or revise regulations under this paragraph; “(bb) establish applicable percentages under paragraph (3); “(cc) provide for the generation of credits under paragraph (5); and “(dd) take such other actions as are necessary to allow for the application of the renewable fuels program in a noncontiguous State or territory. “(iii) Provisions of regulations.— Regardless of the date of promulgation, the regulations promulgated under clause (i)— “(I) shall contain compliance provisions applicable to refineries, blenders, distributors, and importers, as appropriate, to ensure that the requirements of this paragraph are met; but “(II) shall not— “(aa) restrict geographic areas in which renewable fuel may be used; or “(bb) impose any per-gallon obligation for the use of renewable fuel. “(iv) Requirement in case of failure to promulgate regulations.— If the Administrator does not promulgate regulations under clause (i), the percentage of renewable fuel in gasoline sold or dispensed to consumers in the United States, on a volume basis, shall be 2.78 percent for calendar year 2006. “(B) Applicable volume.— “(i) Calendar years 2006 through 2012.— For the purpose of subparagraph (A), the applicable volume for any of calendar years 2006 through 2012 shall be determined in accordance with the following table: “Calendar year: Applicable volume of renewable fuel (in billions of gallons): 2006 4.0 2007 4.7 2008 5.4 2009 6.1 2010 6.8 2011 7.4 2012 7.5. “(ii) Calendar year 2013 and thereafter.— Subject to clauses (iii) and (iv), for the purposes of subparagraph (A), the applicable volume for calendar year 2013 and each calendar year thereafter shall be determined by the Administrator, in coordination with the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of Energy, based on a review of the implementation of the program during calendar years 2006 through 2012, including a review of— “(I) the impact of the use of renewable fuels on the environment, air quality, energy security, job creation, and rural economic development; and “(II) the expected annual rate of future production of renewable fuels, including cellulosic ethanol. “(iii) Minimum quantity derived from cellulosic biomass.— For calendar year 2013 and each calendar year thereafter— “(I) the applicable volume referred to in clause (ii) shall contain a minimum of 250,000,000 gallons that are derived from cellulosic biomass; and “(II) the 2.5-to-1 ratio referred to in paragraph (4) shall not apply. “(iv) Minimum applicable volume.— For the purpose of subparagraph (A), the applicable volume for calendar year 2013 and each calendar year thereafter shall be equal to the product obtained by multiplying— “(I) the number of gallons of gasoline that the Administrator estimates will be sold or introduced into commerce in the calendar year; and “(II) the ratio that— “(aa) 7,500,000,000 gallons of renewable fuel; bears to “(bb) the number of gallons of gasoline sold or introduced into commerce in calendar year 2012. “(3) Applicable percentages.— “(A) Provision of estimate of volumes of gasoline sales.— Not later than October 31 of each of calendar years 2005 through 2011, the Administrator of the Energy Information Administration shall provide to the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency an estimate, with respect to the following calendar year, of the volumes of gasoline projected to be sold or introduced into commerce in the United States. “(B) Determination of applicable percentages.— “(i) In general.— Not later than November 30 of each of calendar years 2005 through 2012, based on the estimate provided under subparagraph (A), the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency shall determine and publish in the Federal Register, with respect to the following calendar year, the renewable fuel obligation that ensures that the requirements of paragraph (2) are met. “(ii) Required elements.— The renewable fuel obligation determined for a calendar year under clause (i) shall— “(I) be applicable to refineries, blenders, and importers, as appropriate; “(II) be expressed in terms of a volume percentage of gasoline sold or introduced into commerce in the United States; and “(III) subject to subparagraph (C)(i), consist of a single applicable percentage that applies to all categories of persons specified in subclause (I). “(C) Adjustments.— In determining the applicable percentage for a calendar year, the Administrator shall make adjustments— “(i) to prevent the imposition of redundant obligations on any person specified in subparagraph (B)(ii)(I); and “(ii) to account for the use of renewable fuel during the previous calendar year by small refineries that are exempt under paragraph (9). “(4) Cellulosic biomass ethanol or waste derived ethanol.— For the purpose of paragraph (2), 1 gallon of cellulosic biomass ethanol or waste derived ethanol shall be considered to be the equivalent of 2.5 gallons of renewable fuel. “(5) Credit program.— “(A) In general.— The regulations promulgated under paragraph (2)(A) shall provide— “(i) for the generation of an appropriate amount of credits by any person that refines, blends, or imports gasoline that contains a quantity of renewable fuel that is greater than the quantity required under paragraph (2); “(ii) for the generation of an appropriate amount of credits for biodiesel; and “(iii) for the generation of credits by small refineries in accordance with paragraph (9)(C). “(B) Use of credits.— A person that generates credits under subparagraph (A) may use the credits, or transfer all or a portion of the credits to another person, for the purpose of complying with paragraph (2). “(C) Duration of credits.— A credit generated under this paragraph shall be valid to show compliance for the 12 months as of the date of generation. “(D) Inability to generate or purchase sufficient credits.— The regulations promulgated under paragraph (2)(A) shall include provisions allowing any person that is unable to generate or purchase sufficient credits to meet the requirements of paragraph (2) to carry forward a renewable fuel deficit on condition that the person, in the calendar year following the year in which the renewable fuel deficit is created— “(i) achieves compliance with the renewable fuel requirement under paragraph (2); and “(ii) generates or purchases additional renewable fuel credits to offset the renewable fuel deficit of the previous year. “(6) Seasonal variations in renewable fuel use.— “(A) Study.— For each of calendar years 2006 through 2012, the Administrator of the Energy Information Administration shall conduct a study of renewable fuel blending to determine whether there are excessive seasonal variations in the use of renewable fuel. “(B) Regulation of excessive seasonal variations.— If, for any calendar year, the Administrator of the Energy Information Administration, based on the study under subparagraph (A), makes the determinations specified in subparagraph (C), the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency shall promulgate regulations to ensure that 25 percent or more of the quantity of renewable fuel necessary to meet the requirements of paragraph (2) is used during each of the 2 periods specified in subparagraph (D) of each subsequent calendar year. “(C) Determinations.— The determinations referred to in subparagraph (B) are that— “(i) less than 25 percent of the quantity of renewable fuel necessary to meet the requirements of paragraph (2) has been used during 1 of the 2 periods specified in subparagraph (D) of the calendar year; “(ii) a pattern of excessive seasonal variation described in clause (i) will continue in subsequent calendar years; and “(iii) promulgating regulations or other requirements to impose a 25 percent or more seasonal use of renewable fuels will not prevent or interfere with the attainment of national ambient air quality standards or significantly increase the price of motor fuels to the consumer. “(D) Periods.— The 2 periods referred to in this paragraph are— “(i) April through September; and “(ii) January through March and October through December. “(E) Exclusion.— Renewable fuel blended or consumed in calendar year 2006 in a State that has received a waiver under section 209(b) shall not be included in the study under subparagraph (A). “(F) State exemption from seasonality requirements.— Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the seasonality requirement relating to renewable fuel use established by this paragraph shall not apply to any State that has received a waiver under section 209(b) or any State dependent on refineries in such State for gasoline supplies. “(7) Waivers.— “(A) In general.— The Administrator, in consultation with the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of Energy, may waive the requirements of paragraph (2) in whole or in part on petition by one or more States by reducing the national quantity of renewable fuel required under paragraph (2)— “(i) based on a determination by the Administrator, after public notice and opportunity for comment, that implementation of the requirement would severely harm the economy or environment of a State, a region, or the United States; or “(ii) based on a determination by the Administrator, after public notice and opportunity for comment, that there is an inadequate domestic supply. “(B) Petitions for waivers.— The Deadline. Administrator, in consultation with the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of Energy, shall approve or disapprove a State petition for a waiver of the requirements of paragraph (2) within 90 days after the date on which the petition is received by the Administrator. “(C) Termination of waivers.— A waiver granted under subparagraph (A) shall terminate after 1 year, but may be renewed by the Administrator after consultation with the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of Energy. “(8) Study and waiver for initial year of program.— “(A) In general.— Not Deadline. later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this paragraph, the Secretary of Energy shall conduct for the Administrator a study assessing whether the renewable fuel requirement under paragraph (2) will likely result in significant adverse impacts on consumers in 2006, on a national, regional, or State basis. “(B) Required evaluations.— The study shall evaluate renewable fuel— “(i) supplies and prices; “(ii) blendstock supplies; and “(iii) supply and distribution system capabilities. “(C) Recommendations by the secretary.— Based on the results of the study, the Secretary of Energy shall make specific recommendations to the Administrator concerning waiver of the requirements of paragraph (2), in whole or in part, to prevent any adverse impacts described in subparagraph (A). “(D) Waiver.— “(i) In general.— Not Deadline. later than 270 days after the date of enactment of this paragraph, the Administrator shall, if and to the extent recommended by the Secretary of Energy under subparagraph (C), waive, in whole or in part, the renewable fuel requirement under paragraph (2) by reducing the national quantity of renewable fuel required under paragraph (2) in calendar year 2006. “(ii) No effect on waiver authority.— Clause (i) does not limit the authority of the Administrator to waive the requirements of paragraph (2) in whole, or in part, under paragraph (7). “(9) Small refineries.— “(A) Temporary exemption.— “(i) In general.— The requirements of paragraph (2) shall not apply to small refineries until calendar year 2011. “(ii) Extension of exemption.— “(I) Study by secretary of energy.— Not later than December 31, 2008, the Secretary of Energy shall conduct for the Administrator a study to determine whether compliance with the requirements of paragraph (2) would impose a disproportionate economic hardship on small refineries. “(II) Extension of exemption.— In the case of a small refinery that the Secretary of Energy determines under subclause (I) would be subject to a disproportionate economic hardship if required to comply with paragraph (2), the Administrator shall extend the exemption under clause (i) for the small refinery for a period of not less than 2 additional years. “(B) Petitions based on disproportionate economic hardship.— “(i) Extension of exemption.— A small refinery may at any time petition the Administrator for an extension of the exemption under subparagraph (A) for the reason of disproportionate economic hardship. “(ii) Evaluation of petitions.— In evaluating a petition under clause (i), the Administrator, in consultation with the Secretary of Energy, shall consider the findings of the study under subparagraph (A)(ii) and other economic factors. “(iii) Deadline for action on petitions.— The Administrator shall act on any petition submitted by a small refinery for a hardship exemption not later than 90 days after the date of receipt of the petition. “(C) Credit program.— If a small refinery notifies the Administrator that the small refinery waives the exemption under subparagraph (A), the regulations promulgated under paragraph (2)(A) shall provide for the generation of credits by the small refinery under paragraph (5) beginning in the calendar year following the date of notification. “(D) Opt-in for small refineries.— A small refinery shall be subject to the requirements of paragraph (2) if the small refinery notifies the Administrator that the small refinery waives the exemption under subparagraph (A). “(10) Ethanol market concentration analysis.— “(A) Analysis.— “(i) In general.— Not Deadline. later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this paragraph, and annually thereafter, the Federal Trade Commission shall perform a market concentration analysis of the ethanol production industry using the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index to determine whether there is sufficient competition among industry participants to avoid price-setting and other anticompetitive behavior. “(ii) Scoring.— For the purpose of scoring under clause (i) using the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, all marketing arrangements among industry participants shall be considered. “(B) Report.— Not later than December 1, 2005, and annually thereafter, the Federal Trade Commission shall submit to Congress and the Administrator a report on the results of the market concentration analysis performed under subparagraph (A)(i).” .
2005
Energy Policy Act of 2005
Pub. L. 109–58 § 1506 · 119 Stat. 594
Added · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(q)
Pub. L. 109–58, § 1506, which directed amendment of this section by adding subsec. (q) after subsec. (p), was executed by making the addition after subsec. (o) to reflect the probable intent of Congress
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (q). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1506, which directed amendment of this section by adding subsec. (q) after subsec. (p), was executed by making the addition after subsec. (o) to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
SEC. 1506. ANALYSES OF MOTOR VEHICLE FUEL CHANGES. Section 211 of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545) is amended by inserting after subsection (p) the following: “(q) Analyses of Motor Vehicle Fuel Changes and Emissions Model.— “(1) Anti-backsliding analysis.— “(A) Draft analysis.— Not Public information. later than 4 years after the date of enactment of this paragraph, the Administrator shall publish for public comment a draft analysis of the changes in emissions of air pollutants and air quality due to the use of motor vehicle fuel and fuel additives resulting from implementation of the amendments made by the Energy Policy Act of 2005. “(B) Final analysis.— After providing a reasonable opportunity for comment but not later than 5 years after the date of enactment of this paragraph, the Administrator shall publish the analysis in final form. “(2) Emissions model.— For the purposes of this section, not later than 4 years after the date of enactment of this paragraph, the Administrator shall develop and finalize an emissions model that reflects, to the maximum extent practicable, the effects of gasoline characteristics or components on emissions from vehicles in the motor vehicle fleet during calendar year 2007. “(3) Permeation effects study.— “(A) In general.— Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this paragraph, the Administrator shall conduct a study, and report to Congress the results of the study, on the effects of ethanol content in gasoline on permeation, the process by which fuel molecules migrate through the elastomeric materials (rubber and plastic parts) that make up the fuel and fuel vapor systems of a motor vehicle. “(B) Evaporative emissions.— The study shall include estimates of the increase in total evaporative emissions likely to result from the use of gasoline with ethanol content in a motor vehicle, and the fleet of motor vehicles, due to permeation.” .
2005
Energy Policy Act of 2005
Pub. L. 109–58 § 1512 · 119 Stat. 594
Added · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(r)
Pub. L. 109–58, § 1512, added subsec. (r) relating to conversion assistance for cellulosic biomass, waste-derived ethanol, approved renewable fuels
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (r). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1512, added subsec. (r) relating to conversion assistance for cellulosic biomass, waste-derived ethanol, approved renewable fuels.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
SEC. 1512. CONVERSION ASSISTANCE FOR CELLULOSIC BIOMASS, WASTE-DERIVED ETHANOL, APPROVED RENEWABLE FUELS. Section 211 of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545) is amended by adding at the end the following: “(r) Conversion Assistance for Cellulosic Biomass, Waste-Derived Ethanol, Approved Renewable Fuels.— “(1) In general.— The Secretary of Energy may provide grants to merchant producers of cellulosic biomass ethanol, waste-derived ethanol, and approved renewable fuels in the United States to assist the producers in building eligible production facilities described in paragraph (2) for the production of ethanol or approved renewable fuels. “(2) Eligible production facilities.— A production facility shall be eligible to receive a grant under this subsection if the production facility— “(A) is located in the United States; and “(B) uses cellulosic or renewable biomass or waste-derived feedstocks derived from agricultural residues, wood residues, municipal solid waste, or agricultural byproducts. “(3) Authorization of appropriations.— There are authorized to be appropriated the following amounts to carry out this subsection: “(A) $100,000,000 for fiscal year 2006. “(B) $250,000,000 for fiscal year 2007. “(C) $400,000,000 for fiscal year 2008. “(4) Definitions.— For the purposes of this subsection: “(A) The term ‘approved renewable fuels’ are fuels and components of fuels that have been approved by the Department of Energy, as defined in section 301 of the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (42 U.S.C. 13211), which have been made from renewable biomass. “(B) The term ‘renewable biomass’ is, as defined in Presidential Executive Order 13134, published in the Federal Register on August 16, 1999, any organic matter that is available on a renewable or recurring basis (excluding old-growth timber), including dedicated energy crops and trees, agricultural food and feed crop residues, aquatic plants, animal wastes, wood and wood residues, paper and paper residues, and other vegetative waste materials. Old-growth timber means timber of a forest from the late successional stage of forest development.” .
2005
Energy Policy Act of 2005
Pub. L. 109–58 § 1501(a)(1) · 119 Stat. 594
Redesignated · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(r)
Pub. L. 109–58, § 1501(a)(1), redesignated subsec. (o) as (r) relating to fuel and fuel additive importers and importation
Target inherited from the preceding amendment note.
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Pub. L. 109–58, § 1501(a)(1), redesignated subsec. (o) as (r) relating to fuel and fuel additive importers and importation.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(1) by redesignating subsection (o) as subsection (r); and
2005
Energy Policy Act of 2005
Pub. L. 109–58 § 1513 · 119 Stat. 594
Added · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(s)
Pub. L. 109–58, § 1513, added subsec. (s)
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (s). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1513, added subsec. (s).
Enacted provision · exact public law section
SEC. 1513. BLENDING OF COMPLIANT REFORMULATED GASOLINES. Section 211 of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545) is amended by adding at the end the following: “(s) Blending of Compliant Reformulated Gasolines.— “(1) In general.— Notwithstanding subsections (h) and (k) and subject to the limitations in paragraph (2) of this subsection, it shall not be a violation of this subtitle for a gasoline retailer, during any month of the year, to blend at a retail location batches of ethanol-blended and non-ethanol-blended reformulated gasoline, provided that— “(A) each batch of gasoline to be blended has been individually certified as in compliance with subsections (h) and (k) prior to being blended; “(B) the retailer notifies the Administrator prior to such blending, and identifies the exact location of the retail station and the specific tank in which such blending will take place; “(C) the retailer retains and, as requested by the Administrator or the Administrator’s designee, makes available for inspection such certifications accounting for all gasoline at the retail outlet; and “(D) the retailer does not, between June 1 and September 15 of each year, blend a batch of VOC-controlled, or ‘summer’, gasoline with a batch of non-VOC-controlled, or ‘winter’, gasoline (as these terms are defined under subsections (h) and (k)). “(2) Limitations.— “(A) Frequency limitation.— A retailer shall only be permitted to blend batches of compliant reformulated gasoline under this subsection a maximum of two blending periods between May 1 and September 15 of each calendar year. “(B) Duration of blending period.— Each blending period authorized under subparagraph (A) shall extend for a period of no more than 10 consecutive calendar days. “(3) Surveys.— A sample of gasoline taken from a retail location that has blended gasoline within the past 30 days and is in compliance with subparagraphs (A), (B), (C), and (D) of paragraph (1) shall not be used in a VOC survey mandated by 40 CFR Part 80. “(4) State implementation plans.— A State shall be held harmless and shall not be required to revise its State implementation plan under section 110 to account for the emissions from blended gasoline authorized under paragraph (1). “(5) Preservation of state law.— Nothing in this subsection shall— “(A) preempt existing State laws or regulations regulating the blending of compliant gasolines; or “(B) prohibit a State from adopting such restrictions in the future. “(6) Regulations.— The Notice. Deadline. Administrator shall promulgate, after notice and comment, regulations implementing this subsection within 1 year after the date of enactment of this subsection. “(7) Effective date.— This subsection shall become effective 15 months after the date of its enactment and shall apply to blended batches of reformulated gasoline on or after that date, regardless of whether the implementing regulations required by paragraph (6) have been promulgated by the Administrator by that date. “(8) Liability.— No person other than the person responsible for blending under this subsection shall be subject to an enforcement action or penalties under subsection (d) solely arising from the blending of compliant reformulated gasolines by the retailers. “(9) Formulation of gasoline.— This subsection does not grant authority to the Administrator or any State (or any subdivision thereof) to require reformulation of gasoline at the refinery to adjust for potential or actual emissions increases due to the blending authorized by this subsection.” .
2007
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
Pub. L. 110–140 § 208 · 121 Stat. 1492
1. Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(c)(1)
  Pub. L. 110–140, § 208, substituted “nonroad vehicle if, in the judgment of the Administrator, any fuel or fuel additive or” for “nonroad vehicle (A) if in the judgment of the Administrator”
2. Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(c)(1)
  Pub. L. 110–140, § 208, substituted “air pollution or water pollution (including any degradation in the quality of groundwater) that” for “air pollution which”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 110–140, § 208, substituted “nonroad vehicle if, in the judgment of the Administrator, any fuel or fuel additive or” for “nonroad vehicle (A) if in the judgment of the Administrator” and “air pollution or water pollution (including any degradation in the quality of groundwater) that” for “air pollution which”.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
SEC. 208. INTEGRATED CONSIDERATION OF WATER QUALITY IN DETERMINATIONS ON FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES. Section 211(c)(1) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545(c)(1)) is amended as follows: (1) By striking “nonroad vehicle (A) if in the judgment of the Administrator” and inserting “nonroad vehicle if, in the judgment of the Administrator, any fuel or fuel additive or”; and (2) In subparagraph (A), by striking “air pollution which” and inserting “air pollution or water pollution (including any degradation in the quality of groundwater) that”.
Effective date note
Pub. L. 110–140, title II, § 210(c), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1532, provided that: “The amendments made by this title to section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7545(o)] shall take effect January 1, 2009, except that the Administrator [of the Environmental Protection Agency] shall promulgate regulations to carry out such amendments not later than 1 year after the enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 2007].” Amendment by Pub. L. 110–140 effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 of Pub. L. 110–140, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1824 of Title 2, The Congress.
2007
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
Pub. L. 110–140 § 251 · 121 Stat. 1492
Amended · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(f)(4)
Pub. L. 110–140, § 251, amended par. (4) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (4) read as follows: “The Administrator, upon application of any manufacturer of any fuel or fuel additive, may waive the prohibitions established under paragraph (1) or (3) of this subsection or the limitation specified in paragraph (2) of this subsection, if he determines that the applicant has established that such fuel or fuel additive or a specified concentration thereof, and the emission products of such fuel or additive or specified concentration thereof, will not cause or contribute to a failure of any emission control device or system (over the useful life of any vehicle in which such device or system is used) to achieve compliance by the vehicle with the emission standards with respect to which it has been certified pursuant to section 7525 of this title. If the Administrator has not acted to grant or deny an application under this paragraph within one hundred and eighty days of receipt of such application, the waiver authorized by this paragraph shall be treated as granted.”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (f)(4). Pub. L. 110–140, § 251, amended par. (4) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (4) read as follows: “The Administrator, upon application of any manufacturer of any fuel or fuel additive, may waive the prohibitions established under paragraph (1) or (3) of this subsection or the limitation specified in paragraph (2) of this subsection, if he determines that the applicant has established that such fuel or fuel additive or a specified concentration thereof, and the emission products of such fuel or additive or specified concentration thereof, will not cause or contribute to a failure of any emission control device or system (over the useful life of any vehicle in which such device or system is used) to achieve compliance by the vehicle with the emission standards with respect to which it has been certified pursuant to section 7525 of this title. If the Administrator has not acted to grant or deny an application under this paragraph within one hundred and eighty days of receipt of such application, the waiver authorized by this paragraph shall be treated as granted.”
Enacted provision · exact public law section
SEC. 251. WAIVER FOR FUEL OR FUEL ADDITIVES. Section 211(f)(4) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545(f)) is amended to read as follows: “(4) The Administrator, upon application of any manufacturer of any fuel or fuel additive, may waive the prohibitions established under paragraph (1) or (3) of this subsection or the limitation specified in paragraph (2) of this subsection, if he determines that the applicant has established that such fuel or fuel additive or a specified concentration thereof, and the emission products of such fuel or fuel additive or specified concentration thereof, will not cause or contribute to a failure of any emission control device or system (over the useful life of the motor vehicle, motor vehicle engine, nonroad engine or nonroad vehicle in which such device or system is used) to achieve compliance by the vehicle or engine with the emission standards with respect to which it has been certified pursuant to sections 206 and 213(a). The Notice. Deadline. Administrator shall take final action to grant or deny an application submitted under this paragraph, after public notice and comment, within 270 days of the receipt of such an application.” .
Effective date note
Pub. L. 110–140, title II, § 210(c), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1532, provided that: “The amendments made by this title to section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7545(o)] shall take effect January 1, 2009, except that the Administrator [of the Environmental Protection Agency] shall promulgate regulations to carry out such amendments not later than 1 year after the enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 2007].” Amendment by Pub. L. 110–140 effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 of Pub. L. 110–140, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1824 of Title 2, The Congress.
2007
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
Pub. L. 110–140 § 201 · 121 Stat. 1492
Amended · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(o)(1)
Pub. L. 110–140, § 201, amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) defined “cellulosic biomass ethanol”, “waste derived ethanol”, “renewable fuel”, and “small refinery”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (o)(1). Pub. L. 110–140, § 201, amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) defined “cellulosic biomass ethanol”, “waste derived ethanol”, “renewable fuel”, and “small refinery”.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
SEC. 201. DEFINITIONS. Section 211(o)(1) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545(o)) is amended to read as follows: “(1) Definitions.— In this section: “(A) Additional renewable fuel.— The term ‘additional renewable fuel’ means fuel that is produced from renewable biomass and that is used to replace or reduce the quantity of fossil fuel present in home heating oil or jet fuel. “(B) Advanced biofuel.— “(i) In general.— The term ‘advanced biofuel’ means renewable fuel, other than ethanol derived from corn starch, that has lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions, as determined by the Administrator, after notice and opportunity for comment, that are at least 50 percent less than baseline lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions. “(ii) Inclusions.— The types of fuels eligible for consideration as ‘advanced biofuel’ may include any of the following: “(I) Ethanol derived from cellulose, hemicellulose, or lignin. “(II) Ethanol derived from sugar or starch (other than corn starch). “(III) Ethanol derived from waste material, including crop residue, other vegetative waste material, animal waste, and food waste and yard waste. “(IV) Biomass-based diesel. “(V) Biogas (including landfill gas and sewage waste treatment gas) produced through the conversion of organic matter from renewable biomass. “(VI) Butanol or other alcohols produced through the conversion of organic matter from renewable biomass. “(VII) Other fuel derived from cellulosic biomass. “(C) Baseline lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions.— The term ‘baseline lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions’ means the average lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions, as determined by the Administrator, after notice and opportunity for comment, for gasoline or diesel (whichever is being replaced by the renewable fuel) sold or distributed as transportation fuel in 2005. “(D) Biomass-based diesel.— The term ‘biomass-based diesel’ means renewable fuel that is biodiesel as defined in section 312(f) of the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (42 U.S.C. 13220(f)) and that has lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions, as determined by the Administrator, after notice and opportunity for comment, that are at least 50 percent less than the baseline lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, renewable fuel derived from co-processing biomass with a petroleum feedstock shall be advanced biofuel if it meets the requirements of subparagraph (B), but is not biomass-based diesel. “(E) Cellulosic biofuel.— The term ‘cellulosic biofuel’ means renewable fuel derived from any cellulose, hemicellulose, or lignin that is derived from renewable biomass and that has lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions, as determined by the Administrator, that are at least 60 percent less than the baseline lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions. “(F) Conventional biofuel.— The term ‘conventional biofuel’ means renewable fuel that is ethanol derived from corn starch. “(G) Greenhouse gas.— The term ‘greenhouse gas’ means carbon dioxide, hydrofluorocarbons, methane, nitrous oxide, perfluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride. The Administrator may include any other anthropogenically-emitted gas that is determined by the Administrator, after notice and comment, to contribute to global warming. “(H) Lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions.— The term ‘lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions’ means the aggregate quantity of greenhouse gas emissions (including direct emissions and significant indirect emissions such as significant emissions from land use changes), as determined by the Administrator, related to the full fuel lifecycle, including all stages of fuel and feedstock production and distribution, from feedstock generation or extraction through the distribution and delivery and use of the finished fuel to the ultimate consumer, where the mass values for all greenhouse gases are adjusted to account for their relative global warming potential. “(I) Renewable biomass.— The term ‘renewable biomass’ means each of the following: “(i) Planted crops and crop residue harvested from agricultural land cleared or cultivated at any time prior to the enactment of this sentence that is either actively managed or fallow, and nonforested. “(ii) Planted trees and tree residue from actively managed tree plantations on non-federal land cleared at any time prior to enactment of this sentence, including land belonging to an Indian tribe or an Indian individual, that is held in trust by the United States or subject to a restriction against alienation imposed by the United States. “(iii) Animal waste material and animal byproducts. “(iv) Slash and pre-commercial thinnings that are from non-federal forestlands, including forestlands belonging to an Indian tribe or an Indian individual, that are held in trust by the United States or subject to a restriction against alienation imposed by the United States, but not forests or forestlands that are ecological communities with a global or State ranking of critically imperiled, imperiled, or rare pursuant to a State Natural Heritage Program, old growth forest, or late successional forest. “(v) Biomass obtained from the immediate vicinity of buildings and other areas regularly occupied by people, or of public infrastructure, at risk from wildfire. “(vi) Algae. “(vii) Separated yard waste or food waste, including recycled cooking and trap grease. “(J) Renewable fuel.— The term ‘renewable fuel’ means fuel that is produced from renewable biomass and that is used to replace or reduce the quantity of fossil fuel present in a transportation fuel. “(K) Small refinery.— The term ‘small refinery’ means a refinery for which the average aggregate daily crude oil throughput for a calendar year (as determined by dividing the aggregate throughput for the calendar year by the number of days in the calendar year) does not exceed 75,000 barrels. “(L) Transportation fuel.— The term ‘transportation fuel’ means fuel for use in motor vehicles, motor vehicle engines, nonroad vehicles, or nonroad engines (except for ocean-going vessels).” .
Effective date note
Pub. L. 110–140, title II, § 210(c), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1532, provided that: “The amendments made by this title to section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7545(o)] shall take effect January 1, 2009, except that the Administrator [of the Environmental Protection Agency] shall promulgate regulations to carry out such amendments not later than 1 year after the enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 2007].” Amendment by Pub. L. 110–140 effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 of Pub. L. 110–140, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1824 of Title 2, The Congress.
2007
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
Pub. L. 110–140 § 202(a)(1) · 121 Stat. 1492
Inserted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(o)(2)(A)(i)
Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(a)(1), inserted at end “Not later than 1 year after December 19, 2007, the Administrator shall revise the regulations under this paragraph to ensure that transportation fuel sold or introduced into commerce in the United States (except in noncontiguous States or territories), on an annual average basis, contains at least the applicable volume of renewable fuel, advanced biofuel, cellulosic biofuel, and biomass-based diesel, determined in accordance with subparagraph (B) and, in the case of any such renewable fuel produced from new facilities that commence construction after December 19, 2007, achieves at least a 20 percent reduction in lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions compared to baseline lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions.”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (o)(2)(A)(i). Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(a)(1), inserted at end “Not later than 1 year after December 19, 2007, the Administrator shall revise the regulations under this paragraph to ensure that transportation fuel sold or introduced into commerce in the United States (except in noncontiguous States or territories), on an annual average basis, contains at least the applicable volume of renewable fuel, advanced biofuel, cellulosic biofuel, and biomass-based diesel, determined in accordance with subparagraph (B) and, in the case of any such renewable fuel produced from new facilities that commence construction after December 19, 2007, achieves at least a 20 percent reduction in lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions compared to baseline lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions.”
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(1) Regulations.— Clause (i) of subparagraph (A) is amended by adding the Deadline. following at the end thereof: “Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this sentence, the Administrator shall revise the regulations under this paragraph to ensure that transportation fuel sold or introduced into commerce in the United States (except in noncontiguous States or territories), on an annual average basis, contains at least the applicable volume of renewable fuel, advanced biofuel, cellulosic biofuel, and biomass-based diesel, determined in accordance with subparagraph (B) and, in the case of any such renewable fuel produced from new facilities that commence construction after the date of enactment of this sentence, achieves at least a 20 percent reduction in lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions compared to baseline lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions.”.
Effective date note
Pub. L. 110–140, title II, § 210(c), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1532, provided that: “The amendments made by this title to section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7545(o)] shall take effect January 1, 2009, except that the Administrator [of the Environmental Protection Agency] shall promulgate regulations to carry out such amendments not later than 1 year after the enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 2007].” Amendment by Pub. L. 110–140 effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 of Pub. L. 110–140, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1824 of Title 2, The Congress.
2007
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
Pub. L. 110–140 § 202(a)(2) · 121 Stat. 1492
Amended · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(o)(2)(B)
Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(a)(2), amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (B) set forth table of applicable volumes for renewable fuel and related to determination of applicable volumes after the years addressed by the table, including the minimum quantity of renewable fuel to be derived from cellulosic biomass and the method of calculating the minimum applicable volume
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (o)(2)(B). Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(a)(2), amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (B) set forth table of applicable volumes for renewable fuel and related to determination of applicable volumes after the years addressed by the table, including the minimum quantity of renewable fuel to be derived from cellulosic biomass and the method of calculating the minimum applicable volume.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(2) Applicable volumes of renewable fuel.— Subparagraph (B) is amended to read as follows: “(B) Applicable volumes.— “(i) Calendar years after 2005.— “(I) Renewable fuel.— For the purpose of subparagraph (A), the applicable volume of renewable fuel for the calendar years 2006 through 2022 shall be determined in accordance with the following table: “Calendar year:Applicable volume of renewable fuel (in billions of gallons): 20064.0 20074.7 20089.0 200911.1 201012.95 201113.95 201215.2 201316.55 201418.15 201520.5 201622.25 201724.0 201826.0 201928.0 202030.0 202133.0 202236.0 “(II) Advanced biofuel.— For the purpose of subparagraph (A), of the volume of renewable fuel required under subclause (I), the applicable volume of advanced biofuel for the calendar years 2009 through 2022 shall be determined in accordance with the following table: “Calendar year:Applicable volume of advanced biofuel (in billions of gallons): 20090.6 20100.95 20111.35 20122.0 20132.75 20143.75 20155.5 20167.25 20179.0 201811.0 201913.0 202015.0 202118.0 202221.0 “(III) Cellulosic biofuel.— For the purpose of subparagraph (A), of the volume of advanced biofuel required under subclause (II), the applicable volume of cellulosic biofuel for the calendar years 2010 through 2022 shall be determined in accordance with the following table: “Calendar year:Applicable volume of cellulosic biofuel (in billions of gallons): 20100.1 20110.25 20120.5 20131.0 20141.75 20153.0 20164.25 20175.5 20187.0 20198.5 202010.5 202113.5 202216.0 “(IV) Biomass-based diesel.— For the purpose of subparagraph (A), of the volume of advanced biofuel required under subclause (II), the applicable volume of biomass-based diesel for the calendar years 2009 through 2012 shall be determined in accordance with the following table: “Calendar year:Applicable volume of biomass-based diesel (in billions of gallons): 20090.5 20100.65 20110.80 20121.0 “(ii) Other calendar years.— For the purposes of subparagraph (A), the applicable volumes of each fuel specified in the tables in clause (i) for calendar years after the calendar years specified in the tables shall be determined by the Administrator, in coordination with the Secretary of Energy and the Secretary of Agriculture, based on a review of the implementation of the program during calendar years specified in the tables, and an analysis of— “(I) the impact of the production and use of renewable fuels on the environment, including on air quality, climate change, conversion of wetlands, ecosystems, wildlife habitat, water quality, and water supply; “(II) the impact of renewable fuels on the energy security of the United States; “(III) the expected annual rate of future commercial production of renewable fuels, including advanced biofuels in each category (cellulosic biofuel and biomass-based diesel); “(IV) the impact of renewable fuels on the infrastructure of the United States, including deliverability of materials, goods, and products other than renewable fuel, and the sufficiency of infrastructure to deliver and use renewable fuel; “(V) the impact of the use of renewable fuels on the cost to consumers of transportation fuel and on the cost to transport goods; and “(VI) the impact of the use of renewable fuels on other factors, including job creation, the price and supply of agricultural commodities, rural economic development, and food prices. The Regulations. Deadline. Administrator shall promulgate rules establishing the applicable volumes under this clause no later than 14 months before the first year for which such applicable volume will apply. “(iii) Applicable volume of advanced biofuel.— For the purpose of making the determinations in clause (ii), for each calendar year, the applicable volume of advanced biofuel shall be at least the same percentage of the applicable volume of renewable fuel as in calendar year 2022. “(iv) Applicable volume of cellulosic biofuel.— For the purpose of making the determinations in clause (ii), for each calendar year, the applicable volume of cellulosic biofuel established by the Administrator shall be based on the assumption that the Administrator will not need to issue a waiver for such years under paragraph (7)(D). “(v) Minimum applicable volume of biomass-based diesel.— For the purpose of making the determinations in clause (ii), the applicable volume of biomass-based diesel shall not be less than the applicable volume listed in clause (i)(IV) for calendar year 2012.” .
Effective date note
Pub. L. 110–140, title II, § 210(c), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1532, provided that: “The amendments made by this title to section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7545(o)] shall take effect January 1, 2009, except that the Administrator [of the Environmental Protection Agency] shall promulgate regulations to carry out such amendments not later than 1 year after the enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 2007].” Amendment by Pub. L. 110–140 effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 of Pub. L. 110–140, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1824 of Title 2, The Congress.
2007
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
Pub. L. 110–140 § 202(b)(1) · 121 Stat. 1492
1. Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(o)(3)(A)
  Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(b)(1), (2), substituted “2021” for “2011”
2. Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(o)(3)(A)
  Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(b)(1), (2), substituted “transportation fuel, biomass-based diesel, and cellulosic biofuel” for “gasoline”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (o)(3)(A). Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(b)(1), (2), substituted “2021” for “2011” and “transportation fuel, biomass-based diesel, and cellulosic biofuel” for “gasoline”.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(1) In subparagraph (A), by striking “2011” and inserting “2021”.
Effective date note
Pub. L. 110–140, title II, § 210(c), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1532, provided that: “The amendments made by this title to section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7545(o)] shall take effect January 1, 2009, except that the Administrator [of the Environmental Protection Agency] shall promulgate regulations to carry out such amendments not later than 1 year after the enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 2007].” Amendment by Pub. L. 110–140 effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 of Pub. L. 110–140, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1824 of Title 2, The Congress.
2007
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
Pub. L. 110–140 § 202(b)(3) · 121 Stat. 1492
Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(o)(3)(B)(i)
Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(b)(3), substituted “2021” for “2012”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (o)(3)(B)(i). Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(b)(3), substituted “2021” for “2012”.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(3) In subparagraph (B), by striking “2012” and inserting “2021” in clause (i).
Effective date note
Pub. L. 110–140, title II, § 210(c), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1532, provided that: “The amendments made by this title to section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7545(o)] shall take effect January 1, 2009, except that the Administrator [of the Environmental Protection Agency] shall promulgate regulations to carry out such amendments not later than 1 year after the enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 2007].” Amendment by Pub. L. 110–140 effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 of Pub. L. 110–140, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1824 of Title 2, The Congress.
2007
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
Pub. L. 110–140 § 202(b)(4) · 121 Stat. 1492
Substituted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(o)(3)(B)(ii)(II)
Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(b)(4), substituted “transportation fuel” for “gasoline”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (o)(3)(B)(ii)(II). Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(b)(4), substituted “transportation fuel” for “gasoline”.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(4) In subparagraph (B), by striking “gasoline” and inserting “transportation fuel” in clause (ii)(II).
Effective date note
Pub. L. 110–140, title II, § 210(c), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1532, provided that: “The amendments made by this title to section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7545(o)] shall take effect January 1, 2009, except that the Administrator [of the Environmental Protection Agency] shall promulgate regulations to carry out such amendments not later than 1 year after the enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 2007].” Amendment by Pub. L. 110–140 effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 of Pub. L. 110–140, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1824 of Title 2, The Congress.
2007
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
Pub. L. 110–140 § 202(c) · 121 Stat. 1492
Amended · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(o)(4)
Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(c), amended par. (4) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “For the purpose of paragraph (2), 1 gallon of cellulosic biomass ethanol or waste derived ethanol shall be considered to be the equivalent of 2.5 gallons of renewable fuel.”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (o)(4). Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(c), amended par. (4) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “For the purpose of paragraph (2), 1 gallon of cellulosic biomass ethanol or waste derived ethanol shall be considered to be the equivalent of 2.5 gallons of renewable fuel.”
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(c) Modification of Greenhouse Gas Percentages.— Paragraph (4) of section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545(o)(4)) is amended to read as follows: “(4) Modification of greenhouse gas reduction percentages.— “(A) In general.— The Administrator may, in the regulations under the last sentence of paragraph (2)(A)(i), adjust the 20 percent, 50 percent, and 60 percent reductions in lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions specified in paragraphs (2)(A)(i) (relating to renewable fuel), (1)(D) (relating to biomass-based diesel), (1)(B)(i) (relating to advanced biofuel), and (1)(E) (relating to cellulosic biofuel) to a lower percentage. For the 50 and 60 percent reductions, the Administrator may make such an adjustment only if he determines that generally such reduction is not commercially feasible for fuels made using a variety of feedstocks, technologies, and processes to meet the applicable reduction. “(B) Amount of adjustment.— In promulgating regulations under this paragraph, the specified 50 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from advanced biofuel and in biomass-based diesel may not be reduced below 40 percent. The specified 20 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from renewable fuel may not be reduced below 10 percent, and the specified 60 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from cellulosic biofuel may not be reduced below 50 percent. “(C) Adjusted reduction levels.— An adjustment under this paragraph to a percent less than the specified 20 percent greenhouse gas reduction for renewable fuel shall be the minimum possible adjustment, and the adjusted greenhouse gas reduction shall be established by the Administrator at the maximum achievable level, taking cost in consideration, for natural gas fired corn-based ethanol plants, allowing for the use of a variety of technologies and processes. An adjustment in the 50 or 60 percent greenhouse gas levels shall be the minimum possible adjustment for the fuel or fuels concerned, and the adjusted greenhouse gas reduction shall be established at the maximum achievable level, taking cost in consideration, allowing for the use of a variety of feedstocks, technologies, and processes. “(D) 5-year review.— Whenever the Administrator makes any adjustment under this paragraph, not later than 5 years thereafter he shall review and revise (based upon the same criteria and standards as required for the initial adjustment) the regulations establishing the adjusted level. “(E) Subsequent adjustments.— After the Administrator has promulgated a final rule under the last sentence of paragraph (2)(A)(i) with respect to the method of determining lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions, except as provided in subparagraph (D), the Administrator may not adjust the percent greenhouse gas reduction levels unless he determines that there has been a significant change in the analytical methodology used for determining the lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions. If he makes such determination, he may adjust the 20, 50, or 60 percent reduction levels through rulemaking using the criteria and standards set forth in this paragraph. “(F) Limit on upward adjustments.— If, under subparagraph (D) or (E), the Administrator revises a percent level adjusted as provided in subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C) to a higher percent, such higher percent may not exceed the applicable percent specified in paragraph (2)(A)(i), (1)(D), (1)(B)(i), or (1)(E). “(G) Applicability of adjustments.— If the Administrator adjusts, or revises, a percent level referred to in this paragraph or makes a change in the analytical methodology used for determining the lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions, such adjustment, revision, or change (or any combination thereof) shall only apply to renewable fuel from new facilities that commence construction after the effective date of such adjustment, revision, or change.” .
Effective date note
Pub. L. 110–140, title II, § 210(c), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1532, provided that: “The amendments made by this title to section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7545(o)] shall take effect January 1, 2009, except that the Administrator [of the Environmental Protection Agency] shall promulgate regulations to carry out such amendments not later than 1 year after the enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 2007].” Amendment by Pub. L. 110–140 effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 of Pub. L. 110–140, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1824 of Title 2, The Congress.
2007
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
Pub. L. 110–140 § 202(d) · 121 Stat. 1492
Added · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(o)(5)(E)
Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(d), added subpar. (E)
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (o)(5)(E). Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(d), added subpar. (E).
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(d) Credits for Additional Renewable Fuel.— Paragraph (5) of section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545(o)(5)) is amended by adding the following new subparagraph at the end thereof: “(E) Credits for additional renewable fuel.— The Administrator may issue regulations providing: (i) for the generation of an appropriate amount of credits by any person that refines, blends, or imports additional renewable fuels specified by the Administrator; and (ii) for the use of such credits by the generator, or the transfer of all or a portion of the credits to another person, for the purpose of complying with paragraph (2).” .
Effective date note
Pub. L. 110–140, title II, § 210(c), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1532, provided that: “The amendments made by this title to section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7545(o)] shall take effect January 1, 2009, except that the Administrator [of the Environmental Protection Agency] shall promulgate regulations to carry out such amendments not later than 1 year after the enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 2007].” Amendment by Pub. L. 110–140 effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 of Pub. L. 110–140, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1824 of Title 2, The Congress.
2007
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
Pub. L. 110–140 § 202(e)(1) · 121 Stat. 1492
Inserted · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(o)(7)(A)
Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(e)(1), inserted “, by any person subject to the requirements of this subsection, or by the Administrator on his own motion” after “one or more States” in introductory provisions
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (o)(7)(A). Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(e)(1), inserted “, by any person subject to the requirements of this subsection, or by the Administrator on his own motion” after “one or more States” in introductory provisions.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(1) In general.— Paragraph (7)(A) of section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545(o)(7)(A)) is amended by inserting “, by any person subject to the requirements of this subsection, or by the Administrator on his own motion” after “one or more States” in subparagraph (A) and by striking out “State” in subparagraph (B).
Effective date note
Pub. L. 110–140, title II, § 210(c), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1532, provided that: “The amendments made by this title to section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7545(o)] shall take effect January 1, 2009, except that the Administrator [of the Environmental Protection Agency] shall promulgate regulations to carry out such amendments not later than 1 year after the enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 2007].” Amendment by Pub. L. 110–140 effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 of Pub. L. 110–140, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1824 of Title 2, The Congress.
2007
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
Pub. L. 110–140 § 202(e)(1) · 121 Stat. 1492
Struck · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(o)(7)(B)
Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(e)(1), struck out “State” before “petition for a waiver”
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (o)(7)(B). Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(e)(1), struck out “State” before “petition for a waiver”.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(1) In general.— Paragraph (7)(A) of section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545(o)(7)(A)) is amended by inserting “, by any person subject to the requirements of this subsection, or by the Administrator on his own motion” after “one or more States” in subparagraph (A) and by striking out “State” in subparagraph (B).
Effective date note
Pub. L. 110–140, title II, § 210(c), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1532, provided that: “The amendments made by this title to section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7545(o)] shall take effect January 1, 2009, except that the Administrator [of the Environmental Protection Agency] shall promulgate regulations to carry out such amendments not later than 1 year after the enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 2007].” Amendment by Pub. L. 110–140 effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 of Pub. L. 110–140, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1824 of Title 2, The Congress.
2007
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
Pub. L. 110–140 § 202(e)(2) · 121 Stat. 1492
Added · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(o)(7)(D)(F)
Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(e)(2), (3), added subpars. (D) to (F)
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (o)(7)(D) to (F). Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(e)(2), (3), added subpars. (D) to (F).
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(2) Cellulosic biofuel.— Paragraph (7) of section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545(o)(7)) is amended by adding the following at the end thereof: “(D) Cellulosic biofuel.— (i) For any calendar year for which the projected volume of cellulosic biofuel production is less than the minimum applicable volume established under paragraph (2)(B), as determined by the Administrator based on the estimate provided under paragraph (3)(A), not later than November 30 of the preceding calendar year, the Administrator shall reduce the applicable volume of cellulosic biofuel required under paragraph (2)(B) to the projected volume available during that calendar year. For any calendar year in which the Administrator makes such a reduction, the Administrator may also reduce the applicable volume of renewable fuel and advanced biofuels requirement established under paragraph (2)(B) by the same or a lesser volume. “(ii) Whenever the Administrator reduces the minimum cellulosic biofuel volume under this subparagraph, the Administrator shall make available for sale cellulosic biofuel credits at the higher of $0.25 per gallon or the amount by which $3.00 per gallon exceeds the average wholesale price of a gallon of gasoline in the United States. Such amounts shall be adjusted for inflation by the Administrator for years after 2008. “(iii) Deadline. Regulations. Eighteen months after the date of enactment of this subparagraph, the Administrator shall promulgate regulations to govern the issuance of credits under this subparagraph. The regulations shall set forth the method for determining the exact price of credits in the event of a waiver. The price of such credits shall not be changed more frequently than once each quarter. These regulations shall include such provisions, including limiting the credits’ uses and useful life, as the Administrator deems appropriate to assist market liquidity and transparency, to provide appropriate certainty for regulated entities and renewable fuel producers, and to limit any potential misuse of cellulosic biofuel credits to reduce the use of other renewable fuels, and for such other purposes as the Administrator determines will help achieve the goals of this subsection. The regulations shall limit the number of cellulosic biofuel credits for any calendar year to the minimum applicable volume (as reduced under this subparagraph) of cellulosic biofuel for that year.” .
Effective date note
Pub. L. 110–140, title II, § 210(c), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1532, provided that: “The amendments made by this title to section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7545(o)] shall take effect January 1, 2009, except that the Administrator [of the Environmental Protection Agency] shall promulgate regulations to carry out such amendments not later than 1 year after the enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 2007].” Amendment by Pub. L. 110–140 effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 of Pub. L. 110–140, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1824 of Title 2, The Congress.
2007
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
Pub. L. 110–140 § 203(f) · 121 Stat. 1492
Added · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(o)(11)
Pub. L. 110–140, § 203(f), added par. (11)
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (o)(11). Pub. L. 110–140, § 203(f), added par. (11).
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(f) Periodic Reviews.— Section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act is amended by adding the following at the end thereof: “(11) Periodic reviews.— To allow for the appropriate adjustment of the requirements described in subparagraph (B) of paragraph (2), the Administrator shall conduct periodic reviews of— “(A) existing technologies; “(B) the feasibility of achieving compliance with the requirements; and “(C) the impacts of the requirements described in subsection (a)(2) on each individual and entity described in paragraph (2).” .
Effective date note
Pub. L. 110–140, title II, § 210(c), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1532, provided that: “The amendments made by this title to section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7545(o)] shall take effect January 1, 2009, except that the Administrator [of the Environmental Protection Agency] shall promulgate regulations to carry out such amendments not later than 1 year after the enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 2007].” Amendment by Pub. L. 110–140 effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 of Pub. L. 110–140, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1824 of Title 2, The Congress.
2007
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
Pub. L. 110–140 § 210(b) · 121 Stat. 1492
Added · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(o)(12)
Pub. L. 110–140, § 210(b), added par. (12)
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (o)(12). Pub. L. 110–140, § 210(b), added par. (12).
Enacted provision · exact public law section
(b) Savings Clause.— Section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545(o)) is amended by adding the following new paragraph at the end thereof: “(12) Effect on other provisions.— Nothing in this subsection, or regulations issued pursuant to this subsection, shall affect or be construed to affect the regulatory status of carbon dioxide or any other greenhouse gas, or to expand or limit regulatory authority regarding carbon dioxide or any other greenhouse gas, for purposes of other provisions (including section 165) of this Act. The previous sentence shall not affect implementation and enforcement of this subsection.” .
Effective date note
Pub. L. 110–140, title II, § 210(c), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1532, provided that: “The amendments made by this title to section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7545(o)] shall take effect January 1, 2009, except that the Administrator [of the Environmental Protection Agency] shall promulgate regulations to carry out such amendments not later than 1 year after the enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 2007].” Amendment by Pub. L. 110–140 effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 of Pub. L. 110–140, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1824 of Title 2, The Congress.
2007
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
Pub. L. 110–140 § 247 · 121 Stat. 1492
Redesignated · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(r); 42 U.S.C. § 7545(s)
Pub. L. 110–140, § 247, redesignated subsecs. (r), relating to conversion assistance for cellulosic biomass, waste-derived ethanol, approved renewable fuels, and (s) as (s) and (t), respectively
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsecs. (r), (s). Pub. L. 110–140, § 247, redesignated subsecs. (r), relating to conversion assistance for cellulosic biomass, waste-derived ethanol, approved renewable fuels, and (s) as (s) and (t), respectively.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
SEC. 247. STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR BIODIESEL. Section 211 of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545) is amended by redesignating subsection (s) as subsection (t), redesignating subsection (r) (relating to conversion assistance for cellulosic biomass, waste-derived ethanol, approved renewable fuels) as subsection (s) and by adding the following new subsection at the end thereof: “(u) Standard Specifications for Biodiesel.— (1) Unless the American Society for Testing and Materials has adopted a standard for diesel fuel containing 20 percent biodiesel (commonly known as ‘B20’) within 1 year after the date of enactment of this subsection, the Administrator shall initiate a rulemaking to establish a uniform per gallon fuel standard for such fuel and designate an identification number so that vehicle manufacturers are able to design engines to use fuel meeting such standard. “(2) Unless the American Society for Testing and Materials has adopted a standard for diesel fuel containing 5 percent biodiesel (commonly known as ‘B5’) within 1 year after the date of enactment of this subsection, the Administrator shall initiate a rulemaking to establish a uniform per gallon fuel standard for such fuel and designate an identification so that vehicle manufacturers are able to design engines to use fuel meeting such standard. “(3) Whenever the Administrator is required to initiate a rulemaking under paragraph (1) or (2), the Administrator shall promulgate a final rule within 18 months after the date of the enactment of this subsection. “(4) Not later than 180 days after the enactment of this subsection, the Administrator shall establish an annual inspection and enforcement program to ensure that diesel fuel containing biodiesel sold or distributed in interstate commerce meets the standards established under regulations under this section, including testing and certification for compliance with applicable standards of the American Society for Testing and Materials. Appropriation authorization. There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out the inspection and enforcement program under this paragraph $3,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2008 through 2010. “(5) For purposes of this subsection, the term ‘biodiesel’ has the meaning provided by section 312(f) of Energy Policy Act of 1992 (42 U.S.C. 13220(f)).” .
Effective date note
Pub. L. 110–140, title II, § 210(c), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1532, provided that: “The amendments made by this title to section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7545(o)] shall take effect January 1, 2009, except that the Administrator [of the Environmental Protection Agency] shall promulgate regulations to carry out such amendments not later than 1 year after the enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 2007].” Amendment by Pub. L. 110–140 effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 of Pub. L. 110–140, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1824 of Title 2, The Congress.
2007
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
Pub. L. 110–140 § 247 · 121 Stat. 1492
Added · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(u)
Pub. L. 110–140, § 247, which directed amendment of this section by adding subsec. (u) at the end, was executed by adding subsec. (u) after subsec. (t) to reflect the probable intent of Congress
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (u). Pub. L. 110–140, § 247, which directed amendment of this section by adding subsec. (u) at the end, was executed by adding subsec. (u) after subsec. (t) to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
Enacted provision · exact public law section
SEC. 247. STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR BIODIESEL. Section 211 of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545) is amended by redesignating subsection (s) as subsection (t), redesignating subsection (r) (relating to conversion assistance for cellulosic biomass, waste-derived ethanol, approved renewable fuels) as subsection (s) and by adding the following new subsection at the end thereof: “(u) Standard Specifications for Biodiesel.— (1) Unless the American Society for Testing and Materials has adopted a standard for diesel fuel containing 20 percent biodiesel (commonly known as ‘B20’) within 1 year after the date of enactment of this subsection, the Administrator shall initiate a rulemaking to establish a uniform per gallon fuel standard for such fuel and designate an identification number so that vehicle manufacturers are able to design engines to use fuel meeting such standard. “(2) Unless the American Society for Testing and Materials has adopted a standard for diesel fuel containing 5 percent biodiesel (commonly known as ‘B5’) within 1 year after the date of enactment of this subsection, the Administrator shall initiate a rulemaking to establish a uniform per gallon fuel standard for such fuel and designate an identification so that vehicle manufacturers are able to design engines to use fuel meeting such standard. “(3) Whenever the Administrator is required to initiate a rulemaking under paragraph (1) or (2), the Administrator shall promulgate a final rule within 18 months after the date of the enactment of this subsection. “(4) Not later than 180 days after the enactment of this subsection, the Administrator shall establish an annual inspection and enforcement program to ensure that diesel fuel containing biodiesel sold or distributed in interstate commerce meets the standards established under regulations under this section, including testing and certification for compliance with applicable standards of the American Society for Testing and Materials. Appropriation authorization. There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out the inspection and enforcement program under this paragraph $3,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2008 through 2010. “(5) For purposes of this subsection, the term ‘biodiesel’ has the meaning provided by section 312(f) of Energy Policy Act of 1992 (42 U.S.C. 13220(f)).” .
Effective date note
Pub. L. 110–140, title II, § 210(c), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1532, provided that: “The amendments made by this title to section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7545(o)] shall take effect January 1, 2009, except that the Administrator [of the Environmental Protection Agency] shall promulgate regulations to carry out such amendments not later than 1 year after the enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 2007].” Amendment by Pub. L. 110–140 effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 of Pub. L. 110–140, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1824 of Title 2, The Congress.
2007
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
Pub. L. 110–140 § 209 · 121 Stat. 1492
Added · 42 U.S.C. § 7545(v)
Pub. L. 110–140, § 209, added subsec. (v)
Source evidence
Code amendment note
Subsec. (v). Pub. L. 110–140, § 209, added subsec. (v).
Enacted provision · exact public law section
SEC. 209. ANTI-BACKSLIDING. Section 211 of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545) is amended by adding at the end the following: “(v) Prevention of Air Quality Deterioration.— “(1) Study.— “(A) In general.— Not later than 18 months after the date of enactment of this subsection, the Administrator shall complete a study to determine whether the renewable fuel volumes required by this section will adversely impact air quality as a result of changes in vehicle and engine emissions of air pollutants regulated under this Act. “(B) Considerations.— The study shall include consideration of— “(i) different blend levels, types of renewable fuels, and available vehicle technologies; and “(ii) appropriate national, regional, and local air quality control measures. “(2) Regulations.— Not Deadline. later than 3 years after the date of enactment of this subsection, the Administrator shall— “(A) promulgate fuel regulations to implement appropriate measures to mitigate, to the greatest extent achievable, considering the results of the study under paragraph (1), any adverse impacts on air quality, as the result of the renewable volumes required by this section; or “(B) make a determination that no such measures are necessary.” .
Effective date note
Pub. L. 110–140, title II, § 210(c), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1532, provided that: “The amendments made by this title to section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7545(o)] shall take effect January 1, 2009, except that the Administrator [of the Environmental Protection Agency] shall promulgate regulations to carry out such amendments not later than 1 year after the enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 2007].” Amendment by Pub. L. 110–140 effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 of Pub. L. 110–140, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1824 of Title 2, The Congress.

92 of 92 references resolved to an enrolled provision

Editorial Notes

References in Text

August 8, 2005, referred to in subsec. (c)(4)(C)(v)(II), was in the original “enactment”, which was translated as meaning the date of enactment of Pub. L. 109–58, which enacted subsec. (c)(4)(C)(v), to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Section 7521(l) of this title, referred to in subsec. (k)(1)(B)(vi), was in the original “section 202(1) of the Clean Air Act”, which was translated as meaning section 202(l) of the Clean Air Act, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

The Energy Policy Act of 2005, referred to in subsec. (q)(1)(A), is Pub. L. 109–58, Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 594. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 15801 of this title and Tables.

Executive Order 13134, referred to in subsec. (s)(4)(B), which was set out as a note under section 8601 of Title 7, Agriculture, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 13423, § 11(a)(iii), Jan. 24, 2007, 72 F.R. 3923.

This part, referred to in subsec. (t)(1), was in the original “this subtitle” which was translated as “this part”, meaning part A of title II of act July 14, 1955, as the probable intent of Congress, because title II of act July 14, 1955, does not contain subtitles.

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 1857f–6c of this title.

Prior Provisions

A prior section 211 of act July 14, 1955, as added Nov. 21, 1967, Pub. L. 90–148, § 2, 81 Stat. 503, provided for a national emissions standards study and was classified to section 1857f–6d of this title, prior to repeal by section 8(a) of Pub. L. 91–604.

Amendments1970–2007 · 6 rounds

2007

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 110–140, § 208, substituted “nonroad vehicle if, in the judgment of the Administrator, any fuel or fuel additive or” for “nonroad vehicle (A) if in the judgment of the Administrator” and “air pollution or water pollution (including any degradation in the quality of groundwater) that” for “air pollution which”.

Subsec. (f)(4). Pub. L. 110–140, § 251, amended par. (4) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (4) read as follows: “The Administrator, upon application of any manufacturer of any fuel or fuel additive, may waive the prohibitions established under paragraph (1) or (3) of this subsection or the limitation specified in paragraph (2) of this subsection, if he determines that the applicant has established that such fuel or fuel additive or a specified concentration thereof, and the emission products of such fuel or additive or specified concentration thereof, will not cause or contribute to a failure of any emission control device or system (over the useful life of any vehicle in which such device or system is used) to achieve compliance by the vehicle with the emission standards with respect to which it has been certified pursuant to section 7525 of this title. If the Administrator has not acted to grant or deny an application under this paragraph within one hundred and eighty days of receipt of such application, the waiver authorized by this paragraph shall be treated as granted.”

Subsec. (o)(1). Pub. L. 110–140, § 201, amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) defined “cellulosic biomass ethanol”, “waste derived ethanol”, “renewable fuel”, and “small refinery”.

Subsec. (o)(2)(A)(i). Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(a)(1), inserted at end “Not later than 1 year after December 19, 2007, the Administrator shall revise the regulations under this paragraph to ensure that transportation fuel sold or introduced into commerce in the United States (except in noncontiguous States or territories), on an annual average basis, contains at least the applicable volume of renewable fuel, advanced biofuel, cellulosic biofuel, and biomass-based diesel, determined in accordance with subparagraph (B) and, in the case of any such renewable fuel produced from new facilities that commence construction after December 19, 2007, achieves at least a 20 percent reduction in lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions compared to baseline lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions.”

Subsec. (o)(2)(B). Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(a)(2), amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (B) set forth table of applicable volumes for renewable fuel and related to determination of applicable volumes after the years addressed by the table, including the minimum quantity of renewable fuel to be derived from cellulosic biomass and the method of calculating the minimum applicable volume.

Subsec. (o)(3)(A). Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(b)(1), (2), substituted “2021” for “2011” and “transportation fuel, biomass-based diesel, and cellulosic biofuel” for “gasoline”.

Subsec. (o)(3)(B)(i). Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(b)(3), substituted “2021” for “2012”.

Subsec. (o)(3)(B)(ii)(II). Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(b)(4), substituted “transportation fuel” for “gasoline”.

Subsec. (o)(4). Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(c), amended par. (4) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “For the purpose of paragraph (2), 1 gallon of cellulosic biomass ethanol or waste derived ethanol shall be considered to be the equivalent of 2.5 gallons of renewable fuel.”

Subsec. (o)(5)(E). Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(d), added subpar. (E).

Subsec. (o)(7)(A). Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(e)(1), inserted “, by any person subject to the requirements of this subsection, or by the Administrator on his own motion” after “one or more States” in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (o)(7)(B). Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(e)(1), struck out “State” before “petition for a waiver”.

Subsec. (o)(7)(D) to (F). Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(e)(2), (3), added subpars. (D) to (F).

Subsec. (o)(11). Pub. L. 110–140, § 203(f), added par. (11).

Subsec. (o)(12). Pub. L. 110–140, § 210(b), added par. (12).

Subsecs. (r), (s). Pub. L. 110–140, § 247, redesignated subsecs. (r), relating to conversion assistance for cellulosic biomass, waste-derived ethanol, approved renewable fuels, and (s) as (s) and (t), respectively.

Subsec. (u). Pub. L. 110–140, § 247, which directed amendment of this section by adding subsec. (u) at the end, was executed by adding subsec. (u) after subsec. (t) to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (v). Pub. L. 110–140, § 209, added subsec. (v).

2005

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1505(1)(A), substituted “shall, on a regular basis,” for “may also” in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1505(1)(B), added subpar. (A) and struck out former subpar. (A) which read as follows: “to conduct tests to determine potential public health effects of such fuel or additive (including, but not limited to, carcinogenic, teratogenic, or mutagenic effects), and”.

Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1505(2), added par. (4).

Subsec. (c)(4)(C). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1541(a), designated existing provisions as cl. (i) and added cls. (ii) to (iv) and (v) relating to waiver authority.

Subsec. (c)(4)(C)(v). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1541(b), added cl. (v) relating to approval of fuels.

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1501(b)(1), substituted “(n), or (o)” for “or (n)” in two places in first sentence and “(m), or (o)” for “or (m)” in second sentence.

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1501(b)(2), substituted “(n), and (o)” for “and (n)” in two places in first sentence.

Subsec. (h)(5), (6). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1501(c), added par. (5) and redesignated former par. (5) as (6).

Subsec. (k)(1). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1504(b), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A), inserted heading, substituted “Not later than November 15, 1991,” for “Within 1 year after November 15, 1990,”, and added subpar. (B).

Subsec. (k)(2)(A). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1504(a)(1)(A)(i), struck out “(including the oxygen content requirement contained in subparagraph (B))” after “requirements of this paragraph”.

Subsec. (k)(2)(B) to (D). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1504(a)(1)(A)(ii), (iii), redesignated subpars. (C) and (D) as (B) and (C), respectively, and struck out heading and text of former subpar. (B). Text read as follows: “The oxygen content of the gasoline shall equal or exceed 2.0 percent by weight (subject to a testing tolerance established by the Administrator) except as otherwise required by this chapter. The Administrator may waive, in whole or in part, the application of this subparagraph for any ozone nonattainment area upon a determination by the Administrator that compliance with such requirement would prevent or interfere with the attainment by the area of a national primary ambient air quality standard.”

Subsec. (k)(3)(A)(v). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1504(a)(1)(B), struck out heading and text of cl. (v). Text read as follows: “The oxygen content of the reformulated gasoline shall equal or exceed 2.0 percent by weight (subject to a testing tolerance established by the Administrator) except as otherwise required by this chapter.”

Subsec. (k)(6). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1507, redesignated subpars. (A) and (B) as cls. (i) and (ii), respectively, of subpar. (A), inserted subpar. and cl. headings, in cl. (ii) substituted “clause (i)” for “subparagraph (A)” and “this subparagraph” for “this paragraph”, and added subpar. (B).

Subsec. (k)(7)(A). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1504(a)(1)(C)(i), redesignated cls. (ii) and (iii) as (i) and (ii), respectively, and struck out former cl. (i) which read as follows: “has an oxygen content (by weight) that exceeds the minimum oxygen content specified in paragraph (2);”.

Subsec. (k)(7)(C)(ii), (iii). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1504(a)(1)(C)(ii), redesignated cl. (iii) as (ii) and struck out former cl. (ii) which read as follows: “An average gasoline oxygen content (by weight) for the nonattainment area (taking into account all gasoline sold for use in conventional gasoline-fueled vehicles in the nonattainment area) lower than the average gasoline oxygen content (by weight) that would occur in the absence of using any such credits.”

Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1501(a)(2), added subsec. (o). Former subsec. (o) redesignated (r) relating to fuel and fuel additive importers and importation.

Subsec. (q). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1506, which directed amendment of this section by adding subsec. (q) after subsec. (p), was executed by making the addition after subsec. (o) to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (r). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1512, added subsec. (r) relating to conversion assistance for cellulosic biomass, waste-derived ethanol, approved renewable fuels.

Pub. L. 109–58, § 1501(a)(1), redesignated subsec. (o) as (r) relating to fuel and fuel additive importers and importation.

Subsec. (s). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1513, added subsec. (s).

1990

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101–549, § 212, inserted “(including any fuel or fuel additive used exclusively in nonroad engines or nonroad vehicles)” after “fuel or fuel additive”.

Subsecs. (b)(2)(B), (c)(1). Pub. L. 101–549, § 212(b), (c), inserted reference to nonroad engine or nonroad vehicle.

Subsec. (c)(4)(A). Pub. L. 101–549, § 213(a), substituted “any characteristic or component of a” for “use of a”, inserted “of the characteristic or component of a fuel or fuel additive” after “control or prohibition” in cl. (i), and inserted “characteristic or component of a” after “such” in cl. (ii).

Subsec. (c)(4)(C). Pub. L. 101–549, § 213(b), inserted last two sentences, authorizing Administrator to make a finding that State control or prohibition is necessary to achieve the standard.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 101–549, § 228(d), amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (d) read as follows: “Any person who violates subsection (a) or (f) or the regulations prescribed under subsection (c) or who fails to furnish any information required by the Administrator under subsection (b) shall forfeit and pay to the United States a civil penalty of $10,000 for each and every day of the continuance of such violation, which shall accrue to the United States and be recovered in a civil suit in the name of the United States, brought in the district where such person has his principal office or in any district in which he does business. The Administrator may, upon application therefor, remit or mitigate any forfeiture provided for in this subsection and he shall have authority to determine the facts upon all such applications.”

Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 101–549, § 214(a), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A) and added subpar. (B).

Subsec. (f)(3). Pub. L. 101–549, § 214(b), substituted reference to paragraph (1)(A) for reference to paragraph (1).

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 101–549, § 215, amended subsec. (g) generally, substituting present provisions for provisions which defined “gasoline”, “refinery”, and “small refinery” and which limited Administrator’s authority to require small refineries to reduce average lead content per gallon of gasoline.

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 101–549, § 216, added subsec. (h).

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 101–549, § 217, added subsec. (i).

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 101–549, § 218(a), added subsec. (j).

Subsecs. (k) to (m). Pub. L. 101–549, § 219, added subsecs. (k) to (m).

Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 101–549, § 220, added subsec. (n).

Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 101–549, § 221, added subsec. (o).

1977

Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 95–95, § 401(e), substituted “if in the judgment of the Administrator any emission product of such fuel or fuel additive causes, or contributes, to air pollution which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger” for “if any emission products of such fuel or fuel additive will endanger”.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 95–95, § 222(b), inserted “or (f)” after “Any person who violates subsection (a)”.

Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 95–95, § 222(a), added subsecs. (e) and (f).

Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 95–190, § 14(a)(73), inserted provision relating to waiver under par. (4) of this subsec., and struck out “first” before “introduce”.

Subsec. (f)(4). Pub. L. 95–190, § 14(a)(74), inserted provision relating to applicability of limitation specified under par. (2) of this subsection.

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 95–95, § 223, added subsec. (g).

1971

Subsec. (c)(3)(A). Pub. L. 92–157, § 302(d), substituted “purpose of obtaining” for “purpose of”.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 92–157, § 302(e), substituted “subsection (b)” for “subsection (c)” where appearing the second time.

1970

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 91–604, § 9(a), substituted “Administrator” for “Secretary” as the registering authority, inserted references to fuel additives, and substituted the selling, offering for sale, and introduction into commerce of fuel or fuel additives, for the delivery for introduction into interstate commerce or delivery to another person who can reasonably be expected to deliver fuel into interstate commerce.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 91–604, § 9(a), designated existing provisions as pars. (1) and (3), added par. (2), and substituted “Administrator” for “Secretary” wherever appearing.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 91–604, § 9(a), substituted provisions covering the control or prohibition of offending fuels and fuel additives, for provisions covering trade secrets and substituted “Administrator” for “Secretary” wherever appearing.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 91–604, § 9(a), inserted references to failure to obey regulations prescribed under subsec. (c) and failure to furnish information required by the Administrator under subsec. (c), increased the daily civil penalty from $1,000 to $10,000 and substituted “Administrator” for “Secretary”.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 91–604, § 9(a), struck out subsec. (e) which directed the various United States Attorneys to prosecute for the recovery of forfeitures.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2007 Amendment

Pub. L. 110–140, title II, § 210(c), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1532, provided that: “The amendments made by this title to section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7545(o)] shall take effect January 1, 2009, except that the Administrator [of the Environmental Protection Agency] shall promulgate regulations to carry out such amendments not later than 1 year after the enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 2007].”

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–140 effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 of Pub. L. 110–140, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1824 of Title 2, The Congress.

Effective Date of 2005 Amendment

Pub. L. 109–58, title XV, § 1504(a)(2), Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 1077, provided that:

“The amendments made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] apply—
“(A)
in the case of a State that has received a waiver under section 209(b) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7543(b)), beginning on the date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 8, 2005]; and
#
“(B)
in the case of any other State, beginning 270 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 8, 2005].”
#

Effective Date of 1977 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 95–95 effective Aug. 7, 1977, except as otherwise expressly provided, see section 406(d) of Pub. L. 95–95, set out as a note under section 7401 of this title.

Savings

Pub. L. 109–58, title XV, § 1504(d), Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 1079, provided that:

“(1)
In general.—
Nothing in this section [amending this section and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section] or any amendment made by this section affects or prejudices any legal claim or action with respect to regulations promulgated by the Administrator [of the Environmental Protection Agency] before the date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 8, 2005] regarding—
“(A)
emissions of toxic air pollutants from motor vehicles; or
#
“(B)
the adjustment of standards applicable to a specific refinery or importer made under those regulations.
#
#
“(2)
Adjustment of standards.—
“(A)
Applicability.—
The Administrator may apply any adjustments to the standards applicable to a refinery or importer under subparagraph (B)(iii)(I) of section 211(k)(1) of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7545(k)(1)(B)(iii)(I)] (as added by subsection (b)(2)), except that—
“(i)
the Administrator shall revise the adjustments to be based only on calendar years 1999 and 2000;
#
“(ii)
any such adjustment shall not be made at a level below the average percentage of reductions of emissions of toxic air pollutants for reformulated gasoline supplied to PADD I during calendar years 1999 and 2000; and
#
“(iii)
in the case of an adjustment based on toxic air pollutant emissions from reformulated gasoline significantly below the national annual average emissions of toxic air pollutants from all reformulated gasoline—
“(I)
the Administrator may revise the adjustment to take account of the scope of the prohibition on methyl tertiary butyl ether imposed by a State; and
#
“(II)
any such adjustment shall require the refiner or importer, to the maximum extent practicable, to maintain the reduction achieved during calendar years 1999 and 2000 in the average annual aggregate emissions of toxic air pollutants from reformulated gasoline produced or distributed by the refiner or importer.”
#
#
#
#

Environmental and Resource Conservation Impacts

Pub. L. 110–140, title II, § 204, Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1529, provided that:

“(a)
In General.—
Not later than 3 years after the enactment of this section [Dec. 19, 2007] and every 3 years thereafter, the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, in consultation with the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of Energy, shall assess and report to Congress on the impacts to date and likely future impacts of the requirements of section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7545(o)] on the following:
“(1)
Environmental issues, including air quality, effects on hypoxia, pesticides, sediment, nutrient and pathogen levels in waters, acreage and function of waters, and soil environmental quality.
#
“(2)
Resource conservation issues, including soil conservation, water availability, and ecosystem health and biodiversity, including impacts on forests, grasslands, and wetlands.
#
“(3)
The growth and use of cultivated invasive or noxious plants and their impacts on the environment and agriculture.
#
In advance of preparing the report required by this subsection, the Administrator may seek the views of the National Academy of Sciences or another appropriate independent research institute. The report shall include the annual volume of imported renewable fuels and feedstocks for renewable fuels, and the environmental impacts outside the United States of producing such fuels and feedstocks. The report required by this subsection shall include recommendations for actions to address any adverse impacts found.
#
“(b)
Effect on Air Quality and Other Environmental Requirements.—
Except as provided in section 211(o)(12) of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7545(o)(12)], nothing in the amendments made by this title to section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act shall be construed as superseding, or limiting, any more environmentally protective requirement under the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.], or under any other provision of State or Federal law or regulation, including any environmental law or regulation.”
#

Transition Rules

Pub. L. 110–140, title II, § 210(a), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1532, provided that:

“(1)
For calendar year 2008, transportation fuel sold or introduced into commerce in the United States (except in noncontiguous States or territories), that is produced from facilities that commence construction after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 2007] shall be treated as renewable fuel within the meaning of section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7545(o)] only if it achieves at least a 20 percent reduction in lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions compared to baseline lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions. For calendar years 2008 and 2009, any ethanol plant that is fired with natural gas, biomass, or any combination thereof is deemed to be in compliance with such 20 percent reduction requirement and with the 20 percent reduction requirement of section 211(o)(1) of the Clean Air Act. The terms used in this subsection shall have the same meaning as provided in the amendment made by this Act to section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act.
#
“(2)
Until January 1, 2009, the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency shall implement section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act and the rules promulgated under that section in accordance with the provisions of that section as in effect before the enactment of this Act and in accordance with the rules promulgated before the enactment of this Act, except that for calendar year 2008, the number ‘9.0’ shall be substituted for the number ‘5.4’ in the table in section 211(o)(2)(B) and in the corresponding rules promulgated to carry out those provisions. The Administrator is authorized to take such other actions as may be necessary to carry out this paragraph notwithstanding any other provision of law.”
#

Survey of Renewable Fuel Market

Pub. L. 109–58, title XV, § 1501(d), Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 1075, provided that:

“(1)
Survey and report.—
Not later than December 1, 2006, and annually thereafter, the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (in consultation with the Secretary [of Energy] acting through the Administrator of the Energy Information Administration) shall—
“(A)
conduct, with respect to each conventional gasoline use area and each reformulated gasoline use area in each State, a survey to determine the market shares of—
“(i)
conventional gasoline containing ethanol;
#
“(ii)
reformulated gasoline containing ethanol;
#
“(iii)
conventional gasoline containing renewable fuel; and
#
“(iv)
reformulated gasoline containing renewable fuel; and
#
#
“(B)
submit to Congress, and make publicly available, a report on the results of the survey under subparagraph (A).
#
#
“(2)
Recordkeeping and reporting requirements.—
The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (hereinafter in this subsection referred to as the ‘Administrator’) may require any refiner, blender, or importer to keep such records and make such reports as are necessary to ensure that the survey conducted under paragraph (1) is accurate. The Administrator, to avoid duplicative requirements, shall rely, to the extent practicable, on existing reporting and recordkeeping requirements and other information available to the Administrator including gasoline distribution patterns that include multistate use areas.
#
“(3)
Applicable law.—
Activities carried out under this subsection shall be conducted in a manner designed to protect confidentiality of individual responses.”
#

Findings

Pub. L. 109–58, title XV, § 1502, Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 1076, provided that:

“Congress finds that—
“(1)
since 1979, methyl tertiary butyl ether (hereinafter in this section referred to as ‘MTBE’) has been used nationwide at low levels in gasoline to replace lead as an octane booster or anti-knocking agent;
#
“(2)
Public Law 101–549 (commonly known as the ‘Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990’) (42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.) [see Tables for classification] established a fuel oxygenate standard under which reformulated gasoline must contain at least 2 percent oxygen by weight; and
#
“(3)
the fuel industry responded to the fuel oxygenate standard established by Public Law 101–549 by making substantial investments in—
“(A)
MTBE production capacity; and
#
“(B)
systems to deliver MTBE-containing gasoline to the marketplace.”
#
#

Claims Filed After August 8, 2005

Pub. L. 109–58, title XV, § 1503, Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 1076, provided that: “Claims and legal actions filed after the date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 8, 2005] related to allegations involving actual or threatened contamination of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) may be removed to the appropriate United States district court.”

Findings and Sense of Congress on Ethanol Usage

Pub. L. 100–203, title I, § 1508, Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1330–29, provided that:

“(a)
Findings.—
Congress finds that—
“(1)
the United States is dependent for a large and growing share of its energy needs on the Middle East at a time when world petroleum reserves are declining;
#
“(2)
the burning of gasoline causes pollution;
#
“(3)
ethanol can be blended with gasoline to produce a cleaner source of fuel;
#
“(4)
ethanol can be produced from grain, a renewable resource that is in considerable surplus in the United States;
#
“(5)
the conversion of grain into ethanol would reduce farm program costs and grain surpluses; and
#
“(6)
increasing the quantity of motor fuels that contain at least 10 percent ethanol from current levels to 50 percent by 1992 would create thousands of new jobs in ethanol production facilities.
#
#
“(b)
Sense of Congress.—
It is the sense of Congress that the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency should use authority provided under the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.) to require greater use of ethanol as motor fuel.”
#

Agricultural Machinery: Study of Unleaded Fuel

Pub. L. 99–198, title XVII, § 1765, Dec. 23, 1985, 99 Stat. 1653, directed Administrator of EPA and Secretary of Agriculture jointly to conduct a study of use of fuel containing lead additives, and alternative lubricating additives, in gasoline engines that are used in agricultural machinery, and designed to combust fuel containing such additives, study to analyze potential for mechanical problems (including but not limited to valve recession) that may be associated with use of other fuels in such engines, and not later than Jan. 1, 1987, Administrator and Secretary to publish results of the study, with Administrator to publish in Federal Register notice of publication of such study and a summary thereof; directed Administrator, after notice and opportunity for hearing, but not later than 6 months after publication of the study, to make findings and recommendations on need for lead additives in gasoline to be used on a farm for farming purposes, including a determination of whether a modification of regulations limiting lead content of gasoline would be appropriate in the case of gasoline used on a farm for farming purposes, and submit to President and Congress a report containing the study, a summary of comments received during public hearing (including comments of Secretary), and findings and recommendations of Administrator made in accordance with clause (1), such report to be transmitted named congressional committees; directed Administrator between Jan. 1, 1986, and Dec. 31, 1987, to monitor actual lead content of leaded gasoline sold in the United States, with Administrator to determine average lead content of such gasoline for each 3-month period between Jan. 1, 1986, and Dec. 31, 1987, and if actual lead content falls below an average of 0.2 of a gram of lead per gallon in any such 3-month period, to report to Congress, and publish a notice thereof in Federal Register; provided that until Jan. 1, 1988, no regulation of Administrator issued under this section 211 could require an average lead content per gallon that is less than 0.1 of a gram per gallon; and authorized an appropriation.

Modification or Rescission of Rules, Regulations, Orders, Determinations, Contracts, Certifications, Authorizations, Delegations, and Other Actions

All rules, regulations, orders, determinations, contracts, certifications, authorizations, delegations, or other actions duly issued, made, or taken by or pursuant to act July 14, 1955, the Clean Air Act, as in effect immediately prior to the date of enactment of Pub. L. 95–95 [Aug. 7, 1977] to continue in full force and effect until modified or rescinded in accordance with act July 14, 1955, as amended by Pub. L. 95–95 [this chapter], see section 406(b) of Pub. L. 95–95, set out as an Effective Date of 1977 Amendment note under section 7401 of this title.

Credits

1955–2007 · 8 acts

1955July 14, 1955, ch. 360, title II, § 211, formerly § 210, as added Pub. L. 90–148, § 2, Nov. 21, 1967, 81 Stat. 502
1970renumbered and amended Pub. L. 91–604, §§ 8(a), 9(a), Dec. 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 1694, 1698
1971Pub. L. 92–157, title III, § 302(d), (e), Nov. 18, 1971, 85 Stat. 464
1977Pub. L. 95–95, title II, §§ 222, 223, title IV, § 401(e), Aug. 7, 1977, 91 Stat. 762, 764, 791
1977Pub. L. 95–190, § 14(a)(73), (74), Nov. 16, 1977, 91 Stat. 1403, 1404
1990Pub. L. 101–549, title II, §§ 212–221, 228(d), Nov. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 2488–2500, 2510
2005Pub. L. 109–58, title XV, §§ 1501(a)–(c), 1504(a)(1), (b), 1505–1507, 1512, 1513, 1541(a), (b), Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 1067–1074, 1076, 1077, 1080, 1081, 1088, 1089, 1106, 1107
2007Pub. L. 110–140, title II, §§ 201, 202, 203(f), 208, 209, 210(b), 247, 251, Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1519, 1521, 1529, 1531, 1532, 1547, 1548.

Show as published

(July 14, 1955, ch. 360, title II, § 211, formerly § 210, as added Pub. L. 90–148, § 2, Nov. 21, 1967, 81 Stat. 502; renumbered and amended Pub. L. 91–604, §§ 8(a), 9(a), Dec. 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 1694, 1698; Pub. L. 92–157, title III, § 302(d), (e), Nov. 18, 1971, 85 Stat. 464; Pub. L. 95–95, title II, §§ 222, 223, title IV, § 401(e), Aug. 7, 1977, 91 Stat. 762, 764, 791; Pub. L. 95–190, § 14(a)(73), (74), Nov. 16, 1977, 91 Stat. 1403, 1404; Pub. L. 101–549, title II, §§ 212–221, 228(d), Nov. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 2488–2500, 2510; Pub. L. 109–58, title XV, §§ 1501(a)–(c), 1504(a)(1), (b), 1505–1507, 1512, 1513, 1541(a), (b), Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 1067–1074, 1076, 1077, 1080, 1081, 1088, 1089, 1106, 1107; Pub. L. 110–140, title II, §§ 201, 202, 203(f), 208, 209, 210(b), 247, 251, Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1519, 1521, 1529, 1531, 1532, 1547, 1548.)

Statutory text

Authority of Administrator to regulate

Registration requirement

Study on certain fuel additives and blendstocks.—

In general.—

Contracts for study.—

Offending fuels and fuel additives; control; prohibition

Penalties and injunctions

Civil penalties

Injunctive authority

Testing of fuels and fuel additives

New fuels and fuel additives

Misfueling

Reid Vapor Pressure requirements

Prohibition

Attainment areas

Effective date; enforcement

Ethanol waiver

Exclusion from ethanol waiver

Promulgation of regulations

Deadline for promulgation

Effective date

In general

Extension of effective date based on determination of insufficient supply

In general

Deadline for action on petitions

Areas covered

Sulfur content requirements for diesel fuel

Lead substitute gasoline additives

Reformulated gasoline for conventional vehicles

EPA regulations

In general

Maintenance of toxic air pollutant emissions reductions from reformulated gasoline

Definition of PADD

Regulations concerning emissions of toxic air pollutants

Standards applicable to specific refineries or importers

Applicability of standards

Applicability of other standards

Credit program

Regional protection of toxics reduction baselines

In general

Effect of failure to maintain aggregate toxics reductions

General requirements

NOx emissions

Benzene content

Heavy metals

More stringent of formula or performance standards

Formula

Benzene

Aromatics

Lead

Detergents

Performance standard

VOC emissions

Toxics

Certification procedures

Regulations

Certification; equivalency

EPA determination of emissions level

Prohibition

Opt-in areas

Classified areas

In general

Effect of insufficient domestic capacity to produce reformulated gasoline

Ozone transport region

Application of prohibition

In general

Publication of application

Period of applicability

Extension of commencement date based on insufficient capacity

In general

Deadline for action on petitions

Credits

Anti-dumping rules

In general

Adjustments

Compliance determined for each pollutant independently

Compliance period

Baseline for determining compliance

Emissions from entire vehicle

NO_x emissions